PTE Journals (University of Pécs)
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Zsidóellenes törvényhozás német-magyar összehasonlításban
Get PDFLegislation in the 1930s and 1940s in both Germany and Hungary was characterised by anti-Semitic ideas of ‘racial protection’. Against this background, the underlying thought patterns and the mutual influence of the two countries’ legislation are discussed in research literature. Nevertheless, no detailed comparison of the relevant German and Hungarian regulations exists to date. This article therefore looks for parallels that existed between German and Hungarian anti-Jewish laws. To this end, an overview of the relevant German ‘racial legislation’ is first given, before the Hungarian anti-Jewish laws, which are the focus of the analysis, are presented. Finally, a comparison is made between the German and Hungarian legislation
Emberi jogok a Bibliában
Get PDFThis study shows that, although the terms ’human rights’ and ’fundamental rights’ are not found in the Bible, their essential content, the classical human freedoms and values they protect, are in fact an integral part of the Bible. Some of them, such as the protection and conservation of one’s own and those of one\u27s neighbors liberty, body and life, marriage and family, property, good name and reputation of oneself and one\u27s neighbour; the freedom to avoid false gods and false oaths and to observe the weekly Sabbath (a rest day), are protected in the Decalogue, which prohibits their violation. The universal obligations stated in the Decalogue point to universal rights that truly exist on the other side. Through conveying all these, the Bible played a decisive role regarding the fact that these freedoms and fundamental values were later concretely declared as natural or human rights and became part of the written law in the Judeo-Christian cultural sphere. As far as the legal antecedents themselves are concerned, it is vital to realise that the Decalogue is more than a set of religious and moral commandments in this respect as well. As part of the Mosaic Laws, it was the foundation of the legal system of the ancient state of Israel and therefore constitutes a legal historical fact that is still relevant today. It is therefore not an exaggeration to proclaim that the Decalogue can be considered the first universal declaration of human rights in the history of mankind, with a history stretching back several millennia
„…az élet értékességének kérdésében a jog nem ítélhet”: Az emberi élet védelme Angyal Pál vonatkozó műveiben
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to present and interpret the criminal law thinking of Pál Angyal from both historical and theoretical perspectives, with particular emphasis on the issue of the protection of life. As a prominent figure in early 20th-century Hungarian legal scholarship, Angyal examined numerous aspects of the criminal law protection of human life, including homicide, infanticide, participation in suicide, and euthanasia. At the core of his approach lies the inalienability of the right to life and the state’s duty to protect it – principles that remain relevant today. The right to life, as reflected in Angyal’s works, is closely intertwined with the dilemma between law and morality, a tension that is also addressed in this study
1968 en bande dessinée : histoire, technologie, pratiques culturelles
No full textThe study focuses on the analysis of a Romanian graphic novel (Mickey pe Dunăre by Cristian Dârstar and Alexandru Berceanu). Through the personal stories of Czech families on holiday in Romania in 1968, this work presents the historical events that were decisive in August of that year. The story, told from a personal perspective, is set against the backdrop of the history of Eastern Europe, and the presentation of the cultural practices of the time gives the reader a comprehensive picture of everyday life in the period, in particular the technical means of information flow and the practices associated with it. In this way, the graphic novel creates a history of the region and provides an insight into the often forgotten world of the technical media of the time. The study also highlights the interconnections between history and media history and the importance of their parallel representation.The study focuses on the analysis of a Romanian graphic novel (Mickey pe Dunăre by Cristian Dârstar and Alexandru Berceanu). Through the personal stories of Czech families on holiday in Romania in 1968, this work presents the historical events that were decisive in August of that year. The story, told from a personal perspective, is set against the backdrop of the history of Eastern Europe, and the presentation of the cultural practices of the time gives the reader a comprehensive picture of everyday life in the period, in particular the technical means of information flow and the practices associated with it. In this way, the graphic novel creates a history of the region and provides an insight into the often forgotten world of the technical media of the time. The study also highlights the interconnections between history and media history and the importance of their parallel representation
