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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COGNITIVE PROCESSING IN ORAL MATHEMATICS TESTS AMONG MALAYSIAN ORANG ASLI PUPILS
No full textPurpose – This study investigates the mathematics performance of Orang Asli pupils across two cognitive domains—Knowing and Applying—using three oral mathematics tests developed in different languages: the academic language (Bahasa Melayu) (OBM), the academic native language (Bahasa Semai) (OSL), and the tribal native language (Bahasa Temiar) (OTL).
Methodology – Adopting a quantitative approach, the study involved 225 Year 4 Orang Asli pupils who were assessed using a 20-item mathematics computation testlet. The analysis focused on pupils’ performance across the Knowing and Applying domains in the three oral test formats (OBM, OSL, and OTL). One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare performance differences across the cognitive domains and test formats.
Findings – In the Knowing domain, pupils performed best in the OSL test, followed by OBM and OTL. Conversely, in the Applying domain, pupils excelled in the OTL test, followed by OSL and OBM. ANOVA results indicated significant differences between OSL and OTL, as well as OBM and OTL in the Knowing domain. However, no significant difference was found between OSL and OBM. For the Applying domain, a significant difference was observed only between OTL and OBM, with no significant differences between OTL and OSL, or between OSL and OBM.
Significance – The findings highlight the potential of oral mathematics tests in native languages—particularly Bahasa Semai—as a culturally responsive and equitable assessment method. This approach enables Orang Asli pupils to better demonstrate their mathematical proficiency helping to address linguistic barriers in mathematics assessment
ANALYSIS OF LOOPHOLES IN THE 1997 PEGUAM SHARIE (SHARIE LAWYER) RULES OF THE STATE OF PENANG
No full textSharie lawyers represent disputing parties in resolving their problems in Shariah courts. In Malaysia, the laws applicable to regulate the affairs of Shariah lawyers in terms of admission, qualifications and disciplinary matters are determined by state rules established based on the Islamic Religious Administration Enactment of the states or the Shariah Court Enactment of the states. For Penang, the applicable law is the Rules of Sharie Lawyers or Peguam Sharie (State of Penang) 1997. Therefore, the Penang Islamic Religious Council (MAINPP) is responsible for regulating Sharie lawyers in Penang. However, to date, there are still significant loopholes in this law that have disrupted its regulatory process. As a result, the profession of Sharie lawyer faces daily challenges, including inconsistent admission criteria, lack of clear disciplinary procedures, limited professional development, jurisdictional confusion, enforcement issues, and eroding public trust. The present research objective is to analyze loopholes in the Peguam Sharie (State of Penang) Rules 1997, identify areas of weakness, and propose recommendations for improving the regulatory framework for Sharie lawyers in Penang. A qualitative approach was used in this study and the data collection was done using primary and secondary sources. For primary sources, the researchers conducted interview sessions with Penang Sharie lawyers and Penang Shariah Judiciary Department (JKSNPP) officers in order to obtain firsthand perspectives, context, clarity, validation, and recommendations for the research. Whereas, for secondary sources, the researchers referred to journals, books, and proceedings, as well as electronic database sources. The data was analyzed using a content analysis method. This research found that there were eight provisions that needed to be reformed to improve the profession of Sharie lawyers in Penang. This research has suggested an amendment to the Peguam Syarie (State of Penang) Rules, 1997. It has also recommended that the parties involved in the practice of Shariah law in Penang be made aware of the challenges faced and amend the existing law so that the profession of Sharie lawyers remains relevant in the future
LEGAL ISSUES FACED BY SMART CONTRACTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CONVENTIONAL CONTRACTS
No full textIn the realm of law, technology is utilized to cope with the influx of smart contracts to replace traditional contracts that govern contractual dynamics. Smart contracts differ from traditional contracts as they rely on computer codes to fulfill the contractual obligations of the involved entities. This article discusses the current state of Iraqi contract law and assesses the feasibility of integrating Iraqi law to manage and implement smart contracts within the Iraqi legal system. The study employs a qualitative approach and adopts comparative doctrinal research to investigate current legal practices, the relevant legislation, and the adaptation of Iraqi laws to smart contracts. As a result, the study reveals the inadequacy of Iraqi contract law in incorporating smart contracts into existing legal practices in Iraq. It also underscores the necessity of enacting new laws to explicitly regulate the operation of smart contracts involving the use of cryptocurrencies
ACCRUAL OF CAUSE OF ACTION FOR THE OPERATION OF LIMITATION PERIOD IN EMPLOYMENT MATTERS IN NIGERIA: DR. FABUNMI V. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN & ANOR: LESSONS FROM GHANA AND UGANDA
