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ANALYSING THE ROLE OF DRIVER BEHAVIORS IN ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: AN APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING
No full textContinuous innovations are taking place worldwide to develop solutions for problems encountered by human beings. The preventionof a variety of accidents due to burning, drowning, terrorism, electric shocks, and road traffic is among the important concerns ofresearchers and solution developers. Specifically, this current study aims to analyse the contributions of different driver behaviours that resulted in road accidents, followed by proposing a viable solution and reducing the road accident frequencies to benefit society at large. This study employed two methods to analyse data. One was through SEM, and the second was through Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The study is descriptive in nature and it used the survey method to collect sample data from 345 drivers from various professional backgrounds. The questionnaire consisted of independent variables, namely slips, errors, mistakes, lapse violations and unintentional violations. To measure the contributions of these variables towards accidents, age was taken as the moderator. The statistical techniques used included reliability, correlation, and normality analyses, in addition to artificial neural networks and regression analyses. Each factor was found to be a significant contributor to road accidents. Moreover, no significant difference was found in drivers’ behaviour between males and females, but age was found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between driver behaviours and accidents. Additionally, the rate of accidents decreases with the increases in age and vice versa.
ARE THERE ANY DIFFERENCES IN THE CONTINUOUS USAGE INTENTION OF E-WALLET USERS?: THE CASE OF SEOUL AND JAKARTA
No full textThe unstoppable use of the Internet, especially in big cities, has led to changes in payment patterns and financial transactions. Originally, wallets have transitioned to electronic wallets, driven by perceived benefits, ease of use, and social influence among e-wallet users. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the intention to continuously use e-wallets among young people who have become accustomed to Internet usage. The method employed for processing the data collected through questionnaires is SEM-PLS. The research sample consisted of 240 young e-wallet users in Seoul and Jakarta who participated in the study. The results showed a discrepancy in the effect of perceived ease of use on the continuous usage intention of e-wallets among the young users in the two cities. Young users in Seoul found e-wallets easy to use, whereas users in Jakarta perceived the opposite. However, the perceived usefulness and social influence had a positive and significant effect on the continuous usage intention of e-wallets in both cities. This indicates that Generation Z believes e-wallets will continue to be used due to their benefits and the influence of social factors. This implication underscores the penetration of Internet users and mobile applications associated with e-wallet users. The findings of this research hold significant importance for the rapidly expanding e-wallet industry today, serving as a valuable reference for the development of the e-wallet market
IMPACT OF PEER PRESSURE ON DIVIDEND POLICY: EVIDENCE FROM FOOD & ALLIED AND POWER & FUEL SECTORS IN BANGLADESH
No full textFirms’ decisions are not independent of their peers. This study aims to assess the impact of peer pressure on firms’ dividend policy. In a sample of 29 firms from 2014–2020, this study employed a fixed effect regression model and revealed that Bangladeshi firms adjusted their dividend policy in response to their peers. Firms adjust the dividend payout ratio (DPR) by 5.6 percent as a response to their peers. Social learning theory, reputation-based model of peer influence, persuasion bias and rivalry-based theory of mimicking explain how peer influence affects a firm’s dividend policy. The findings of positive peer effects on dividend policy are robust to an alternative proxy of dividend policy – dividend yield. Therefore, the study implied that managers’ decisions regarding the dividend policy are not independent of their peer firms. Investors can adjust their expectations of a firm’s dividend policy based on the overall dividend policy in the industry.
