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Mercado forestal Diciembre 2022
No full text44 páginasMercado forestal es una publicación trimestral que incluye en sus primeras páginas los elementos e indicadores que marcan la coyuntura económica nacional e internacional. Luego contiene un artículo sobre las exportaciones del período, documentos de análisis, noticias y un conjunto de series de precios de productos forestales tanto en el mercado externo como en el interno. Mercado forestal se publica en marzo, junio, septiembre y diciembre de cada año. La edición del mes de diciembre contiene las cifras de exportaciones hasta el mes de octubre del año 2022
Examining physiological, water relations, and hydraulic vulnerability traits to determine anisohydric and isohydric behavior in almond (Prunus dulcis) cultivars: Implications for selecting agronomic cultivars under changing climate
Get PDF14 páginasThe search for drought tolerant species or cultivars is important to address water scarcity caused by climate change in Mediterranean regions. The anisohydric–isohydric behavior concept has been widely used to describe stomatal regulation during drought, simply in terms of variation of minimal water potential (Ψmin) in relation to pre-dawn water potential (Ψpd). However, its simplicity has sometimes failed to deliver consistent results in describing a complex behavior that results from the coordination of several plant functional traits. While Prunus dulcis (almond) is known as a drought tolerant species, little information is available regarding consistent metrics to discriminate among cultivars or the mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in almond. Here we show a sequence of plant stomatal, hydraulic, and wilting responses to drought in almonds, and the main differences between anisohydric and isohydric cultivars. In a pot desiccation experiment we observed that stomatal closure in P. dulcis is not driven by loss in turgor or onset of xylem cavitation, but instead, occurs early in response to decreasing Ψmin that could be related to the protection of the integrity of the hydraulic system, independently of cultivar. Also, we report that anisohydric cultivars of P. dulcis are characterized by maximum stomatal conductance, lower water potentials for stomatal closure and turgor loss, and lower vulnerability to xylem cavitation, which are traits that correlated with metrics to discriminate anisohydric and isohydric behavior. Our results demonstrate that P. dulcis presents a strategy to avoid cavitation by closing stomata during the early stages of drought. Future research should also focus on below-ground hydraulic traits, which could trigger stomatal closure in almond
Exportaciones forestales enero-diciembre 2021
No full text54 páginasEsta nueva edición trimestral, entrega información actualizada de las exportaciones de productos forestales de Chile efectuadas durante el año 2021, realizando comparaciones con las cifras registradas en años anteriores. Esta publicación, incorpora, además, un análisis sobre el comportamiento de los principales productos forestales, sus volúmenes exportados, mercados de destino, precios y empresas exportadoras
Ensayo de regeneración natural en bosques del tipo forestal Roble-Raulí-Coigüe
No full textpáginas: 23-35Se presenta una síntesis de las variables relacionadas al proceso de regeneración natural de los bosques nativos del tipo forestal Roble-Raulí-Coigüe, incluyendo la importancia de la fuente de semilla, el sustrato y el medio ambiente, para el establecimiento inicial de las especies arbóreas. Esta información es clave para la generación de las propuestas de corta y regeneración de bosques, las cuales deben basarse en la dinámica natural de los mismos.
