Przegląd Strategiczny
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Subkultura "szalikowców" a bezpieczeństwo imprez sportowych
Get PDFTo make a sport event safe, three basic conditions must be met: suitably equipped stadium, professional security and properly behaving audience. Among the spectators, especially of football matches, there can often be found so-called "scarfers". It is a subculture which members can be creative, but sometimes they are dangerous, leading to distortions of a sporting spectacle. Fighting them is, first of all, to enforce law and to provide properly working security systems for mass sport events. It is also the cooperation of the police from different countries, because along with the integration processes of countries, some stadium hooligans also integrate, causing more and more problems reaching beyond national borders.Ażeby widowisko sportowe było bezpieczne, muszą być spełnione trzy podstawowe warunki: odpowiednio wyposażony stadion, profesjonalnie działające służby porządkowe i właściwie zachowująca się publiczność. Wśród widzów, zwłaszcza meczów piłkarskich, często zasiadają „szalikowcy”. Jest to subkultura, która potrafi być kreacyjna, ale niekiedy jest niebezpieczna, doprowadzając do zakłóceń widowiska sportowego. Walka z nimi, to przede wszystkim egzekwowanie prawa, a także prawidłowo działające systemy zabezpieczenia masowych imprez sportowych. To także współdziałanie policji z różnych państw, bowiem wraz z procesami integracji państw, integrują się także chuligani stadionowi, wywołując coraz częściej problemy przekraczające granice państw
Konflikty zbrojne a prawa kobiet w świetle praktyki Komitetu ONZ ds. Likwidacji Dyskryminacji Kobiet
Get PDFPresented paper aims to answer the question what are obligations imposed on states by the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen (1979) in relation to protection of women’s rights during the armed conflicts and peace process. Presented research is based on analysis of the practice of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, an independent control body established by the Convention to monitor implementation of its provisions by the state parties. The analysis of the Committee’s output is proceeded by the review of its control tools in order to assess their usefulness in process of verification how the states perform duties imposed on them by the Convention in such specific situation as armed conflict. The core part of presented research is based on analysis of decisions of this body, particularly the general recommendations and concluding observations addressed to the state parties.Presented paper aims to answer the question what are obligations imposed on states by the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen (1979) in relation to protection of women’s rights during the armed conflicts and peace process. Presented research is based on analysis of the practice of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, an independent control body established by the Convention to monitor implementation of its provisions by the state parties. The analysis of the Committee’s output is proceeded by the review of its control tools in order to assess their usefulness in process of verification how the states perform duties imposed on them by the Convention in such specific situation as armed conflict. The core part of presented research is based on analysis of decisions of this body, particularly the general recommendations and concluding observations addressed to the state parties
Bezpieczeństwo społeczno-ekonomiczne Polski z perspektywy czynnika demograficznego
Get PDFIn the second half of the XX century, when intensity of coexistence in international relations increased and globalizing processes accelerated, security stopped being identified with political and military dimension only. Other spheres of state’s activity as: economy, ecology, culture or society, emerged to be as much important for national security as problems which appear in the mentioned spheres may threaten it. In Poland, disadvatageous demographic changes which are taking place in the society, are one of such problems. It is claimed that fatal effects will be observed in 20 years and they will be forming national security of the country, especially its economic and social aspect.In the second half of the XX century, when intensity of coexistence in international relations increased and globalizing processes accelerated, security stopped being identified with political and military dimension only. Other spheres of state’s activity as: economy, ecology, culture or society, emerged to be as much important for national security as problems which appear in the mentioned spheres may threaten it. In Poland, disadvatageous demographic changes which are taking place in the society, are one of such problems. It is claimed that fatal effects will be observed in 20 years and they will be forming national security of the country, especially its economic and social aspect
Bezpieczeństwo socjalne a wykluczenie społeczne
Get PDFAmong the nonmaterial human needs, the most important, from the point of view of social policy, is the need for security. Thus, the important issue is to guarantee citizens a sense of social security. Though on one hand, economic development brings an increase in wealth of society, and thus, an increased sense of social security, on the other hand, in society, there are still individuals and groups who, for various reasons, do not take advantage of the fruits of that progress. This applies especially to those, who have limited access to basic goods and services which are commonly available. This category of people are those, who are excluded or socially marginalized. There are three most characteristic features for social exclusion: a low level of participation in social life, long duration and non-voluntary state of such condition, restricting possibilities of use of basic civil rights. The issue of social exclusion has recently been recognized by the European Union as one of the main social problems. Hence the announcement of 2010 as the European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion and taking concrete actions to reduce these phenomena. This gives hope that in the European Union as well as in Poland, quantitative dimensions of social exclusion can be reduced.Wśród niematerialnych potrzeb ludzkich do najważniejszych, z punktu widzenia polityki społecznej, należy potrzeba bezpieczeństwa. Stąd takim istotnym problemem jest gwarantowanie obywatelom poczucia bezpieczeństwa socjalnego. Choć z jednej strony, rozwój gospodarczy przynosi za sobą wzrost zamożności społeczeństwa, a co za tym idzie, wzrost poczucia bezpieczeństwa socjalnego, z drugiej strony w społeczeństwie nadal występują osoby i grupy, które, z różnych powodów, nie korzystają z owoców owego postępu. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza tych, którzy maja ograniczony dostęp do podstawowych dóbr i usług powszechnie przysługujących. Ta kategoria osób – to osoby wykluczone, czy też marginalizowane społecznie. Dla wykluczenia społecznego najbardziej charakterystyczne są trzy cechy: niski poziom uczestnictwa w życiu społecznym, długotrwałość i niedobrowolność takiej sytuacji, ograniczenie możliwości korzystania z podstawowych praw obywatelskich. Kwestia wykluczenia społecznego od niedawna została uznana przez Unię Europejską za jeden z podstawowych problemów społecznych. Stąd ogłoszenie roku 2010 Europejskim Rokiem Walki z Ubóstwem i Wykluczeniem Społecznym i podjęcie konkretnych działań w celu ograniczenia tych zjawisk. Daje to nadzieję, że tak w Unii Europejskiej, jak i w Polsce uda się zmniejszyć ilościowe rozmiary wykluczenia społecznego