Rapport de la conférence La Société des Nations
No full text-Du 3 au 4 novembre 2022, la Villa Lanna à Prague a accueilli la conférence internationale La Société des Nations : la première organisation mondiale de maintien de la paix dans un monde en mutation - interdépendances et réflexions / The League of Nations: The First Global Peacekeeping Organization in the Changing World – Interdependencies and Reflexions/, organisée par l’Institut d’histoire de l’Académie des sciences tchèque en coopération avec l’Institut d’histoire mondiale de la Faculté des arts de l’Université Charles, les Archives nationales et l’Institut für Osteuropäische Geschichte Universität Wien (Institut d’histoire de l’Europe de l’Est de l’Université de Vienne)
A rendiség fogalma Marczali és Hajnal gondolkodásában és a fogalom utóélete
Get PDFHenrik Marczali in a study of him published at the outset of the 20th century discussed the changing role of the estate in the course of the overall Hungarian history. In terms of the modern era, he stated that its invariable continuity shapes negatively the process of capitalist development; and this manifests itself in the form that the nobility is gradually becoming a bureaucratic class. István Hajnal several decades later also conceptualized the great role that the estate structural characteristics played in history from Antiquity through the Industrial Revolution. He, however, ascribed a positive role to the mature form of estate even in the developing potential of European modernity. Historians in the aftermath quite frequently discussed the problem of the surviving estate elements, when they found that it is that presumably accounts for the relative backwardness of modernity both in Hungary and Eastern Europe in general. They did it without knowing anything about Marczali’s proposition and often misunderstood Hajnal’s conceptualization. More recently even the Socialist (Communist) sociopolitical system has also been considered as consisting of many estate characteristics. It has not been clarified, however, that this might be outcome of the surviving historical estate patterns or follows only from the fact, that every social system gives some room for the existence of estate patterns as Max Weber held in his influential theorization.Marczali Henrik egy század eleji tanulmányában áttekintette a rendiségnek a magyar történelemben betöltött változó szerepét. A modern kort illetően megállapította: annak fennmaradása gátolja a polgári fejlődést. Ezt a fejleményt mindenekelőtt a nemesség bürokráciává alakulásában jelölte meg. Hajnal István az évtizedekkel később kifejtett történeti koncepciójában a rendiségnek pozitív funkciót tulajdonított a modern európai fejlődés szempontjából. Kifejlett rendi struktúrák hiányában, vélte Hajnal, nem beszélhetünk kielégítő racionális („okszerű”) fejlődésről. A két történész ezen elképzelései látens módon tovább éltek, úgy, hogy többnyire nem is utaltak első megfogalmazóikra, vagy félreértelmezték őket. Rendszerint a folytonos rendiségben határozták meg a magyar polgári átalakulás tökéletlenségének fő okát. Utóbb olyan elképzelések is forgalomba kerültek, melyek szerint a szocialista társadalmi és politikai berendezkedés maga is egyfajta rendiséget testesít meg. Kérdés persze, hogy ez a történeti értelemben vett rendi szerkezet továbbéléséből vagy abból következik, hogy – ahogy Max Weber gondolta – minden társadalmi rendszerben megbújik a rendi társadalomszerveződés lehetősége
A magyarországi polgári nőmozgalom és Erzsébet királyné
Get PDFIn my paper, I present the turning points in the development of the Hungarian bourgeois women’s movement in the era of Queen Elizabeth, more precisely from the late 1840s to the mid-1890s. To illustrate this issue, it is essential to outline at the beginning of the study the political, economic, and social changes that fundamentally influenced the history of the women’s movement in the 19th century. After that, I describe the main stages in the development of the bourgeois wing of the women’s movement. In the second part of the paper, I draw on these to reflect on Elizabeth’s relationship with bourgeois women’s associations in Hungary through a few examples. In addition to this, I argue that Elisabeth followed and supported the activities of a number of women’s associations through various means. To this, I rely on association documents relating to women’s bourgeois associations and different institutions operated by them, as well as the official journals of the associations and other contemporary periodical press products.