Aun cuando existen experiencias prácticas asociadas a la evaluación de la regeneración en una primera etapa, en muchos casos tienen limitaciones, pudiendo conducir a conclusiones erróneas en procesos de mediano plazo. Para el análisis del proceso de regeneración asociado a faenas silvícolas a escala operativa, se presenta un ensayo que estudia el establecimiento de la regeneración tras la aplicación de cortas de regeneración de Árbol Semillero y diversos tratamientos al suelo. Se discute respecto de la incertidumbre de las variables que influyen en una regeneración natural exitosa, resaltando el monitoreo de largo plazo como una oportunidad para proporcionar información asociada a los procesos ecológicos que ocurren en ecosistemas abiertos en los cuales interviene la acción antrópica. Sin embargo, también representa un desafío para la investigación aplicada cuyos resultados tienen impacto en la toma de decisiones pública y privada, así como el desarrollo de la política pública asociada al manejo de los bosques nativos
Provenance causes variation on early growth and survival and sun protection on physiological responses of the vulnerable Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser in a common garden in Central Chile
No full textWe assessed outplanting performance of N. glauca in two trials. In Trial 1, provenances from Pre- Andean
(Linares, Longaví) and Coastal (Curanipe, Empedrado) origins were planted in a common garden under two sun
protection treatments (i.e., black mesh shelter, and kaolin at 6% concentration), and a control treatment at full
sun. In Trial 2, a local provenance was established under two site preparation treatments (i.e., old subsoiling
from 4 years ago versus no-subsoiling). Growth, survival, gas exchange, and Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters
were measured one year after outplanting. In Trial 1 survival was similar among treatments but larger seedlings
were found under kaolin and in the local provenance Empedrado. The provenances varied by sun protection
treatment in survival, and the Pre Andean provenance Linares tended to show the lowest survival at full sun. At
the leaf-level physiology, provenances responded similarly in gas exchange and fluorescence parameters. In the
sun protection treatments seedlings under kaolin increased stomatal conductance and electron transport, but
decreased photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and efficiency of PSII. Provenances also varied by treatment in
physiology. The Empedrado provenance exhibited the highest transpiration and stomatal conductance under
kaolin whereas the Pre Andean provenance of Longaví showed the lowest photosynthesis and efficiency of PSII in
the kaolin treatment. In Trial 2, root collar diameter, intercellular CO2 and water use efficiency were higher in
the old-subsoiling treatment. As a potential adaptation tool, seed sources from Pre Andean origins can be
established in Coastal origins with no detriments on seedling survival
Efectos de la degradación de un bosque nativo tipo forestal ro-ra-co sobre variables biogeoquímicas, reservorios de carbono, nitrógeno y fósforo, diversidad de microorganismos y actividad enzimática en suelos
No full textSoil microorganisms are a vital component and regulate a myriad of functions of forest ecosystems. Anthropogenic disturbances in natural forests could drive major shifts in plant and microbial communities resulting in substantial biogeochemical alterations. We evaluated the effect of anthropogenic disturbances in soils in an Andean temperate forest with different levels of degradation: i) mature forest (MF), ii) secondary forest (SF), iii) degraded forest (DF), and iv) deforested site converted into a prairie (DP). We quantified total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous (TC, TN, and TP) soil and nutrient available pools. Microbial communities’ structure and diversity were assessed under each condition via NGS-Illumina sequencing and microbiome analysis. There were no significant differences in TC, TN, and TP across the forested states (MF, SF, DF). The deforested site condition presented significantly higher surface soil TC, TN, and TP and the lowest C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios. The bacterial microbiome was dominated by Proteobacteria (45.35±0.89%), Acidobacteria (20.73±1.48%), Actinobacteria (12.59±0.34%), and Bacteroidetes (7.32±0.36%) phyla in all sites. Yet, there were significant differences at the genus level across conditions. The soil fungal community was dominated by the phyla Ascomycota (42.11±0.95%), Mortierellomycota (28.74±2.25%), Basidiomycota (24.61±0.52), and Mucoromycota (2.06±0.43%). The DP soil microbiome was significantly less diverse in bacteria (D' = 0.47±0.04); however, it was significantly more diverse in fungi (H' = 5.11±0.33). Forest to prairie conversion facilitated the introduction of novel bacterial and fungal groups associated with livestock grazing. The AOB community rose as a dominant group in the DP soils along with a reduction in the ECM fungi community. The surface soil microbiome was surprisingly resistant to forest degradation and did not show a clear progression along the degradation gradient. However, the microbiome was strongly altered after forest conversion into grassland
