Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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Is the Separation of Powers a Useless Concept? The Components and Purpose of the Separation of Powers
Get PDFIn this paper, the author raised the question of whether the separation of powers is a use-less concept. It points out to insufficient reflection of its theoretical and philosophical origins. The paper also distinguishes its components, which it then analyses in more detail. Great attention is dedicated to the tension between the system of checks and bal-ances and the institutional independence. It also examines the purpose of the separation of powers, warning that we can no longer seek it exclusively in the prevention of tyranny but rather in the optimization of government. At the end of the paper is emphasized the need to examine the question of how to solve tension between these components
Defining the Pillars of Trade Union Freedoms: the Polish Example
Get PDFThe aim of the article is to present and characterise the essence of four fundamental pil-lars (the freedom of association, the self-governance, the independence and the equality) of trade union freedoms in the Polish legal system. The author presents such aspects as the classification of trade union freedoms or the characterisation of chosen specific union pillars. The article is based on the review of the relevant national legislation (in-cluding the Polish Constitution, international agreements and the Act on Trade of 23th May 1991), doctrine and judicature
"The Development of the Hate Speech Regulation in Hungary: from Criminal Law to Civil Law and Media Regulation"
Get PDFIn the Hungarian legal system, the anti-hate speech rules of media law provide an ad-ditional (administrative) proceeding for the media authority in parallel with proceedings under criminal law and civil law. The media authorities, over the past twenty years, have consistently set media law sanctions at a lower intervention threshold than criminal law did, and in many cases, they established media law violation in cases where criminal proceedings for incitement against a community were not initiated or ended in acquittal. The fundamental aim of media law regulation is to shape media content and the edit-ing practices of media players with a view to ensure respect for human dignity, and to prevent media from becoming an ‘amplifier’ of hateful communications. In the first four-teen years of the Hungarian media regulation, the scope of interpretation concerning anti-hate speech media law restrictions developed gradually. The authority reacted not only to individual cases, and individual communications, but also carried out targeted investigations in cases that can be described as a phenomenon in the media coverage. Besides reviewing news and information programmes, it also acted against hateful con-tents of the entertainment programmes. The new media regulation, which entered into force in 2011, partially amended the content of the former anti-hate speech regulation: in addition to the provisions of “incitement to hatred”, the former category of “offending or prejudiced content” was replaced by the prohibition of “exclusion”. The practice of the media authority has not changed as regards the assessment of the media law standard, as the authority has continued to apply it differently from the criminal law standard, con-sidering it as a lower intervention threshold. However, in comparison with pre-2010 practice, the authority initiated considerably fewer proceedings and its approach in terms of law enforcement became less characterised by adjudicating problems that can be de-scribed as phenomenon in the media coverage, no targeted proceedings of this kind were initiated. Its practice can be characterised by a couple of high profile cases with extreme sanctions, which attract great attention. These cases are important as they designate the boundaries of public communications, but in this way, media law measures are not really suitable for making any substantial changes to the characteristics of the media coverage
Zmiany w Ustawie o prawach pacjenta i Rzeczniku Praw Pacjenta Kilka uwag o mechanizmie uzyskiwania odszkodowania lub zadośćuczynienia w postępowaniu przed wojewódzkimi komisjami do spraw orzekania o zdarzeniach medycznych
Get PDFThe objective of this paper is to present the amendments to the Patients’ rights and Patients’ Rights Spokesman Act of 28 April 2011. The paper focuses on the drawbacks of the provisions of the Act concerning claims for compensation for damage or injury caused by medical occurrences that are put before regional medical occurrences committees. Despite the undoubtedly right direction of the amended legislation, the purpose of the amendments has not been achieved. The renouncement by applicants of all the claims when accepting the insurers offer concerning the amount of compensation, low sums of the compensation which the patient or his heir may be awarded as well as restricting the places where medical occurrences may happen only to hospitals, narrow the applicability of the amendments and warrants further work on the existing solution.The paper deals with the provision of Article 256 of the Polish Penal Code. The author discusses the offences of public propagation of tota The objective of this paper is to present the amendments to the Patients’ rights and Patients’ Rights Spokesman Act of 28 April 2011. The paper focuses on the drawbacks of the provisions of the Act concerning claims for compensation for damage or injury caused by medical occurrences that are put before regional medical occurrences committees. Despite the undoubtedly right direction of the amended legislation, the purpose of the amendments has not been achieved. The renouncement by applicants of all the claims when accepting the insurers offer concerning the amount of compensation, low sums of the compensation which the patient or his heir may be awarded as well as restricting the places where medical occurrences may happen only to hospitals, narrow the applicability of the amendments and warrants further work on the existing solution
Dyskusja nad modelem wykładni prounijnej w polskiej nauce prawa
