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RESHAPING THE WORLD, RETHINKING ACTORS: THE ROLE OF SUB-STATE ACTORS IN FOREIGN RELATIONS
No full textInternational relations scholars have increasingly debated the evolving landscape of actors that challenge the traditional state-centric world order. A key element of this transformation is the rise of sub-state actors, which engages in alternative diplomacy parallel to the state, transcending traditional state-centric frameworks. This paper explores the significant shifts in international actorness over the late 20th century, focusing on the emergence and implications of sub-state diplomacy, or "paradiplomacy." First, the study introduces sub-state actors and their role in challenging the dominant state-centric discourse. It then examines the dynamic evolution of paradiplomacy, highlighting how sub-states have expanded their global engagement, the opportunities this presents, and the potential threats it poses. Through a multi-scalar analysis, the paper critically assesses paradiplomacy\u27s impact on long-held beliefs about regions, states, actors, and the international political system. Furthermore, the study shows how states can leverage their sub-national entities to deal with problems that threaten their sovereignty and global standing. The findings suggest that both the state and sub-state actors can engage in ambitious international activities, fostering greater global cooperation within the complexities of modern governance and competition
COUNTERFACTUAL DEPENDENCE, BOUNDARY AND RESOURCE DEPENDENCE
No full textThis study employs counterfactual dependence to explore boundary interactions in resource dependency research. Using set-theoretic operations—union, intersection, and complement—we examine how boundaries evolve when interdependence precedes and shapes non-equity relationships. We propose that when interdependence changes non-equity relations, counterfactual dependence adjusts boundary interactions at union (dichotomy) and intersection (clopen) operations. Additionally, counterfactual dependence facilitates consensus through transitive causation while maintaining dissensus, influencing boundary interactions at union. In cases of persistent dissensus caused by intransitive causation, counterfactual dependence elucidates the complement at union. This research highlights the importance of causal (counterfactual) resource dependence and set theory in advancing the understanding of boundary interactions in international business research
US-CHINA DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE COMPETITION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: STRATEGIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ASEAN\u27S 5G FUTURE
No full textThe rapid evolution of the digital economy has significantly heightened global competition between the United States and China, especially in the area of digital infrastructure development centred around 5G technology. This competition situates the ASEAN member states (AMS) at a strategic intersection of these two superpowers, compelling them to manoeuver through a complex geopolitical landscape. This study seeks to analyse the strategies that the United States and China are deploying in Southeast Asia’s digital infrastructure, with a particular focus on 5G technology, and to evaluate the implications for the digital future of ASEAN.
The study utilises a comprehensive literature review methodology, scrutinising relevant scholarly articles, policy documents, and reports from the period 2013 to 2023. Despite the United States\u27 escalating security concerns regarding Chinese technology, the AMS has opted for a balanced and diversified approach in selecting their 5G vendors. This strategy demonstrates their attempt to harmonise technological advancement with security imperatives.
