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Capítulo 7: Importancia de los sistemas agroforestales en la producción con base agroecológica
No full textpáginas: 167-190La agroforestería es una ciencia multidisciplinaria, dada la combinación árbol-cultivo-ganadería, y debe involucrar la participación de los/as agricultores/as, junto a los/as especialistas de diferentes disciplinas, en la identificación, diseño y ejecución de las actividades de investigación como en el establecimiento de los sistemas. Si bien son varias las definiciones de agroforestería o sistemas agroforestales que existen en el mundo, todas ellas coinciden en que debe existir un manejo integrado de todos los recursos productivos que son parte de una unidad de terreno, como los árboles, los componentes agropecuarios, el suelo, el agua, la biodiversidad, con el fin de formar un sistema sostenible
Phylotranscriptomic insights into Asteraceae diversity, polyploidy, and morphological innovation
No full textBiodiversity is not evenly distributed among related
groups, raising questions about the factors contributing
to such disparities. The sunflower family
(Asteraceae, >26,000 species) is among the largest
and most diverse plant families, but its species diversity
is concentrated in a few subfamilies, providing
an opportunity to study the factors affecting
biodiversity. Phylotranscriptomic analyses here of
244 transcriptomes and genomes produced a phylogeny
with strong support for the monophyly of
Asteraceae and the monophyly of most subfamilies and tribes. This phylogeny provides a reference for
detecting changes in diversification rates and possible
factors affecting Asteraceae diversity, which
include global climate shifts, whole‐genome duplications
(WGDs), and morphological evolution. The
origin of Asteraceae was estimated at ~83Mya,
with most subfamilies having diverged before the
Cretaceous–Paleocene boundary. Phylotranscriptomic
analyses supported the existence of 41
WGDs in Asteraceae. Changes to herbaceousness
and capitulescence with multiple flower‐like capitula,
often with distinct florets and scaly pappus/receptacular
bracts, are associated with multiple upshifts
in diversification rate. WGDs might have contributed
to the survival of early Asteraceae by
providing new genetic materials to support morphological
transitions. The resulting competitive advantage
for adapting to different niches would have
increased biodiversity in Asteraceae
Climate and species stress resistance modulate the higher survival of large seedlings in forest restorations worldwide
No full textSeedling planting plays a key role in active forest restoration and regeneration of
managed stands. Plant attributes at outplanting can determine tree seedling survival and consequently
early success of forest plantations. Although many studies show that large seedlings
of the same age within a species have higher survival than small ones, others report the opposite.
This may be due to differences in environmental conditions at the planting site and in the
inherent functional characteristics of species. Here, we conducted a global-scale meta-analysis
to evaluate the effect of seedling size on early outplanting survival. Our meta-analysis covered
86 tree species and 142 planting locations distributed worldwide. We also assessed whether
planting site aridity and key plant functional traits related to abiotic and biotic stress resistance
and growth capacity, namely specific leaf area and wood density, modulate this effect. Planting
large seedlings within a species consistently increases survival in forest plantations worldwide.
Species’ functional traits modulate the magnitude of the positive seedling size–outplanting survival
relationship, showing contrasting effects due to aridity and between angiosperms and
gymnosperms. For angiosperms planted in arid/semiarid sites and gymnosperms in subhumid/
humid sites the magnitude of the positive effect of seedling size on survival was maximized in
species with low specific leaf area and high wood density, characteristics linked to high stress
resistance and slow growth. By contrast, high specific leaf area and low wood density maximized
the positive effect of seedling size on survival for angiosperms planted in subhumid/humid
sites. Results have key implications for implementing forest plantations globally, especially
for adjusting nursery cultivation to species’ functional characteristics and planting site aridity.
Nursery cultivation should promote large seedlings, especially for stress sensitive angiosperms
planted in humid sites and for stress-resistant species planted in dry sites
Historia natural, servicios ecosistémicos y perspectivas de desarrollo de la cuenca de Llancahue Valdivia, Chile
No full text203 páginas : ilustraciones, gráficosEl libro presenta distintas contribuciones acerca de la historia natural, biodiversidad, ecología, manejo forestal, aspectos socioeconómicos y ambientales de la cuenca de Llancahue. Este libro busca relevar la importancia que tiene un sistema socio-ecológico como lo presenta esta cuenca ubicada en la ciudad de Valdivia
Productos forestales no madereros presentes en los bosques de ñirre (Nothofagus antarctica) de la zona sur austral de Chile
Get PDFpáginas 87-100Este trabajo buscó investigar la diversidad actual de PFNM asociados a los bosques de ñirre de la zona sur austral de Chile, en base al conocimiento empírico y al uso de las comunidades. Para ello, se realizaron talleres participativos, con preguntas dirigidas a la expresión de las comunidades con respecto a los productos de cada sector, sus usos y utilidades para luego dar espacio a una priorización de los 3 PFNM de mayor importancia, tanto social como económica y cultural, en las comunidades consultadas. Se identificaron alrededor de 70 especies de uso no maderero presentes en los bosques de ñirre, con más de 100 diferentes usos para las personas, entre los que destacan usos medicinales, comestibles, tintóreos y ornamentales. Estas especies son colectadas por recolectores para consumo personal o comercialización. Las tres especies priorizadas por las comunidades fueron el hongo morchella, la frutilla silvestre y el calafate
Uso de la regeneración natural para la generación de plantaciones productivas de Pino radiata
Get PDFpáginas 55-68Se presentan antecedentes técnicos y económicos para la toma de decisiones, especialmente de los pequeños y medianos propietarios, respecto a métodos de manejo de la regeneración natural de Pinus radiata, para recuperan las plantaciones afectadas por los mega incendios forestales del año 2017en la región del Biobío. Se analizan dos predios de la comuna de Florida, donde se manejó la regeneración de pino con desbrozadora, herbicidas y herramientas manuales, observándose que el control manual presentó los menores valores de crecimiento en diámetro de cuello, mientras que la utilización del control químico generó los mayores valores en diámetro de cuello y altura
Los bosques de la provincia de Cachapoal. Una tipificación y algunos casos para entender la realidad del bosque mediterráneo
No full text104 páginasEn la Región de O’Higgins, SIMEF se planteó como objetivo, contribuir a la visibilización de los ecosistemas forestales presentes en la región y sus particularidades, promoviendo a su vez, el manejo forestal sostenible, como herramienta de planificación para su uso y conservación. Aun cuando hubo acciones a nivel regional, parte de las actividades estuvieron concentradas en el área de acción del Bosque Modelo Cachapoal, en las comunas de Coltauco, Doñihue y Las Cabras, específicamente en aproximadamente 32 000 ha que conformaron el Piloto de Manejo Forestal Sostenible en Cantillana Sur.