Get PDFThe aim of this paper is to present the discussion on normative models of the pro-EU interpretation of national law in Polish jurisprudence. The European Court of Justice drew only general assumptions concerning the pro-EU interpretation, and left the Member States free to choose the methods of its implementation. The author analyses the proposals of the models described in the science of European law as well as in the theory of law, and on that basis comes to the conclusion that a universal and consistent model that would ensure full realisation of the EU law objectives regarding the pro-EU interpretation has not yet been developed.The aim of this paper is to present the discussion on normative models of the pro-EU interpretation of national law in Polish jurisprudence. The European Court of Justice drew only general assumptions concerning the pro-EU interpretation, and left the Member States free to choose the methods of its implementation. The author analyses the proposals of the models described in the science of European law as well as in the theory of law, and on that basis comes to the conclusion that a universal and consistent model that would ensure full realisation of the EU law objectives regarding the pro-EU interpretation has not yet been developed
An Argument from Comparative Law in the Jurisprudence of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal1
Get PDFThe use of references to foreign law and jurisprudence by the constitutional courts around the world currently gains more and more attention from scholars. The admis-sibility and usefulness of conducting such a horizontal dialogue between various juris-dictions raises controversies in other countries, but not in Poland, where no significant academic discussion on the legal basis and justification for using comparative arguments in constitutional jurisprudence has been conducted. The reasons for this lack of contro-versy seem to lie in the roots of the 1997 Constitution, and the way in which the Polish legal system is constructed. The Polish Constitutional Tribunal is quite prone to using comparative references in its reasoning. However, it rarely clearly indicated their role or significance for the resolution of the case before it. The analysis of the case-law of the Tribunal indicates that references to foreign law concern constitutional provisions, legislation, and the judgments of other constitutional courts. The purpose of the refer-ences stresses the universality of particular constitutional norms and deciphering their meaning, as well as gathering data significant for the assessment of the proportionality of a national law, as well as at drawing inspiration from the decisions taken by foreign courts. However, the persuasive use of a comparative argument demands that the meth-odological problems which can be noticed in the case-law should be addressed. They in-volve in particular: the need to justify the choice of comparative material that is analysed, the fragmented nature of the analysis, and the lack of a clear indication what role these kind of arguments have in constitutional argumentation
"The European Committee of Social Rights as a Monitoring Body in the System of the European Social Charter"
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to present the European Committee of Social Rights as a moni-toring treaty body in the system of the European Social Charter. The author pays par-ticular attention to the mechanism of collective complaints, which was introduced to the Charter’s supervisory system on the basis of the 1995 Additional Protocol. In the author’s opinion, on the basis of the competence of the European Committee of Social Rights to hear collective complaints, it is arguable that this important treaty body in the system of the European Social Charter performs the function of a quasi-judicial organ in the monitoring process, which distinguishes it from other treaty bodies in the field of the international protection of human right
"Procedural Guarantees for EU Citizens against Expulsion in the Light of Directive 2004/38/EC"
Get PDFThe present paper analyses the scope of protection of EU citizens against expulsion under Directive 2004/38/EC and in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the Eu-ropean Union. According to the provision of this Directive, an EU citizen threatened with expulsion must have access to relevant documents and accessible information on the legal procedures to be followed in his/her case. Even if the government claims that national security interests keep courts from disclosing the evidence to the EU citizen, it is obliged to submit any material or evidence capable of corroborating that the interests of national security or public order are at stake. The CJEU requires that the evidence has to be scrutinised by the adversarial proceedings. In particular, the EU citizen must be informed, in any event, of the essence of the grounds on which an expulsion decision is based, as the necessary protection of State security cannot have the effect of denying the person concerned of his/her right to be heard
Freedom of Speech in the Face of Terrorism – Selected International Law Regulations
Get PDFThe essay presents freedom of speech from the perspective of international law regula-tions. The phenomenon of terrorism is one of the most asymmetrical, amorphous and hybrid threats to international security and human rights. The author discusses freedom of speech in the context of anti-terrorism measures. Freedom of speech is a legal and axiological framework of democratic society. The media constitute an important source of information about social pathologies and threats. Terrorists use the media to depreci-ate the law and the state, and to generate chronic fear in society. The essay stresses the fact that a rational and informed approach to human rights should serve as a reference point for anti-terrorism. However, one cannot limit individual freedom in an arbitrary way. Public discourse helps reach an objective perception. This prevents the creation of a multiplied image, pseudo-reality and “double standards” for freedom of speech
Propagowanie totalitaryzmu i nawoływanie do nienawiści (art. 256 Kodeksu karnego)
Get PDFThe paper deals with the provision of Article 256 of the Polish Penal Code. The author discusses the offences of public propagation of totalitarian forms of government, and offence of inciting to hatred on national, ethnic, racial or religious grounds and offences connected with objects with such content. The author pays particular attention to the controversial and unclear wording used in the above regulation and identifies possible amendments that could make the article more precise and effective.The paper deals with the provision of Article 256 of the Polish Penal Code. The author discusses the offences of public propagation of totalitarian forms of government, and offence of inciting to hatred on national, ethnic, racial or religious grounds and offences connected with objects with such content. The author pays particular attention to the controversial and unclear wording used in the above regulation and identifies possible amendments that could make the article more precise and effective