Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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Alternative Approach to Fitting First-Order Model to the Response Surface Methodology
Get PDFIn this paper, we present the computational procedure of the First-Order Model in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in a new dimension. Firstly, we fit the First-Order Model to a 2k design by applying Yates’ technique to calculate the sum of squares of main effects and their interactions. Secondly, we prove that SS regression and SS linear are equivalent. Thirdly, we give a new idea for computing SS quadratic under the concept of unbalanced Completely Randomized Design. The formula used in this technique is numerically and mathematically equivalent to the existing technique. Lastly, we split the total variation in the responses into all possible sources with the help of a diagram
Arts Education as a Strategy for Eradicating Violent Behavior among University Students: A Novel Proposition
Get PDFGlobally we are living in difficult times when peace and human security have become big challenges that could have negative implications if not addressed properly. University students –the future leaders are also the victims of such threats and some of them involve themselves in violence by exerting violent behaviors. Therefore, it is the prime responsibility of universities to address these issues properly. The universities may take several measures to eliminate violence and promote socially accepted behaviors among students. However, amongst others, art education seems a novel and feasible strategy for eradicating violent behavior from amongst students. This article reviews different studies and art projects, their effects and benefits to articulate implications in tertiary education
Does Trade Liberalization reduce Poverty and Inequality? Empirical Evidence from Pakistan
Get PDFThis paper attempts to analyze the fact that is trade liberalization reducing poverty and income inequality in Pakistan using empirical evidence from time series data analysis. The issue of trade liberalization and its effects on the developing economies has become the hotly debated subject in recent years in all over the world. This issue has also not been analyzed so extensively in Pakistan may be due to some data constraints or due to some other reasons. Pakistan has endeavored to liberalize its trade regime and integrate its market with the world, especially since late 1980s. Pakistan made significant efforts in liberalizing its trade regime during the 1990s. The maximum tariff rate has declined from 225 percent in 1990-1 to 25 percent; the average tariff rate stands at just 11 percent compared to 65 percent a decade ago. The empirical evidence from time series regression analysis suggests that trade liberalization reduces poverty but does not having statistically significant impact on aggregate poverty and income inequality in Pakistan in short-run. In long run, trade liberalization has some strong effects on poverty and inequality. Nevertheless, other control variables - foreign remittances and gross capital formation - are found statistically significant and become highly elastic in reducing poverty and income inequality respectively during the period in short-run. The results of this study are also consistent with some other studies who concluded that trade liberalization has mixed type of effects on the lives of poor and inequality in developing countries
Effects of Innovation Types on Firm Performance: an Empirical Study on Pakistan\u27s Manufacturing Sector
Get PDFThe main purpose of this study is to explore the effects of innovation types including product, process, marketing and organizational innovation on different aspects of firm performance such as innovative, production, marketing and financial performance in Pakistani manufacturing companies. Data were collected through survey questionnaires from 150 respondents mainly from production, R&D and marketing departments of manufacturing companies. With the help of SPSS, data were analyzed by factor, reliability, correlation, and regression analysis. The results reveal the positive effects of innovation types on firm performance. Theoretical and managerial implications along with limitations for future research have also been discussed
The Celebration of the Indigenous Culture and Identity in Waiting for the Mahatma
Get PDFPostcolonial writers reject the colonialist ideology of superiority andcontainment, disassociate themselves from cultural imperialism and celebrate the indigenous culture and identity in all forms and shapes, to assert the native identity and culture. They also touch upon the issues of mimicry, assimilation and hybridity experienced by the native cultures and people. R.K. Narayan in Waiting for the Mahatma has dealt with all these aspects of the postcolonial writings. The present study intended to investigate the portrayal of the celebration of the indigenous culture and identity by Narayan in Waiting for the Mahatma, in the light of postcolonial critical theory. The study found that Narayan has celebrated the Indian culture, traditions, identity and above all the status and stature of Gandhi as Mahatma in the novel, thereby, reinforcing his credentials as a postcolonial writer
Studying the Role of Education in Eliminating Violence against Women