O potrzebie badań kultury bezpieczeństwa z perspektywy sytuacji kryzysowej
Get PDFThere are some deciding factors which contribute to forming a demand of comprehensive risk minimalizing means to demand of seeking some potential daily threats in order to their identification and liquidation. These factors are for example: new philosophy of security sciences, desire for keeping the current level of consumption, a dynamization of reality, high awareness or easiness of access to information. It seems that the security culture may support public administration in compliance with social obligations. Moreover, the security culture influence on the crisis management effectiveness and it is conducive to knowledge systematization which is so import and because of the theory which is still modified and week strengthen. Taking into consideration three components of the security culture (resources, an organization and a mentality), it is possible to notice that the efficient counteracting crisis situations would have never happened without a radical intervention into our mentality. From that perspectives the security culture specifies a convention and defines some standards and customs regulating and interpreting security policy of a state. It makes the selection of demanding solutions in crisis management easy.There are some deciding factors which contribute to forming a demand of comprehensive risk minimalizing means to demand of seeking some potential daily threats in order to their identification and liquidation. These factors are for example: new philosophy of security sciences, desire for keeping the current level of consumption, a dynamization of reality, high awareness or easiness of access to information. It seems that the security culture may support public administration in compliance with social obligations. Moreover, the security culture influence on the crisis management effectiveness and it is conducive to knowledge systematization which is so import and because of the theory which is still modified and week strengthen. Taking into consideration three components of the security culture (resources, an organization and a mentality), it is possible to notice that the efficient counteracting crisis situations would have never happened without a radical intervention into our mentality. From that perspectives the security culture specifies a convention and defines some standards and customs regulating and interpreting security policy of a state. It makes the selection of demanding solutions in crisis management easy
Łamanie praw człowieka w imię ochrony bezpieczeństwa. Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec zagrożenia terroryzmem na początku XXI wieku
No full textThe terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 by the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, initiated a series of changes in U.S. security policy. The amount of power the executive government, special services and police had was greatly extended in the name of the war on terror. A country that used to be characterized by openness, commitment to freedom and civil liberties, has become a country that spies on its own citizens. It has turned out that „the police of the world” do not comply with international law themselves and use torture against people suspected of terrorist activities.The terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 by the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, initiated a series of changes in U.S. security policy. The amount of power the executive government, special services and police had was greatly extended in the name of the war on terror. A country that used to be characterized by openness, commitment to freedom and civil liberties, has become a country that spies on its own citizens. It has turned out that „the police of the world” do not comply with international law themselves and use torture against people suspected of terrorist activities
Polityka zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa militarnego
No full textPo zakończeniu ery dwubiegunowej konfrontacji, świat nie stał się bynajmniej bezpieczniejszy. Poziom przemocy nigdy nie osiągnie zera, gdyż całkowite wykorzenienie zorganizowanej przemocy z życia społeczeństwa jest niemożliwe. W tych okolicznoœciach, interesy bezpieczeństwa państw narodowych wymagajń nieustannego zaangażowania w tym obszarze polityki państwowej, jaką jest polityka zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa militarnego. Artykuł stanowi nowe, teoretyczne ujęcie polityki zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa militarnego
Trójkąt Weimarski w latach 1991–1999 i jego znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa europejskiego
Get PDFThe aim of the article is to analyze theWeimar Triangle’s influence on the European security, focusing on the Polish-German and French-German relations, as they play a key role in forming a geostrategic and geopolitical structure in the European context. The way in which the European Union’s member states cooperated with Poland is a symbol of reconciliation for those three great nations. The objective of this initiative was to transform an area of the bygone fierce European wars into a pillar of the continent’s security. According to the author, theWeimar Triangle may serve as a perfect example of how the differences between the Central andWestern Europe in terms of the standards of living could be reduced and how the technological and civilizational gulf could be neutralized in order to guarantee peace and stability in the whole of Europe. Nowadays, the foundation and development of ESDP/CSDP is a chance for good inter-ally relations, while the most serious challenges for the Triangle’s countries include dealing with both the eastern policy and energy policy.The aim of the article is to analyze theWeimar Triangle’s influence on the European security, focusing on the Polish-German and French-German relations, as they play a key role in forming a geostrategic and geopolitical structure in the European context. The way in which the European Union’s member states cooperated with Poland is a symbol of reconciliation for those three great nations. The objective of this initiative was to transform an area of the bygone fierce European wars into a pillar of the continent’s security. According to the author, theWeimar Triangle may serve as a perfect example of how the differences between the Central andWestern Europe in terms of the standards of living could be reduced and how the technological and civilizational gulf could be neutralized in order to guarantee peace and stability in the whole of Europe. Nowadays, the foundation and development of ESDP/CSDP is a chance for good inter-ally relations, while the most serious challenges for the Triangle’s countries include dealing with both the eastern policy and energy policy