Hybrid Machine Learning Approach for predicting E-wallet Adoption among Higher Education Students in Malaysia
No full textIn today’s digitised world, e-wallets have been sprouting thick and fast in Malaysia as they contribute significantly to expediting onlinetransactions. The E-wallet system is not only a mechanism for businesses to acquire profit but is also one of the most secure paymentoptions for customers, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the adoption of e-wallets among higher education students remains unfavourable, eliciting only minimal response. This study aims to analyse higher education students’ adoption of e-wallets using a hybrid machine learning method, combining clustering and decision trees. This approach provides deep insights into user behaviour, improving prediction accuracy and enabling personalised strategies for enhanced user experiences. It profiles and classifies students based on demographics and traits such as age, year of study, gender, frequency of use, future use intention, lifestyle compatibility, perceived trust, risk perception, convenience, and security factors. The analysis reveals the segmentation of the dataset into four distinct clusters, each characterised by shared attributes. These clusters are subsequently labelled descriptively and incorporated into the dataset. The dataset, now enriched with cluster information, serves as the foundation for constructing a decision tree model. The outcome of the decision tree indicates that Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 are hesitant towards e-payment. In contrast, Cluster 1 and Cluster 4 are more receptive despite security concerns, as e-wallets offer convenience despite lacking full trust, with security being a prominent concern amidst rising cyber threats. This study helps the Malaysian government and service providers promote cashless transactions and shape students’ financial independence based on their traits
The Perspective Classification of Balanced Scorecard with Ontology Technique
No full textThe competition among Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), such as universities, worldwide is crucial. It is imperative for universitiesto maintain high-quality education and achieve and maintain their world ranking. Therefore, they must utilise performance management tools in their performance improvement efforts. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a quality tool for performance management in universities that helps them to enhance, increase, and maintain their overall performance and ranking. When their strategy changes, the performance indicators must be revised and rearranged in accordance with the BSC form. The information needed for decision-making cannot be immediately available because there are delays in updating the performance management system. This creates a gap between performance improvement in HEIs and the BSC. To eliminate this gap, the question we need to answer is how to automatically upload the updated BSC perspectives into the performance management system to streamline the decision-making automatically. This paper aims to present the Perspective Classification of Balanced Scorecard with Ontology (PCBSC-Onto) framework for automatically classifying performance indicators into BSC’s four perspectives using an ontological approach to support the dynamic capability of the management system’s performance. The balanced scorecard ontology and performance indicator ontology created through this research were applied in the PCBSC-Onto framework. The experiment’s results are based on the performance indicator data of a university in Thailand, and it presents how this framework and its algorithms contribute to increasing performance management ability in the HEI context. The accuracy rate of the PCBSC-Onto framework is 82.97% when compared to the accuracy of the modified Delphi method. The results reveal the accuracy of the proposed ontologies and algorithmson the data from the case study.
CHILD PROTECTION AND JUVENILE JUSTICE: LEGAL ISSUES IN BANGLADESH AND MALAYSIA
No full textChild protection and juvenile justice are emerging issues and a major concern for nations across the globe. Considering the importance of child protection, different nations in the world have also given attention to reducing child delinquency by amending their laws on children. Bangladesh and Malaysia have ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) 1989 and incorporated its principles into their domestic legal framework for child-friendly care and protection of juvenile offenders. Since 2013, there have been many new concepts developed on this issue in the legal systems of both countries. The government of Bangladesh has enacted the Children Act 2013 by replacing the previous Children Act 1974. As a result, Bangladesh can now legally safeguard children’s best interests more effectively. The Malaysian government amended the Child Act 2001 and introduced the Child (Amendment) Act 2016 to protect children and establish institutional treatments for juvenile offenders. The government has also legislated the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017 to reduce delinquency. As a result, the child protection and justice systems in both countries have developed new dimensions, as well as preventing the abuse of the vulnerabilities of detained children during pandemic times. The present study analyses the major changes in the juvenile justice process in both countries, especially the protection of children as per the domestic legal framework and at the same time guided by international legal standards. The present study has a qualitative research design and uses content analysis to identify, analyze, and synthesize the content of child-related laws. The findings will be valuable to policymakers, as they point to the need to strengthen the existing legal framework for better child protection within the justice systems of both Bangladesh and Malaysia.