Pre-Germination Treatments at Operational Scale for Six Tree Species from the Sclerophyll Forest of Central Chile
Get PDFSclerophyll forest in Mediterranean central Chile has been subjected to severe degradation due to anthropic disturbances and climate change and is in need of restoration. Since direct seeding is usually unsuccessful, we need to research seed propagation to produce plants for restoration. Our objective was to assess pre-germination treatments for six native woody species (Acacia caven, Lithraea caustica, Quillaja Saponaria, Porlieria chilensis, Kageneckia angustifolia, and Ceratonia chilensis) of the sclerophyll forest, considering its operational applicability and consequences for nursery plant production. Treatments were selected according to previous studies, and operational applicability in nurseries. Germination and level of seeds water imbibition were assessed. Results indicate that time for seed water imbibition is critical for germination in A. caven, P. chilensis and K. angustifolia, with an average germination of 90.2 ± 2.0%, 85.0 ± 4.7%, and 47.4 ± 2.3%, respectively. Gibberellin did not improve germination compared to water soaking in Q. Saponaria, K. angustifolia and P. chilensis. In addition, physical scarification is a suitable treatment for L. caustica and C. chilensis, instead of chemical scarification, avoiding handling toxic and corrosive compounds in nurseries. We recommend assessing seed water imbibition rates as a key factor for proper germination processes
Assessing land surface phenology in Araucaria-Nothofagus forests in Chile with Landsat 8/Sentinel 2 time series
No full textinclude red-listed species and have a high cultural importance for the ancestral population and thus require
continuous monitoring to support conservation. Monitoring of phenology by satellite observations is a key tool to
quantify the impact of climate variability on terrestrial vegetation. Here we aim to provide a first quantification
and ecological understanding of the land surface phenology of protected Araucaria-Nothofagus forests in the
Conguillío National Park in southern Chile. We exploit time series of enhanced vegetation index from Landsat 8
and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2016 to 2020 to derive start and end-of-season (SOS and EOS) information
at 10 × 10 m spatial resolution. Results show that, on average, SOS varies between 11th October and 5th
November (quantiles 25% and 75% of all pixels). SOS occurs later at higher elevation, in sparsely vegetated
stands, or in stands dominated by Nothofagus antarctica. EOS occurs on average between 24th March and 14th
April. EOS shows a high variability between neighboring pixels that cannot be easily associated with forest stands
or topography. Comparisons with regional-aggregated temperature and precipitation time series show that SOS is
delayed with colder winter and spring temperatures and EOS shows stronger (but contrasting) correlations with
summer and fall precipitation. By using a machine learning approach, we find that elevation is the main control
on the spatial-temporal variability of SOS and EOS, followed by aspect, slope and total tree cover. These results
suggest that meteorological conditions control the inter-annual variability of the phenology of Araucaria-
Nothofagus forests but the effect is modified by small-scale topography, climate and stand characteristics
Colecta y conservación de semillas. Región de Los Lagos
No full text68 páginasEl presente protocolo de colecta y conservación de semillas es un documento destinado a orientar la realización de estas labores y fundamentalmente a destacar consideraciones complementarias, principalmente en el ámbito genético, que resultan relevantes para contribuir al éxito de las iniciativas de restauración ecológica. El protocolo se enmarca en la iniciativa de Fortalecimiento de las Capacidades para el Abastecimiento de Semillas y Producción de Plantas Nativas contemplada en el proyecto "+Bosques, Juntos contra el cambio climático"
Piñones de pino (Pinus pinea) y trufa de Borch (Tuber borchii): una alternativa atractiva en un contexto de cambio climático
Get PDFpósterEn Chile, se han plantado más de 4 000 ha de pino piñonero; en cuanto a trufas, se ha cultivado principalmente Tuber melanosporum, es por ello que la asociación de Pinus pinea y Tuber borchii en estudio en Chile central desde el 2017, es prometedora dada la alta adaptabilidad ecológica tanto de la trufa como del pino piñonero. Se evaluó el efecto de la inoculación con Tuber borchii y la fertilización en plantas de Pinus pinea producidas en vivero y 1 año después del establecimiento en un ensayo multi ambiental (MET) en siete sitios en Chile central