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Procurement Maturity Reimagined: A Conceptual Model for Regional Owned Enterprises (BUMDs)
Full text linkProcurement plays a strategic role in the governance of Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD) or Regional-Owned Enterprises, which operate under dual mandates: public accountability and business efficiency. Existing procurement maturity models often fall short in addressing the hybrid nature of BUMDs. This study develops the BUMD Procurement Maturity Model (BPMM) through a conceptual synthesis of 42 public, private, and hybrid models. The BPMM comprises five dimensions—regulatory governance, institutional capacity, human capital development, digital integration, and strategic procurement—each progressing through five maturity levels from reactive to transformative. The model serves as both a diagnostic tool and a roadmap for institutional reform. It enables BUMDs to assess capabilities, address governance gaps, and implement procurement strategies aligned with local regulations and market needs. The BPMM also contributes to procurement theory by introducing a hybrid-specific maturity framework adaptable to decentralized public enterprises
The Role of Leadership on Employees’ Satisfaction and Retention After the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Hotel Industry in Pakistan
Full text linkThis study examines the critical role of leadership in shaping employee satisfaction and retention within Pakistan's hospitality sector during the post COVID 19 recovery period. The pandemic created unprecedented operational challenges, underscoring the necessity for adaptive leadership and robust organizational support systems to maintain workforce stability. The research specifically analyzes how crisis leadership competencies influence employee outcomes, with organizational support mechanisms including flexible work arrangements and professional development programs serving as key mediating factors. Utilizing a quantitative methodology, structured surveys were administered to hotel employees across various organizational levels and geographic locations in Pakistan. Employee satisfaction was assessed using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, while turnover intentions were measured through the Turnover Intention Scale. Advanced statistical analysis revealed significant positive correlations between effective crisis leadership and employee satisfaction, with organizational support demonstrating substantial mediating effects. The findings highlight that hospitality organizations combining strong crisis leadership with comprehensive support frameworks achieve higher workforce retention and engagement levels. This research contributes to academic discourse by integrating leadership and organizational support theories within Pakistan's unique hospitality context, while offering practical insights for industry practitioners. Key recommendations include investing in crisis leadership training programs and implementing evidence based support policies to enhance employee wellbeing and organizational resilience. The study provides contemporary perspectives on improving workforce stability in turbulent environments, ultimately emphasizing the interdependent relationship between leadership, organizational support, and sustainable employee outcomes
Beyond Emotional Intelligence: A Multidimensional Model of Self-Awareness and its Role in Predicting Leadership Effectiveness
Full text linkThis study re-conceptualizes self-awareness in leadership by integrating emotional, cognitive, and social intelligence into a triadic model. Addressing the methodological shortcomings of traditional difference score approaches, the study employs a novel correlational method to measure self-awareness over time. Data were collected from 72 manager-subordinate dyads across various organizational sectors in Pakistan. Managers completed two self-assessments two weeks apart, while subordinates rated their leadership behaviors using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ). Regression analyses revealed that social intelligence was the only significant predictor of subordinate-rated leadership effectiveness. Emotional and cognitive intelligence, as well as self-awareness measured through both correlational and difference score approaches, did not significantly predict leadership behavior. These findings underscore the cultural complexities of measuring self-awareness in high power-distance contexts and highlight the need for culturally attuned, multidimensional assessment tools. The study advocates for the integration of social intelligence in leadership development frameworks and offers insights for future research on leadership assessment and training
Change Management in an Organization: A Descriptive Case Study
Full text linkThis descriptive case study examines how local universities manage organizational change in response to internal and external pressures. It investigates the rationale for change, strategies for overcoming resistance, approaches to implementation, and the communication methods used. The research also explores the role of organizational culture, learning organizations, and sustainability in effective change management. The study draws on qualitative analysis of change management practices within local universities, complemented by benchmarking against organizations that have successfully managed change. Critical success factors were identified and integrated into the development of tools and frameworks to improve change processes. The research highlights that universities often face challenges such as resistance to change, inadequate communication, and lack of systematic strategies. Two major contributions are proposed to address these gaps. First, a benchmarking tool for change management is developed, offering a quantifiable method for institutions to evaluate current practices and improve performance. Second, a corporate learning framework is proposed to sustain long-term change by facilitating effective knowledge capture, sharing, and transfer, thereby embedding a culture of continuous learning and adaptation. The benchmarking tool and corporate learning framework provide actionable mechanisms for universities and other organizations to enhance their change management capacity. By adopting these approaches, institutions can strengthen adaptability, mitigate resistance, and align change initiatives with strategic objectives. This study contributes to the field of change management by integrating benchmarking and corporate learning into a practical framework for sustaining transformation in academic institutions. It emphasizes the importance of embedding a learning culture and offers a holistic approach to managing change in volatile environments
