SCRIPTORIUM (Université de Moncton)
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The role of emotion-related individual differences in enjoyment and masking smile judgement
No full textBackground: While some research indicates that individuals can accurately judge smile authenticity of enjoyment and masking smile expressions, other research suggest modest judgment rates of masking smiles. The current study explored the role of emotion-related individual differences in the judgment of authenticity and recognition of negative emotions in enjoyment and masking smile expressions as a potential explanation for the differences observed. Methods: Specifically, Experiment 1 investigated the role of emotion contagion (Doherty in J Nonverbal Behav 21:131–154, 1997), emotion intelligence (Schutte et al. in Personality Individ Differ 25:167–177, 1998), and emotion regulation (Gratz and Roemer in J Psychopathol Behav Assess 26:41–54, 2004) in smile authenticity judgment and recognition of negative emotions in masking smiles. Experiment 2 investigated the role of state and trait anxiety (Spielberger et al. in Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, 1983) in smile authenticity judgment and recognition of negative emotions in the same masking smiles. In both experiments, repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted for judgment of authenticity, probability of producing the expected response, for the detection of another emotion, and for emotion recognition. A series of correlations were also calculated between the proportion of expected responses of smile judgement and the scores on the different subscales. Results: Results of the smile judgment and recognition tasks were replicated in both studies, and echoed results from prior studies of masking smile judgment: participants rated enjoyment smiles as happier than the masking smiles and, of the masking smiles, participants responded “really happy” more often for the angry-eyes masking smiles and more often categorized fear masking smiles as “not really happy”. Conclusions: Overall, while the emotion-related individual differences used in our study seem to have an impact on recognition of basic emotions in the literature, our study suggest that these traits, except for emotional awareness, do not predict performances on the judgment of complex expressions such as masking smiles. These results provide further information regarding the factors that do and do not contribute to greater judgment of smile authenticity and recognition of negative emotions in masking smiles.udemauteur: Annie Roy-Charlan
The -divergence for Bandwidth Selection in Circular Kernel Density Estimation
No full textThe choice of bandwidth is crucial in circular kernel density estimation. Various bandwidth selection techniques have been proposed in the literature. New bandwidth selectors based on the measure β -divergence for kernel density estimation with circular data are presented in this work. These selectors are obtained by minimizing the mean of the measure β -divergence between the density to be estimated and its estimator. The idea is based on the generalization of the standard method which selects the bandwidth by minimizing the mean integrated squared error (MISE). The performance of the proposed selectors is evaluated through a simulation study and compared with other existing selectors. These selectors are illustrated with some real datasets.udemauteur: Hamza Dhake
Space-time refelction symmetry in the Jones formalism in optics
No full textWe provide a description of the space-time reflection operator (PT) acting on the two-dimensional polarization space of light represented by the linear algebra of Jones vectors and matrices. We establish the form of a PT-symmetric Jones matrix. We present two examples of laser resonators whose polarization eigenstates are described by PT-symmetric Jones matrices: one is based on the Faraday effect and a dichroic attenuation, while the other is made of twisted anisotropic mirrors. Both possess a control parameter that experimentally covers the exact and the broken PT-symmetry regions and their boundary, called an exceptional point, where the eigenstates of the resonator coalesce into a single state. The exact PT-symmetric region produces laser polarization modes emitting at the same frequency with different intracavity losses, while the broken PT-symmetric region features polarization modes emitting at distinct frequencies with the same intracavity losses. By applying unitary transformations, the concept of a PT-symmetric Jones matrix is extended to matrices that commute with any antiunitary operator, thereby opening the prospect of a larger family of resonator geometries that also feature real or complex-conjugate spectra.udemauteur: Jean-François Bisso
Deep Learning Approaches for Wildland Fires Remote Sensing: Classification, Detection, and Segmentation
No full textThe world has seen an increase in the number of wildland fires in recent years due to various factors. Experts warn that the number of wildland fires will continue to increase in the coming years, mainly because of climate change. Numerous safety mechanisms such as remote fire detection systems based on deep learning models and vision transformers have been developed recently, showing promising solutions for these tasks. To the best of our knowledge, there are a limited number of published studies in the literature, which address the implementation of deep learning models for wildland fire classification, detection, and segmentation tasks. As such, in this paper, we present an up-to-date and comprehensive review and analysis of these vision methods and their performances. First, previous works related to wildland fire classification, detection, and segmentation based on deep learning including vision transformers are reviewed. Then, the most popular and public datasets used for these tasks are presented. Finally, this review discusses the challenges present in existing works. Our analysis shows how deep learning approaches outperform traditional machine learning methods and can significantly improve the performance in detecting, segmenting, and classifying wildfires. In addition, we present the main research gaps and future directions for researchers to develop more accurate models in these fields.udemauteur: Rafik Ghali; Moulay Akhlouf
Additional evidence that valence does not affect serial recall
No full textIn immediate serial recall, a canonical short-term memory task, it is well established that performance is affected by several sublexical, lexical, and semantic factors. One factor that receives a growing interest is valence, whether a word is categorised as positive (e.g., happy) or as negative (e.g., pain). However, contradictory findings have recently emerged. Tse and Altarriba in two experiments with one set of stimuli and fixed lists concluded that valence affects serial recall performance, while Bireta et al. in three experiments with three sets of stimuli and randomised lists concluded that valence does not affect serial recall performance. Two experiments assessed the experimental discrepancy between Tse and Altarriba and Bireta et al. For both experiments, in one block, every participant saw the exact same lists as those used in Tse and Altarriba, and in the other block, each list was randomly constructed for each participant, as was done in Bireta et al. In Experiment 1, with concrete words varying in valence, we replicated the results of Tse and Altarriba with fixed lists and the results of Bireta et al. with randomised lists. In Experiment 2, with abstract words with both fixed and randomised lists, we replicate the absence of effect valence like Tse and Altarriba and Bireta et al. Overall, we conclude that valence does not affect serial recall and the discrepancy was attributed to the peculiarity of the fixed lists used by Tse and Altarriba.udemauteur: Jean Saint-Aubi