No full textCrystalisation of the right to seek legal redress is known as accrual of cause of action, which is when all the factual circumstances that would justify and enable an aggrieved party to seek legal redress have occurred and to his/her knowledge. However, the Nigerian Court of Appeal in Dr. Fabunmi v. University of Ibadan & Anor. held that the cause of action for dismissal of an employee arises from the date the letter of dismissal was dated, not when it was delivered or received by the dismissed employee. This paper adopts doctrinal and comparative methods, relying on primary and secondary data to examine the impact of this decision on the security of employment in Nigeria and its sustainability. It raises the question of whether it is legally practicable for an employee whose termination has not been communicated to by the employer to take steps to challenge the same in court. The paper argues that this decision is capable of enabling employers to perpetuate fraud and unfair labour practices in the course of termination of employment, since it holds that the cause of action accrues based on the date the termination letter is written, rather than the date it is delivered or received. It found that the court failed to take cognisance of the fact that countenancing when the letter of dismissal/termination is dated as opposed to when it was delivered/received by the concerned employee is encouraging concealment by employers to ensure that before employees would take steps to challenge dismissal/termination of their employment, limitation period would have set in. Also, the decision is diametrically opposed to the principle that the law does not require the doing of the impossible, as a person cannot be expected to seek legal redress over a wrong unknown to him/her. Giving the prevalence of unemployment in Nigeria, the decision is an unwelcomed development; while it is noted that by virtue of Section 253 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, the decision of the Court of Appeal on civil matters from the National Industrial Court is final, therefore, there cannot be further appeal to the Supreme Court. To address the problem created by Fabunmi’s case, it is recommended that the Court of Appeal, in subsequent cases, should jettison the position taken in this case so that it will not be a precedent
Designing a Hybrid Learning Resource Recommender Model using Learning Object Rating Algorithm for Adaptive Learning
No full textE-learning has become a key component of modern education that provides access to digital learning resources. However, the overwhelming volume of content can make it difficult for learners to find materials suited to their needs. This has led to a growing demand for adaptive learning, which personalises content based on learner characteristics. To support this, e-learning platforms adopt recommender systems through machine learning techniques. While effective, these systems often depend heavily on historical data, such as user ratings and interactions, to generate meaningful recommendations. This dependency introduces a significant challenge known as data sparsity, where insufficient interaction data limits the model’s ability to provide accurate recommendations. This study addresses this challenge by proposing a hybrid learning resource recommender model that combines collaborative and content-based filtering and introduces the Learning Object Rating Algorithm (LORA). This hybrid approach reduces reliance on user-generated ratings by allowing LORA to generate initial ratings based on the learners’ profiles and resource characteristics, thus filling gaps in interaction history. The model was evaluated through experiments assessing its prediction accuracy and relevance of recommendations by using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Precision, and Recall. Additionally, the performance of the proposed hybrid model was compared with existing hybrid models through a comparative analysis. Results revealed that the proposed model outperformed previous hybrid recommender models, generating better prediction accuracy and recommendation relevance. The integration of a hybrid approach and LORA enabled the model to generate ratings based on learning styles and resource characteristics, mitigating the data sparsity issue and reducing dependence on user-generated ratings
Robust Single Sample Per Person Face Recognition with Probabilistic Illumination Enhancement
No full textThe challenges imposed by the Single Sample Per Person face recognition problem become especially critical when face images are captured in uncontrolled environments, which typically involve variations in illumination, facial expression, pose, occlusion, and more. In particular, illumination changes caused by poor lighting conditions can significantly degrade the performance of face recognition systems. In this paper, we investigate the SSPP face recognition problem in the presence of potential illumination variation and propose a two-fold approach. Firstly, we analyse and quantify the illumination variations in face images and then normalise these variations based on a probabilistic image enhancement approach. Subsequently, the feature embedding process was performed using the deep learning-based FaceNet system, and finally, faces were classified using the classical Support Vector Machine. The performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated through comprehensive experiments compared to state-of-the-art techniques. The proposed method achieved significant accuracy improvements, attaining 96.17% and 95.68% for 20 and 30 subjects, respectively, on the Extended Yale-B dataset. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated and exhibits superiority in handling illumination compared to state-of-the-art counterparts
DIGITAL INTEGRATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOL ISLAMIC EDUCATION: TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVES ON ITS IMPACT ON STUDENTS’ LEARNING
No full textPurpose - This study explores how the integration of digital technology in Islamic education impacts primary school students’ learning, from the perspective of Islamic education teachers. It aims is to highlight the potential benefits of digital integration in the classroom and to address the gaps between Islamic education teachers\u27 perceptions and students’ digital competencies.
Methodology - Using a qualitative case study design, the study involved five Islamic education teachers proficient in digital technology, selected through a snowball sampling technique. Data were collected via interviews, classroom observations, and audio-visual analysis. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVIVO 14 software, guided by the framework of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña (2020). Trustworthiness was ensured through triangulation, member checking, peer review, detailed audit trails, and inter-rater reliability.