The Mediating Effect of the Information Technology Adoption on the Relationship Transformational Leadership and Knowledge Management in the Royal Malaysian Navy
Full text linkThis study examines the relationship between transformational leadership, information technology (IT), and knowledge management (KM) adoption within the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN). It addresses a gap in understanding ow leadership and IT mediate KM adoption in military settings, where challenges such as insufficient leadership and poor strategic alignment persist. The research explores how transformational leadership fosters KM processes, mediated by IT, to enhance decision-making and organizational efficiency. Using a cross-sectional survey, data were collected from 336 Senior Enlisted Leaders (SELs) at RMN’s Lumut Naval Base using structured questionnaires. Key constructs, including leadership styles, KM, and IT adoption, were measured with validated tools such as the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). SPSS was used for data analysis. The findings demonstrate that transformational leadership significantly impacts the knowledge management (KM) process (β =0.567, p < 0.001). Information technology (IT) adoption also plays a key role, showing a positive and significant relationship with KM (β = 0.193, p < 0.001). Furthermore, IT partially mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and KM processes, as indicated by the reduction in the direct relationship when IT is included in the model. Correlation analyses reveal that KM is moderately correlated with transformational leadership (r = 0.479, p < 0.001) and IT (r = 0.354, p < 0.001), while the relationship between transformational leadership and IT is weaker (r = 0.179, p = 0.001). These results confirm that leadership style and IT adoption are critical enablers of effective KM practices. Transformational leadership fosters trust and collaboration, while IT enhances knowledge-sharing mechanisms, creating a synergistic effect in organizational knowledge processes. The study is limited to a single military organization and relies on self-reported data, potentially introducing biases. Future research could explore other military and public organizations, considering additional mediating factors like organizational culture or environmental influences. Practical recommendations include improving IT infrastructure, implementing training programs to support leadership initiatives, and fostering a KM-focused organizational culture. These efforts enhance both theoretical and practical understanding of leadership and KM in military settings, paving the way for stronger frameworks in knowledge-driven environments
An Empirical Multi-Sector Investigation of Corporate Governance Practices and Their Impact on the Financial Performance of Sri Lankan Listed Companies
Full text linkThis study investigated the relationship between corporate governance practices and the financial performance of multiple sectors of listed companies in Sri Lanka from 2014 to 2023. The literature review highlighted key governance issues, particularly the conflicts of interest between majority and minority shareholders. The study addressed the research gaps in terms of evidence, knowledge, population scope, and deficiencies in empirical analysis. The study focused on several governance attributes: Board Size, Board Gender Diversity, the Related Party Transactions Review Committee, Cybersecurity, and Environmental, Social, and Governance factors. These elements significantly impact corporate governance practices and, ultimately, financial performance. Key accounting ratios were employed to evaluate financial performance—Net Profit Margin, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, and Tobin’s Q—while Sales served as a control variable. A quantitative methodology was applied, utilising regression analysis and secondary data from published sources. The analysis revealed significant relationships between board size and ESG factors, as well as their impact on return on assets. Additionally, cybersecurity demonstrated a strong positive correlation with both return on assets and return on equity. Industry-level analysis revealed a consistent link between corporate governance and financial performance, except in the real estate sector. A comparative assessment of Sri Lanka’s corporate governance codes from 2013 and 2017 found that the 2013 code had a more statistically significant impact on financial performance. The findings suggest that board size, cybersecurity, and ESG practices have a positive impact on financial outcomes. In contrast, board gender diversity and the RPTRC may require greater policy focus and organisational support to yield the desired impact, particularly in emerging capital markets like Sri Lanka
An Artificial Intelligence-Based Knowledge Management System for Outcome-Based Education Implementing in Higher Education Institutions
Full text linkThe main challenges faced by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Indonesia in the context of Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0 lie in the development of knowledge intensive skills and the development of outcome-oriented curricula. This study investigates the role of Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) and artificial intelligence (AI) in facilitating the implementation of Outcome-Based Education (OBE) as a strategic approach to improve the quality of HEIs in responding to the demands of IR 4.0. Specifically, this study investigated the knowledge creation process in KMS to support the implementation of OBE in HEIs. The objectives of this study include developing relevant knowledge pool in the area informatics for KMS, to develop a learning analytics technique for KMS in order to support the implementation of OBE in HEIs, to validate the KMS developed for OBE implementation in HEIs and to evaluate its acceptance among the users. AI in KMS is used in the knowledge creation process. The Bert2Bert model is used in the multi-document summarisation of Indonesian language knowledge in the knowledge combination process. Recommendation system on learning analysis was implemented in a hybrid algorithm combines Rule-based and Content-based filtering algorithms. KMS validation was carried out through expert assessment, and the user acceptance of the KMS was evaluated using a survey method, which adopted a questionnaire from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework. Based on the results of the knowledge creation in KMS, it succeeded in meeting learners' learning needs. The upload function represents the externalisation of knowledge. This function enables the expert to add knowledge, and followed by scraping and summarising knowledge, represented by a combination of knowledge. The scraping process extracted knowledge from online media, and knowledge from various documents or sources was then summarized. Based on the results of the evaluation of Bert2Bert model the readability for summarising 2 and 3 knowledge