The biomechanical benefits of active sitting
No full textThis cross-sectional study examined the biomechanical effects of two active chairs (AC1: had the feature to pedal and slide forward on the seat pan; AC2: a multiaxial motion seat pan) compared to a traditional office chair and standing workstation. Twenty-four healthy participants worked at each of the workstations for 60-min. The following equipment was used: Motion Capture, Electromyography, Ratings of Perceived Discomfort Questionnaire, and Exit Survey. The active protocol had positive effects on the body, including increased neuromuscular activity in the gastrocnemius, increased overall movement, and a more open trunk–thigh angle. Greater discomfort in the buttocks due to the lack of seat pan contour was reported for the AC1 which identified a need for a design modification. While standing, participants’ shoulders were less flexed than when sitting in any of the three seats, however, greater discomfort was reported in the lower legs after 1 h of computer work. Practitioner summary: A comparison of four different workstations was conducted to further understand the use of active workstations. Active sitting was found to have positive effects on the body, such as allowing sitters to increase movement while sitting without the high activation of muscular activity. Standing can also provide a positive break from sitting.udemauteur: Michelle Cardos
Absence of hysteresis in n-k space during the phase transition of vanadium dioxide
No full textThermal hysteresis in the optical and electrical properties of VO2 when cycling the temperature through insulator-to-metal states is well known. Here we show that no hysteresis is observed in the co-evolution of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index, or equivalently, in the evolution of the polarization state of light reflected from a film. Using models for the effective optical properties of inhomogeneous materials, we show that this observation is consistent with a two-phase composition having similar depolarization factors during the temperature cycling. Absence of hysteresis also rules out the possibility of light acquiring different polarization states when interacting with the material during a full cycle of the phase transition. Such considerations are important to understand the functioning of VO2-based photonic devices.udemauteur: Son Vinh Tran; Alain Haché; Jean-François Bisso
Connecting the Dots between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Depression
No full textMitochondria are the prime source of cellular energy, and are also responsible for important processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis and Ca2+ homeostasis. Depression is a psychiatric disease characterized by alteration in the metabolism, neurotransmission and neuroplasticity. In this manuscript, we summarize the recent evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction to the pathophysiology of depression. Impaired expression of mitochondria-related genes, damage to mitochondrial membrane proteins and lipids, disruption of the electron transport chain, higher oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis are all observed in preclinical models of depression and most of these parameters can be altered in the brain of patients with depression. A deeper knowledge of the depression pathophysiology and the identification of phenotypes and biomarkers with respect to mitochondrial dysfunction are needed to help early diagnosis and the development of new treatment strategies for this devastating disorder.udemauteur: Mehtab Khan; Etienne Hebert-Chatelai
Long-term care residents’ acceptance of a standing intervention: A qualitative intrinsic case study
No full textOlder adults in long-term care are sedentary. Standing is recommended to reduce sedentary time, but there is limited research on long-term care residents’ acceptability of standing interventions. The acceptability of the Stand If You Can (SIYC) randomized clinical trial among long-term care residents was explored using a single intrinsic qualitative case study design. The five month intervention consisted of supervised 100 min standing sessions per week. Participants completed post-intervention interviews, which were analyzed using the Thematic Framework Analysis through the lens of an acceptability framework. The 10 participants (7 female), age 73 to 102 years, stood a median of 53% of the intervention offered time (range 20%–94%). The participants reported acceptability in many aspects of the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability. Standing is a simple intervention to decrease sedentary time and seems to be accepted among long-term care residents when burden is not perceived as too high.udemauteur: Grant Handriga
Functional connectivity of an imperilled Arctic ungulate: where melting sea ice and human trails increase isolation
No full textSea ice loss, disturbance, and habitat modification by humans can alter functional landscape connectivity, with negative impacts on wildlife. Connectivity facilitates movement and gene flow, and contributes to genetic diversity, metapopulation dynamics, and species range-shifts under climate change. For Arctic ungulates, which disperse over large areas including sea ice, environmental change threatens further isolation. Protecting habitat and its linkages is critical and depends on identifying such areas at commensurate, broad scales. Using caribou, the world's most vagile species, we modelled and mapped the drivers of connectivity across ca. 2 million km2 of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago — where the pace of climate change is among the fastest and caribou are threatened with extinction. First, we quantified hierarchical genetic structure and identified two discrete groups. Next, using circuit theory and simultaneous multi-surface optimization, we tested whether land- and sea-scape heterogeneity or geographic distance better accounted for movement and gene flow within each group. We show that anthropogenic interference is far-reaching. High Arctic Peary caribou displayed isolation-by-resistance, where glacier cover, low sea-ice concentrations during fall, and human trails impeded connectivity. In contrast, more southerly barren-ground caribou displayed largely unrestricted gene flow. These divergent outcomes underscore that organism-landscape relationships can vary across space and highlight the importance of intra-specific structure and responses. By leveraging genetic data, our study demonstrates how critical movement pathways can be identified, even for remote and imperilled species. Such knowledge supports broad-scale conservation planning, in particular, by accounting for complex organism-landscape relationships, across vast, heterogeneous ecosystems.udemauteur: Nicolas Lecomt