Get PDFThe study was conducted with the main objective of analyzing the role of education in eliminating violence against women, and to identifying the nature and forms of violence against women prevailing in the society. The study was delimited to the rural areas of Tehsil Ahmadpur East of district Bahawalpur. The population of the study consisted of married women of 18-60 years age group. Snowball convenient sampling technique was used for data collection. The data was collected by administering self-prepared inventory which was filled as the incident occurred and reported by the informer after cross verification from the locality. The data was collected from both of the population cohorts i.e. urban and rural. The researchers collected data from victims of violence with different levels of education starting from illiteracy to the Masters’ level qualification. The collected data were analyzed in terms of percentage according to the qualification of the respondents and were presented in graphical form. The study concluded that violence against women exists in different forms including pushing and soaking, twisting their arms, pulling hair, hit by thrown things on them for injuring or torturing, closing their mouth with hands or some other thing causing suffocation , and beating with wooden stick or iron rod and/ or something like this. The study also concludes that illiterate women had ever experienced one or the other form of physical violence. The occurrence of violence appeared negatively related with level of education of the women. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in physical violence against women with increasing the level of education. Therefore, female education seems necessary for eliminating violence against women and guaranteeing their basic human rights
Relationship between TQM Elements and Organizational Performance
Get PDFThis study empirically reveals the influence of the TQM elements comprising leadership, people management, process management, customer focus, information & analysis and strategic planning on the organizational performance in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey from the 160 managers and employees of the manufacturing firms. Results using SPSS support the hypotheses that there is a positive relationship between the TQM elements and performance of Pakistani manufacturing firms. Furthermore, it is also found that customer focus is perceived as a dominant TQM practice for enhancing quality performance. Moreover, this study also provides a valuable knowledge to the top managers. Practical implementations along with the limitations have also been discussed in this study
Rate of Interest and its Impact on Investment to the Extent of Pakistan
Get PDFThe primary reason of this study is to test real interest rate and its impact on investment to the extent of Pakistan span from 1964 to 2012. To test the long-term nexus among level of income, interest rate and investment mainly Johansen Cointegration test is employed. The hypothesis of this study is that investment has an inverse association with real interest rate in Pakistan. If relationship exists then policy maker can make better policy for Pakistan. The outcomes confirm economic theory and a number of other studies that investment has significantly inverse association with real interest rate in Pakistan
A Visualization of Fisher\u27s Least Significant Difference Test
No full textWhen a hypothesis of the equality of several means is tested by using ANOVA and it is rejected for a given level of significance, Least Significant Difference (LSD) test is most commonly applied to know which mean(s) is(are) significantly different from which. This procedure usually becomes lengthy. To overcome this situation, a new visualization of LSD test is proposed in this article. This graphical form provides a quicker and clearer picture of the least significant difference test. It is an objective approach when the difference between means is approximately equal to the LSD. Short listing of experimental treatments becomes quite easy by this visualization
The Impact of Total Quality Management Practices towards Competitive Advantage and Organizational Performance: Case of Fishery Industry in South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia
Get PDFThis study attempt to test the effect of Total Quality Management (TQM) practices towards competitive advantage and organizational performance. The design of this research has quantitative approach. Data was collected by questionnaire instrument. The unit of analysis is big and medium scale fishery companies. The respondents in this research are the managers of fishery companies. The study utilized primary data which is obtained through questionnaire. The number of population was 66 fishery companies in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Random sampling is used in the study. 55 complete questionnaires were returned as a final sample. Three hypotheses have been developed through literature review and tested using Path Analysis performed by SPSS 18.00 software. The results show that TQM practices have positive and significant effect both on organizational performance and competitive advantage. Competitive advantage has a positive and significant effect on organizational performance. Organizational performance is more influenced by competitive advantage than TQM practices