The findings indicate that AMS has preserved their strategic autonomy in the face of U.S.-China competition by diversifying their technological partnerships and avoiding dependence on any single supplier. Nonetheless, this approach presents substantial challenges, including economic vulnerabilities, security risks, and the intricacies of geopolitical entanglements. The article anticipates that AMS will continue to adeptly balance their relationships with both the United States and China, targeting digital sovereignty that aligns with their long-term developmental goals. This study contributes fresh insights into the digital geopolitical dynamics of Southeast Asia and provides valuable perspectives for policymakers and business entities operating within this complex environment
AN ANALYSIS OF HOUSING POLICY EFFECTIVENESS IN INDONESIA THROUGH COMPARISON BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES’ HOUSING POLICY
No full textThis study examines Indonesia\u27s challenges in meeting its citizens\u27 housing needs amidst globalisation and economic liberalisation. The research aims to identify effective housing policies from developed and developing countries that can be adapted to the Indonesian context. Through a comparative analysis of housing policies in North Western Europe, the United States, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia, the study explores different approaches to addressing housing affordability and accessibility. Findings reveal that developed countries leverage robust institutions and capital resources to implement tax and subsidy mechanisms, while developing countries face limitations due to financial constraints and low tax revenues. The study suggests that Indonesia can adopt successful policies from developed nations, such as targeted subsidies and incentivising private sector participation, while tailoring them to align with Indonesian values and socioeconomic conditions. This study examines Indonesia\u27s challenges in meeting its citizens\u27 housing needs amidst globalisation and economic liberalisation. The research aims to identify effective housing policies from developed and developing countries that can be adapted to the Indonesian context. Through a comparative analysis of housing policies in North Western Europe, the United States, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia, the study explores different approaches to addressing housing affordability and accessibility. Findings reveal that developed countries leverage robust institutions and capital resources to implement tax and subsidy mechanisms, while developing countries face limitations due to financial constraints and low tax revenues. The study suggests that Indonesia can adopt successful policies from developed nations, such as targeted subsidies and incentivising private sector participation, while tailoring them to align with Indonesian values and socioeconomic conditions. This study reveals key differences in how developed and developing countries approach housing policy. While developed nations leverage strong institutions and significant capital for tax and subsidy programs to improve affordability and access, developing countries like Indonesia face limitations due to financial constraints and lower tax revenues. The research contributes valuable comparative analysis and policy recommendations for Indonesia, suggesting the adoption of targeted subsidies and incentivising private sector participation tailored to the country\u27s unique context. Ultimately, it highlights the need for context-specific solutions to address housing challenges in a globalised world
The impact of game-based learning on classroom instruction: A systematic literature review
No full textThis systematic literature review (SLR) examines the impact of game-based learning (GBL) on classroom instruction, synthesizing findings from 11 action research studies published since 2019. Utilizing the PRISMA 2009 framework, this review identifies trends, geographical distributions, and the interplay between GBL interventions and classroom outcomes. The analysis reveals that GBL enhances academic performance, student engagement, and social and cognitive skills while fostering positive emotional outcomes such as reduced stress and increased motivation. Key GBL strategies, including digital games, escape rooms, and role-playing, demonstrate significant benefits across diverse educational and cultural contexts. However, challenges remain, including resource constraints, implementation complexities, and risks of superficial learning. This review underscores the transformative potential of GBL in modern education and highlights the need for further research to address existing gaps, optimize implementation, and evaluate long-term impacts. These findings provide actionable insights for educators and researchers aiming to leverage GBL for improved teaching and learning experiences
Exploring the importance of emotional intelligence on servant leadership practices: Aqualitative analysis.
No full textThis study explores the importance of emotional intelligence in servant leadership practices within educational settings, focusing on how emotional intelligence influences leadership behaviour, decisionmaking, and fostering a supportive school culture. Using a qualitative case study design, the study examines the lived experiences of primary school teachers in Kota Tinggi, Johor, to understand the intersection between emotional intelligence and servant leadership. Data were collected through semistructured interview and document analysis, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of the participants\u27 perspectives and practices. Thematic analysis revealed that emotional intelligence significantly enhances servant leadership by promoting empathy, effective communication, and ethical decision-making. Leaders with high emotional intelligence were found to prioritize the needs of teachers and students, foster collaboration, and build trust within their communities. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by demonstrating how emotional intelligence supports the core principles of servant leadership, offering practical implications for leadership development programs in educational institutions. By emphasizing emotional awareness and empathy, the findings underscore the importance of cultivating emotional intelligence to improve leadership effectiveness and school outcomes
AN INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL FOR SMART CITY MOBILE APPLICATIONS: IDENTIFICATION OF KEY FACTORS AND EXTENSION OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION
