European Journal for Nursing History and Ethics (ENHE)
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Historia de la enfermería de salud pública en España y el contexto internacional
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to analyse the international factors that influenced the professionalisation of public health nursing in Spain. The sources consulted included the archives of the League of Nations, the World Health Organisation and the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as articles and reports drawn up by health authorities, public health doctors and nurses. The results show that Rockefeller Foundation and international European organisations contributed to the professionalisation of public health nursing in Spain, but that this process was interrupted by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent Franco dictatorship. The Francoist regime rebuffed the efforts made by national and international institutions, reoriented health policies deploying nurses as an ideological vehicle and exacerbated the gender gap. Whereas public health nursing became increasingly consolidated in other countries over the course of the twentieth century, the field of nursing suffered a significant deterioration in Spain, where emphasis was placed on an auxiliary role carried out almost exclusively in hospitals, heightening the discipline’s isolation and hindering its professionalisation.La investigación analiza los factores del contexto internacional que influyeron en la profesionalización de la enfermería de salud pública en España. Se han utilizado fuentes del archivo de la Sociedad de Naciones, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y de la fundación Rockefeller. También artículos e informes elaborados por las autoridades sanitarias, por los médicos higienistas y por las enfermeras. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el impulso de la Fundación Rockefeller y de los organismos internacionales en Europa influyó en la profesionalización de la enfermería de salud pública en España. Dicho proceso se truncó por el estallido de la guerra civil y la dictadura franquista. El Franquismo frustró los esfuerzos institucionales tanto nacionales como internacionales, reorientó la acción sanitaria utilizando a las enfermeras como vehículo ideológico y acentuó la brecha de género. Frente a la consolidación de la enfermería de salud pública a lo largo del siglo XX en el ámbito internacional, en España se produjo el proceso inverso. La enfermería sufrió un importante deterioro disciplinar, se primó su carácter auxiliar y su desarrollo se ciñó casi exclusivamente al ámbito hospitalario, lo que acentuó el aislamiento y obstaculizó su profesionalización
European Nursing Traditions and Global Experiences. An Entangled History
Get PDFDer Beitrag knüpft an die derzeit intensiv geführte Debatte um eine transnational konzipierte Geschichtswissenschaft an und diskutiert die Spezifik einer europäischen Pflegegeschichte. Am Beispiel der Diakonissenmutterhäuser zeigt der Beitrag, dass Pflegeorganisationen, -konzepte und -praktiken in Europa im wechselseitigen länderübergreifenden Austausch entstanden. Dies zu untersuchen, setzt sowohl vergleichende als auch transfer- und verflechtungsgeschichtliche Zugänge voraus. Eine Verflechtungsgeschichte der Pflege ermöglicht es, die wechselseitigen Austauschprozesse zu beleuchten und damit aufzuzeigen, wie sich in den verschiedenen Ländern – trotz Differenzen – Gemeinsamkeiten entwickelten. Europäische Pflegetraditionen können somit auch als geteilte und nicht zuletzt im Austausch mit nicht-europäischen Ländern entwickelte Traditionen sichtbar gemacht werden. Im Hinblick auf ethische Fragestellungen kann so einerseits der Aufbau gemeinsamer Wertesysteme aufgezeigt werden, andererseits aber auch plausibel gemacht werden, dass diese regional wie auch zeit- und kontextabhängig unterschiedlich interpretiert werden. Der Beitrag weist außerdem darauf hin, dass eine europäische Pflegegeschichte bisher wohl gehütete hegemoniale, an US-amerikanischen Standards orientierte Diskurse der Pflegegeschichte grundlegend in Frage stellen kann. Eine dezidiert europäische Perspektive wird die Pflegegeschichte deshalb in vielerlei Hinsicht komplexer und widersprüchlicher, damit aber auch bedeutend interessanter machen.The article draws on the currently intense debate on a transnationally conceived history and discusses the specificity of a European history of nursing. Using deaconess motherhouses as an example the article reveals that nursing organisations, nursing concepts and practices in Europe developed mutually in transnational exchanges. To analyse these, comparative approaches and also approaches from transfer and entangled history are required. An entangled history of nursing can address the mutual exchange processes and illustrate how similarities developed in the various countries, despite the differences. European nursing traditions can thus also be made visible as shared traditions which evolved in exchange with non-European countries. With regard to ethical questions we can show on the one hand the establishment of common value systems and explain on the other hand that these must be interpreted differently depending on the region, time and context. The article illustrates furthermore, that a European nursing history can question well-kept hegemonic discourses on the history of nursing – informed by US-American norms of secular-professional standards. A decidedly European perspective will therefore make the history of nursing more complex and contradictory but also significantly more interesting in many respects