Photo: WikipediaÍrásomban a magyarországi polgári nőmozgalom fejlődésének fordulópontjait mutatom be Erzsébet királyné korában, pontosabban az 1840-es évek végétől az 1890-es évek közepéig. A kérdéskör bemutatásához elengedhetetlen azon politikai, gazdasági és társadalmi változások vázolása a tanulmány elején, amelyek a 19. századi nőmozgalom történetét alapvetően befolyásolták. Ezt követően a nőmozgalom polgári szárnya fejlődésének főbb állomásait ismertetem. Munkám második felében ezekre támaszkodva reflektálok Erzsébetnek a magyarországi polgári nőszervezetekkel kialakult kapcsolatára konkrét példákon keresztül. A fentiek mellett érvelek amellett, hogy a királyné nyomon követte és különböző eszközökkel támogatta számos nőegyesület tevékenységét. Forrásként a polgári nőszervezetekhez és az általuk üzemeltetett intézmények kiadványaira, és más időszaki sajtótermékekre támaszkodtam.
Fotó: Wikipedi
Írország katonai semlegességének múltja és jelene
No full textIrish neutrality is rooted in the ages of the colonialism and the rise of the Irish national movements, and has become synonymous with the concepts of sovereignty and national identity. This article aims to understand the Irish neutrality historical and social background and to introduce the current debates about the future. As in many European neutral states, the argument about the neutrality has intesified in Ireland as well. Today, Irish neutrality can be marked by contradictions, since Ireland is an integral part of the European integration, advocates for other national and freedom movements, pledges solidarity with other postcolonial and opressed groups, while the Irish society sticks to neutrality, as a national treasure. Today’s geopolitical events also impacting the Irish neutrality, and the question remains: Is Ireland heading toward the closer European defense integration or toward the committed neutrality.Írország semlegességi politikájának gyökerei a gyarmati időkig és a nemzeti ébredés időszakáig nyúlnak vissza, ennek megfelelően a neutralitás olyan alapvető fogalmakkal fonódott össze, mint a szuverenitás vagy a nemzeti identitás. Jelen tanulmány célja Írország semlegességének történelmi és társadalmi hátterének megértése, valamint a napjainkban felmerülő viták bemutatása. Ahogy Európa más semleges államaiban is, úgy Írországban is megélénkült a vita a katonai semlegességről. Mára az ír semlegességi politikát az ellentmondások jellemzik, hiszen Írország szerves része az európai integrációnak, elkötelezett támogatója minden nemzeti és függetlenségi törekvésnek, szolidáris más egykor gyarmatosított vagy elnyomott népcsoportokkal, mégis az állam semlegességéhez, mint féltett kincshez ragaszkodik. Napjaink geopolitikai eseményei az ír semlegességi politikára is hatással vannak, és a kérdés továbbra is nyitott: Írország útjai a szorosabb európai védelmi integráció irányába vagy a megingathatatlan semlegesség felé vezetnek
The Politics of Fear and Attention: The Platform Logic of Democratic Erosion
Get PDFThis article examines how fear and attention intersect as structuring forces in contemporary political communication. Grounded in symbolic interactionism, media logic, attention-based politics, and the concept of fear as infrastructure, this conceptualization theorizes fear as an affective mechanism embedded in platform environments. Selected examples from the communication style of Donald Trump and Viktor Orbán serve as brief illustrations of how these dynamics appear in practice, rather than as systematic case studies. The analysis reveals that fear serves as a performative resource, shaping community boundaries, legitimizing leadership, and organizing political visibility. The convergence of fear and attention reshapes political identity, amplifies polarization, and challenges the normative foundations of democratic communication.This article examines how fear and attention intersect as structuring forces in contemporary political communication. Grounded in symbolic interactionism, media logic, attention-based politics, and the concept of fear as infrastructure, this conceptualization theorizes fear as an affective mechanism embedded in platform environments. Selected examples from the communication style of Donald Trump and Viktor Orbán serve as brief illustrations of how these dynamics appear in practice, rather than as systematic case studies. The analysis reveals that fear serves as a performative resource, shaping community boundaries, legitimizing leadership, and organizing political visibility. The convergence of fear and attention reshapes political identity, amplifies polarization, and challenges the normative foundations of democratic communication