No full textSmart cities have experienced significant improvements in service quality, resident satisfaction, sustainability, and economic development through the application of information and communication technology. With urban populations expected to grow, the adoption of smart city mobile applications (SCMA) can enhance the efficiency and impact of urban regions. This research explores the cognitive factors influencing user engagement and adoption of SCMA, by integrating identified factors with technological adaptation models. The decision of individual users to embrace such as SCMA has garnered attention from both information systems (IS) researchers and industry practitioners. Key factors affecting SCMA user acceptance include perceived enjoyment, innovation, trust, social influence, security, compliance, satisfaction, perceived benefit, ease of use, and intention to use. Data was analyzed using a structural equation model (SEM), with participants responding to questionnaire items on a five-point Likert scale. Out of an initial 1,142 responses, 1,062 valid samples were included in the final analysis after data filtering, achieving a response rate of 67 percent. Enhanced user satisfaction is crucial for the success of SCMA providers. The industry must allocate additional resources toward developing robust and reliable infrastructures and platforms that enhance mobility and service quality. To drive the future of Web 3.0, the industry must also address long-term challenges, such as creating new universal systems and environments. The conclusion of this study is discussed with respect to both theoretical and practical implications
ENHANCING SERVICE EFFICIENCY IN UTILITY ORGANIZATIONS THROUGH QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT
No full textQuality Function Deployment (QFD) is a powerful approach for establishing a strong relationship between a product or service and customer needs. It focuses on capturing the voice of the customer to enhance their satisfaction. In today’s competitive landscape, organizations must meet customer needs to thrive. This research focuses on utility-imparting organizations and aims to enhance customer satisfaction and service efficiency through the development of a correlation matrix. The study proposes an inductive framework and evaluates it using typical QFD techniques. Specifically, the research utilizes the House of Quality (HOQ) to improve organizational efficiency and customer satisfaction. The HOQ identifies key quality indicators by analyzing the relationship between customer needs (WHATs), and technical solutions (HOWs), as well as between different HOWs. The results of the HOQ analysis highlight the most crucial factors for improving service efficiency: effective customer service, a competitive and focused organization, accurate billing meters and methods, precise meter readings and billing, and prioritization of emergency response. The findings provide valuable guidelines for improving the efficiency of utility energy services
EFFECTS OF ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE AND JOB STRESSORS ONEMPLOYEE HEALTH: A MULTILEVEL MEDIATION APPROACH
No full textResearch to date, has found that organisational justice enhances different kinds of work outcomes in an organisation. However, while most studies have investigated the effect of organisational justice on employees’ outcomes via several mediational pathways, a lack of studies is evident on how organisational justice influences employee health via two different kinds of job stressors, namely challenge and hindrance stressors. Drawing from the notion that working conditions are created by upper-level management, the current study tested the influence of organisational justice via challenge and hindrance stressors. Using a cross-sectional multilevel design, 129 individuals from 25 manufacturing companies from Peninsular Malaysia were involved in the study. Results from a Hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) analysis indicated that all three, the procedural, distributive and interactional sub-dimensions of organisational justice had a positive relationship with challenge stressors but were not related to hindrance stressors. Interestingly, while hindrance stressors are commonly known to have detrimental effects on employee health, the study’s results indicated that these relationships were positive. The study provides evidence that good management practices, mainly via organisational justice, not only boost employees’ interpretation of job stressors as positive, but also improves their health
Analyzing Economic, Community, and Financial Performances of Philippine Social Enterprises Using R Statistics Environment and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Software
No full textThis research examines sustainability in a social enterprise, delving into the quantitative variables, namely, social impact, social mission, and financial responsibility towards financial performance. This study evaluated whether businesses practicing social entrepreneurship were sufficiently sustainable in light of media accounts that report their economic and community performance. By examining key indicators across economic, community, and financial performance, this study provides evidence-based insights into their contributions to sustainable development and identifies areas for improvement. The participants are Metro Manila-based social enterprises that have been operating for over five years. The inclusion criteria for the social enterprises were the following: (1) sought a mission to solve social problems, (2) established a sustainable model, and (3) recognized by domestic opinion leaders to be innovative and potentially leading to more considerable systematic change. The quantitative data were analyzed using R Statistics Environment and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The data was summarized in frequency tables, and the output was presented using descriptive statistics. The ratio and gathered data were tested using the Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) to show the effect between dependent and independent variables. The results show that Economic Performance and Community Performance significantly influence most sustainability metrics of the study subjects. Among the sustainability variables, only social mission had a significant impact on Return on Assets and Return on Equity. Social enterprises may utilize the results from this study to formulate better ideas in their respective fields and create opportunities to make their businesses more sustainable