TO WHAT EXTENT THE DECLARATION OF A STATE OF EMERGENCY IS CONSISTENT WITH THE PALESTINIAN BASIC LAW DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has raised consciousness across the globe of how constitutions respond to crises. This article examines the issue of the Palestinian President declaring a state of emergency in Palestine on March 5, 2020, under Presidential Decree No. 1 of 2020, to confront the spread of the Coronavirus. However, the President continues to extend the thirty-day state of emergency ten times. In addition, the article discusses a crucial issue associated with the extent to which the extended constitution of emergency in Palestine lasts, as the Basic Law only allows him to declare the state of emergency for a one-time limit. The article aims to clarify the constitutionality of the extension of the state of emergency in Palestine, in addition to placing some legal alternatives to avoid the President’s breach of the Basic Law. To achieve the objectives of the article, socio-legal research using a qualitative approach and face-to-face interviews was adopted. Accordingly, findings show the inconsistency of the extension of the state of emergency with the Basic Law due to the suspension of the role of the Legislative Council in Palestine. The article emphasizes and recommends that the role of the Legislative Council shall be activated to oversee the presidential decrees extending a state of emergency issued by holding the legislative elections in Palestine
IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF THE E-COURT SYSTEM OF RELIGIOUS COURTS IN INDONESIA: AN ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS STUDY
No full textMany nations are creating E-courts to simplify court operations. However, religious e-Courts take more work to execute. This study hasidentified religious court e-Court implementation issues and solutions using Delphi and ANP. It first employed Delphi and a literature review to interview experts face-to-face. Eight judges, I.T. workers, and attorneys from three religious court districts analysed the model using a priority scale with an Analytic Network Process (ANP). The study found that infrastructure or equipment from the application of the e-Court system is the main issue, with a geometric mean of 0.306, followed by Human Resources (0.262), the system (0.219), and regulation (0.213). Improving e-Court system regulation (0.850) and infrastructure were the primary solutions (0.770). This paper details cluster priority solutions and issues. This study suggests that the highest religious court authority focuses on infrastructure, human resources, e-Court operational systems, and associated legislations. The government must adopt the e-Court system and registration laws to encourage more active socialising. The study prioritises e-Court implementation issues in the religious courts of Indonesia.
A DEA AND TOBIT ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS OF COST AND PROFIT EFFICIENCY IN THE TURKISH BANKING SECTOR
No full textThis paper aims to determine the factors affecting cost and profit efficiency of commercial banks in Turkey and to examine theownership effect on cost and profit efficiency in an emerging market. Another aim of the study is to carry out the most recent and longitudinal (2006-2020) analysis of efficiency in the Turkish banking industry. This study uses an intermediation approach with data envelopment analysis (DEA) as its methodology. A total of 23 commercial banks were selected as the study sample and their quarterly data from 2006- 2020 was collected. In addition, an external two-stage DEA model with Tobit regression was applied to examine the determinants of cost and profit efficiency. The results show that Turkish banks currently work with relatively higher cost efficiency than profit efficiency. On the other hand, foreign banks display a lower cost and profit efficiency performance. The downward trend in profit efficiency in the Turkish banking system sends a warning signal on the health and stability of the banking sector. Multivariate Tobit regression analysis reveals how Total Assets, Deposit Share, Asset Growth, Time Deposits, NPL, and Ownership Structure significantly affect cost and profit efficiency. Ratio of liquid assets to total assets is positively correlated with the efficiency values, in contrast to results from previous studies. Previous studies have mostly been limited to scale and technical efficiency and focused on the cost efficiency of Turkish banks. In this study, the gap in the literature is filled by a comparative examination of the cost andprofit efficiency at the scale of bank ownership. The study will look at and discussed these issues at the most stable period and the pre-pandemic period in the Turkish economy
ZAKAT DISCLOSURE INDEX BY ISLAMIC BANKS AND DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN MALAYSIA
No full textPaying zakat and disclosing it transparently to stakeholders is one of the ways to demonstrate the Islamic ethical value and accountability of Islamic finance institutions (IFIs). Nevertheless, comprehensive zakat information disclosure practices by Islamic banks (IBs) and Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) have received less attention. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a comprehensive Zakat Disclosure Index (ZDI) for IBs and DFIs and measure the ZDI level of these institutions. Content analysis was performed through financial statements, annual reports, annual integrated reports and annual sustainability reports for four consecutive financial years from 2016 to 2019. The entire population of 16 IBs and 6 DFIs was selected. The ZDI was developed with two categories based on the liability of paying zakat. The scoring was divided into three groups: (i) mandatory financial information versus voluntary financial information versus mandatory non-financial information versus voluntary non-financial information; (ii) mandatory versus voluntary; and (iii) financial versus non-financial. The result showed that the overall disclosure level was at 60 percent, where mandatory disclosure was at 43 percent and voluntary disclosure was at 17 percent, while for financial and non-financial information, the scores were not much different at 25 percent to 33 percent. The study’s implication lies in establishing astandardised zakat index, enhancing comparability among reporting entities. Furthermore, the study holds importance for regulators as it aids in assessing the sufficiency of existing regulations and guidelines. It can guide regulatory actions to uphold the principles of maqasid shariah in reporting practices.