Este documento se presenta entonces como una guía con experiencias de manejo forestal con distintos objetivos, que servirán de base para la incorporación de nuevos predios y superficies al total de la región bajo manejo forestal sostenible bajo los lineamientos establecidos en la Ley 20.283, contribuyendo con ello a la conservación de los ecosistemas forestales, la biodiversidad que contienen y a la mantención de los servicios ecosistémicos que entregan a la comunidad
La Industria del Aserrío 2021
Get PDF134 páginasEn el presente informe se entrega los antecedentes correspondientes al año 2020, junto a series históricas, lo que permite al usuario efectuar un completo análisis de la industria del aserrío en Chile en los últimos años.
En la primera sección de este documento se presenta una evolución de los principales indicadores de la industria del aserrío a nivel nacional, tales como: producción, abastecimiento y destino de la madera aserrada, mano de obra empleada, aspectos tecnológicos de la industria, tratamientos aplicados a la madera, precios e inversiones. Estos antecedentes son clasificados por tipo de aserradero, rangos de producción y región geográfica.
En la segunda sección se detallan los antecedentes de la industria del aserrío a nivel regional y provincial, con el apoyo de cuadros anuales y series que describen el comportamiento de las principales variables del rubro en cada región del país
Influence of provenance origin on the early performance of two sclerophyllous Mediterranean species established in burned drylands
No full textForest restoration have had limited success due to intense and prolonged droughts in Mediterraneantype
ecosystems. In this context, knowledge of growth and physiology in seedlings of different
provenances can be useful in the selection of appropriate seed sources for restoration. In this study
we investigated variations in survival, growth, and leaf-level physiology of five provenances of
Quillaja saponaria Mol. and five provenances of Cryptocarya alba Mol. originated from coastal and
Pre Andean sites exhibiting latitudinal-related climate differences in central Chile. Seedlings were
grown in a nursery on 600 mL pots for 18 months and then planted in a dryland site severely damaged
by fire. One year after establishment, we measured survival, growth, and leaf-level physiology. We
also analyzed the relationship between outplanting survival with seedling characteristics prior to
planting, and the relationship between growth and survival with physiological traits and with climate
variables. Growth and survival were similar among provenances of Q. saponaria and C. alba, with
the exception of differing heights observed within the provenance of Q. saponaria. Initial root collar
diameter of Q. saponaria was observed to be positively correlated to outplanting survival. With the
exception of photosynthesis in Q. saponaria, all provenances of both species differed in the leaflevel
physiological traits. Those provenances originating from interior dryland sites exhibited lower
stomatal conductance and used water more efficiently. The opposite was true for provenances coming
from coastal sites. In outplanting sites with Mediterranean-type climates that have been damage by
severe fire, selections based on larger diameter seedlings, especially for Q. saponaria and from interior
and pre-Andean provenances, will likely improve outplanting success
Assessing reservoir performance under climate change. When is it going to be too late If current water management is not changed?
No full textClimate change is modifying the way we design and operate water infrastructure, including reservoirs. A particular issue is that current infrastructure and reservoir management rules will likely operate under changing conditions different to those used in their design. Thus, there is a big need to identify the obsolescence of current operation rules under climate change, without compromising the proper treatment of uncertainty. Acknowledging that decision making benefits from the scientific knowledge, mainly when presented in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, such identification-and the corresponding uncertainty-must be clearly described and communicated. This paper presents a methodology to identify, in a simple and useful way, the time when current reservoir operation rules fail under changing climate by properly treating and presenting its aleatory and epistemic uncertainties and showing its deep uncertainty. For this purpose, we use a reliability-resilience-vulnerability framework with a General Circulation Models (GCM) ensemble under the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios to compare the historical and future long-term reservoir system performances under its current operation rule in the Limari basin, Chile, as a case study. The results include percentiles that define the uncertainty range, showing that during the 21st century there are significant changes at the time-based reliability by the 2030s, resilience between the 2030s and 2040s, volume-based reliability by the 2080s, and the maximum failure by the 2070s. Overall, this approach allows the identification of the timing of systematic failures in the performance of water systems given a certain performance threshold, which contributes to the planning, prioritization and implementation timing of adaptation alternatives