documents using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) showed that the average values were 20.35 and 18.1, the Gunning Fog Index (GFI) method 7.52 and 8.165, and the Dwiyanto Djoko Pranowo method 20.33 and 32.2. The evaluation explained that adults and learners at higher education levels can understand the summarized knowledge. Readability evaluation was carried out manually by Indonesian language experts. A total of 20 document knowledge was evaluated manually, and the results from document summary were understood. Internalisation of knowledge in KMS was represented through the learning analytics function, followed by an automatic recommendation system to improve knowledge. Based on the evaluation results using the confusion matrix, the Recall value was 59.1%, Precision was 100%, F1-Score was 74%, and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.97 (testing 31 data with 5 categories and target range 0-4), indicating that the recommendation system in the KMS has good classification capabilities and high accuracy in prediction. KMS also received positive validation from learning media experts, learning content, and information and communication technology (ICT) experts, with the percentage of assessment results of 79.54% and 86.1%, respectively. These results indicate the developed of KMS achieved level good and suitable for use category and does not need revision. A survey from 95 learners HEIs adopted from TAM revealed that KMS was significantly accepted for implementation of OBE via personalized learning and hence, be able to improve learners' learning. This study has significantly contributed to the development of KMS, especially in the context of personalized learning to support OBE implementation in HEIs and the integration of AI technology in the knowledge creation process in KMS
Contextualizing Procurement Maturity: Lessons from Government Procurement for Enhancing Regional-Owned Enterprise (BUMD) Performance
Full text linkProcurement governance represents a strategic function critical to the success of public organizations, particularly Regional-Owned Enterprises (BUMDs), which operate under hybrid mandates combining public service delivery and market competitiveness. This study critically examines the applicability of the Indonesia Procurement Maturity Model (IPM2) to BUMDs and proposes an adapted conceptual framework better suited to their unique governance complexities. Through analytical deconstruction, the study finds that while elements such as transparency, accountability, and technology utilization in IPM2 are directly adoptable, significant adjustments are necessary in organizational structures, competency frameworks, and risk management approaches. Rigid elements tied to governmental budget cycles and inspectorate-driven oversight are deemed incompatible with BUMD operational realities. An adapted maturity model is proposed, positioning procurement as a strategic enabler supported by five interconnected adaptive dimensions: Strategic Human Capital Development, Agile Institutional Structures, Performance Driven Management Systems, Strategic Technological Integration, and Proactive Risk and Opportunity Management. Grounded in contingency theory and contemporary hybrid governance literature, the model reframes procurement maturity as a dynamic, value-driven system rather than a linear, compliance-oriented progression. This research offers both a practical roadmap for BUMDs and a conceptual contribution to the evolving field of procurement governance in hybrid public organizations
Association Between Inflation and Price of Assets in the crises Period
Full text linkThe study evaluated the association between inflation and Pakistan’s asset prices during the crisis. The country’s economic condition went through different crises, such as the Global Financial Crisis 2008-09 and COVID-19 from 2019-2020, which also created shifts in the monetary policy. The country’s inflation rate increased during the crisis, affecting asset prices. Therefore, considering the crisis periods, this study has been conducted to identify the relationship between inflation and asset prices. The study was conducted using a quantitative research design with secondary data. The data for inflation, stock price, exchange rate and gold prices were obtained through Trading Economics, OPF, and Investing.com. The data for the crisis period were considered using a dummy variable. The data was collected quarterly from 2012 to 2020. The time series data analysis was conducted using STATA software. Based on the results obtained from the ARDL test, the stock prices, exchange rate, and gold prices were significantly related to the inflation rate, considering the crisis interaction. Therefore, it was concluded that the inflation rate and prices of assets are significantly related, considering the economic crisis. Hence, policymakers should closely monitor inflation, especially during economic crises, to stabilise asset prices. Adaptive monetary policies and strong financial oversight can help manage the inflation’s impact on stocks, gold and exchange rates
A Data Mining Approach to Enhancing Birth and Death Registration Processes
Full text linkAccurate and timely birth and death registration is crucial for effective policymaking and public service delivery. However, Indonesia’s current population administration system faces challenges such as centralized registration processes and low public awareness, leading to delays and incomplete records. This study explores the use of data mining techniques to enhance registration efficiency by analyzing birth and death records from Makassar city’s population and civil registration office. Using k-means clustering, apriori association rules, and c5 decision trees, this research identifies key patterns influencing late registrations. The optimal number of clusters of clusters for birth and death data is determined as three using elbow and silhouette validation methods. The apriori algorithm refines registration data by identifying associations that reduce inconsistencies, while decision three analysis highlights critical factors contributing to registrations delays. a total 45 decision trees were generated, leading to policy recommendation aimed at improving data collection and public compliance. This study contributes to ICT governance and public administration by demonstrating how data-driven approaches can optimize civil registration service. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers to enhance registration models, reduce delays, and improve public accessibility. Future research may explorer the integration of deep learning models for further automate the registration process and enhance predictive accuracy