Findings - The analysis revealed five major themes: enhancing motivation, fostering independent learning, revealing digital prowess, optimizing digital interaction, and promoting collaboration. These themes reflect students’ increased engagement and competitiveness, development of self-directed learning skills, mastery of digital tools, improved communication—including English language—and collaborative teamwork in learning tasks.
Significance - This study offers Islamic education teachers a renewed perspective on the value of integrating digital technology into their teaching practices. By showcasing practical insights and pedagogical strategies, the findings aim to empower educators to create dynamic, student-centred learning environments aligned with the demands of 21st-century education and national aspirations for a digitally literate generation
DIVERSION FOR CHILDREN FROM THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MALAYSIA AND INDONESIA
No full textChildren’s rights in the criminal justice system are now legally recognised, as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 1989 provides. Since Malaysia and Indonesia acceded to the CRC, both jurisdictions must provide legal safeguards to all children in the criminal justice system. However, whether these children are adequately protected at every stage of the criminal proceedings remains questionable. Consequently, exposure to the criminal justice system might have detrimental effects on the psychological, cognitive, and emotional development and well-being of children. To overcome these adverse effects, diversion is an alternative measure that can be implemented to protect children better. Thus, this research aims to meet the following objectives: a) to analyse the adequacy of the national laws governing diversion when dealing with children in Malaysia and Indonesia, (b) to examine the international instruments governing the implementation of diversion, and (c) to propose for the implementation of effective diversion for children in both jurisdictions. A doctrinal study was employed to achieve the objectives, and extensive doctrinal research on diversion was conducted. This research demonstrates that sound and informed laws and policies are crucial in improving the legal framework governing diversion, which can positively impact the well-being of children and facilitate their reintegration process. The results of this study are pivotal to stakeholders in both jurisdictions in ensuring children are afforded better legal protection, which aligns with national policies and the international legal framework
IMPLEMENTATION OF AVIATION SAFETY CULTURE TO PREVENT FLIGHT ACCIDENTS AT HALIM PERDANAKUSUMA AIR FORCE BASE JAKARTA
No full textThis study aims to identify and analyze of safety culture in organizations of aviation sector through risk management analysis, the role of leadership in building a safety culture, self-assessment and implementation of aviation safety culture. This research was conducted at Halim Perdanakusuma Air Force Base Jakarta. Data collection was conducted using interviews, observation, questionnaires, and documentation study methods. The analysis technique used the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control method scheme to identify Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware and Liveware element based on AS/NZS 4360:2004, safety leadership dimensions, and safety culture dimensions by ECAST. The results of risk management analysis indicate that flight activities at Halim Perdanakusuma Air Force Base Jakarta show moderate and low risk values. The risk values of the environment and lifeware elements are yellow zone (moderate), the hardware and software element are green zone (low). The leadership role in safety culture has been implemented based on an analysis of 17 dimensions of safety leadership which is 13 dimensions (76.5%) have been running "Well", namely belief, awareness, commitment, attitude and behavior, priority, decision, agenda, resources, spirit of the movement, active involvement, tradition, appreciation, and performance. While 4 dimensions (35% to 70%) have been running "Quite Well" are monitoring and follow-up, values, and policy socialization. Self-assessment of safety culture implementation using 6 dimensions, that is commitment, behavior, awareness, adaptability, information, and justness, have a Level-4 Cooperating, shows that all staffs are engaged to develop cooperation and commitment to improving safety. Overall shows that Halim Perdanakusuma Air Force Base Jakarta has implemented a safety culture to reduce flight accidents and supports national priority programs in flight safety
EXPLORING THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL LOAFING RESEARCH: A BIBLIOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE
No full textThis study explores various aspects of current social loafing research by sampling and analyzing behavioral science publications. This study used bibliographic analysis to examine publications on social loafing in the Scopus database from 1991 to 2023. Analysis includes co-occurrence, coauthorship, visualization, and bibliographic binding. The research findings highlight the most important studies, research topics, and citations in the field of social loafing. Results also highlight important authors, sources/journals, and top keywords. Two of the most influential authors are Williams K.D. and Karau S.J. The focus of their research has been the conceptualization of group dynamics, organizational behavior, and social loafing behavior. This study not only reveals a wide range of research interests, but also highlights the top keywords and the complexity and scope of the concept of social loafing. First, this is the first study to map an organized conceptual structure using bibliographic visualization techniques and represents the first detailed bibliographic analysis of the social loafing literature. The results provide insights into research trends, sources and publications, notable authors, and research topics, helping researchers identify gaps and future directions in the field of social loafing research. The results may facilitate the development and application of social loafing theory to improve team performance and organizational outcomes