Material Care Studies
Get PDFoai:enhe.fhm.ojs.hbz-nrw.de:article/2Mit diesem Beitrag wird in groben Zügen umrissen, was unter Material Care Studies im Sinne einer Thematisierung und Erforschung von Pflege und Care mit Blick auf ihre materielle Seite, also ihre Dinge, zu verstehen ist und welche neuen Einsichten und Erkenntnisse dieser Zugang eröffnen kann. Ein weitgefasstes Verständnis von Pflege und Care bildet den Ausgangspunkt der Material Care Studies, d.h. die Betrachtung materialer Dinge, die in der Kranken- oder Altenpflege, in der Unterstützung von Menschen mit Behinderungen, in Operationssälen u.v.m. zum Einsatz kommen. Wir argumentieren, dass Material Care Studies nicht nur von den aktuellen objekttheoretischen Zugängen der Material Culture Studies ausgehen sollten, sondern insbesondere das materielle kulturelle Erbe der Pflege und entsprechende sammlungstheoretische Ansätze in die Diskussion um Pflegedinge einbeziehen müssen. Darüber hinaus sind Material Care Studies explizit gendersensibel, nicht zuletzt aufgrund der historischen Genese der Pflege hin zu einem vermeintlich weiblich konnotierten Wirkungsfeld. Material Care Studies als neues Wissenschaftsfeld begründen sich in der besonders materiellen, dinglichen und körperlichen Prägung der Interaktionen in Kontexten von Pflege und Care. Sie geben Antworten auf die vielen bisher offenen Fragen zu den Wirkungsformen konkreter Materialitäten in Pflege und Care.This contribution outlines the meaning of Material Care Studies in terms of thematising and researching the material aspect of nursing and care, and what new insights and findings this approach can generate. Starting from a broad definition of care – which encompasses nursing as well as the help for people of all ages, in cases of sickness, disability, psychological or physical disorder, from physical and/or psychological support, advice and care (medical or otherwise) to medical assistance in the consulting room or operating theatre – Material Care Studies seeks to focus on the material aspect, examining and investigating nursing and care on the basis of things. We outline how Material Care Studies is informed by the recent discussions on material culture in general, we define historical things of nursing as material cultural heritage, and thus subjected to the requirements expected of other “special collections”. Moreover, mainly due to the historical legacy of nursing and care, Material Care Studies can also be located in the conflictive field of the gender-sensitive approaches taken in recent debates on care. Its raison d\u27être as a new scientific field comes from the specifics of how people interact with one another using things in situations of nursing and care, and of the specific approaches to physicality and corporeality related to nursing and care. The establishment of Material Care Studies does justice to the aspect of materiality, as there has been very little research until now into the concrete “materialities” of nursing and care or how things shape the processes involved
Crossing the Boundaries. Nursing, Materiality and Anaesthetic Practice in Germany and Britain, 1846-1945
Get PDFIn Germany and Britain the administration of anaesthetics during surgery was, for a limited time, one of the operating-room nurse’s tasks. Yet, there were very significant differences between the British and the German cases – particularly in relation to the timing of the creation and dissolution of the role of “nurse anaesthetist”. In this paper, we argue that these differences can be interpreted from a gender-history perspective by examining both the written record and the material culture of anaesthesia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Our analysis is grounded in some of the relevant literature surrounding the distinct trajectories of professional development in the two countries. We address the ethical issues at the heart of decision-making about whether nurses should administer anaesthesia. In doing so, we offer a particular focus on the role the objects used during anaesthesia played in supporting arguments for both the professionalisation and de-professionalisation of nurse anaesthetists. During the later twentieth century in both countries, one key competence of nursing, namely the holistic concept of monitoring the patients, was largely transferred to machines
The Quality of Time and Its Quantifications. Negotiations about the Feeding Tube at the End of Life
Get PDFThe measurement and calculations of quality of life have a huge impact on policy and treatment in Western countries and global health policies. The original motivation to develop these measurements was to bring in ‘patient values’. However, it is far from clear what ‘quality of life’ comes to mean when it is quantified, and how it may correspond to things that patient value. In this paper I unravel what quantifications can and cannot make visible by ethnographically studying the different temporalities that are enfolded in different understandings of quality. To this end I analyse interviews and observations that relate how people with ALS who consider or live with a feeding tube encounter concerns with quality and temporality in their daily lives. I will show that the relevant temporalities change as qualities, rather than as quantities. Rather than ‘gaining more time’ by extending life through treatment, different types of times are added, fade away, or become lost. This can only be made visible through qualitative research