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RECHARGE AND MOBILIZATION OF CRYSTAL MUSH TO PRODUCE AND ERUPT A ZONED MAGMA CHAMBER – THE TSHIREGE MEMBER OF THE BANDELIER TUFF, VALLES CALDERA, NEW MEXICO, USA
No full textThesis (Ph.D.), Geology, Washington State UniversityThe 1.26 Ma Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff is the second of two major (~400 km3, dense rock equivalent) compositionally zoned rhyolitic eruptions from the Valles caldera. This eruption was triggered by a dacitic recharge magma which mixed and mingled with the rhyolite prior to eruption contributing heat and H2O from second boiling. The recharge magma interacted with a heterogenous crystal mush pile which was produced by the progressive fractional crystallization of a rhyolitic magma body. The chemistry of this rhyolite was recorded in the form of melt inclusions found within quartz in the mush pile. Faceting of melt inclusions and modeling diffusive relaxation of [Ti] across growth boundaries in quartz shows that the Tshirege magma was fractionated over a period of ~1,000-10,000 years and then the mush was incrementally mobilized over the period of 100-1,000 years. This mobilization was mostly affected by the addition of H2O from second boiling of the invading recharge dacitic magma. Continued recharge of the system eventually over pressurized it to a point of assured eruption.Washington State University, Geolog
IMPROVING WEB-PUSH RESPONDENT COMMUNICATION IN THE AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY
No full textThesis (Ph.D.), Sociology, Washington State UniversityThe purpose of this dissertation is to identify ways to improve the effectiveness of the communication procedures used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census to elicit household self- responses to the American Community Survey (ACS). The ACS, which seeks responses from 3.5 million randomly sampled households each year, serves as the main source of information for comparing the characteristics of people across cities, states and regions of the United States. Although overall response rates to the ACS have not declined dramatically in recent years, as has been the case for many surveys, it now takes more effort at greater cost to get a sampled household to self-respond. In this dissertation, I note the shortcomings in the current process used by the Census Bureau to innovate the ACS methodology to gain self-response. I then review existing theories of human response behavior and utilize them to conduct a content analysis of five ACS mail communications. Based upon this analysis, and recommendations derived from relevant literatures, I proposed a revised sequence of communications for future testing against current communications efforts. It is hypothesized that use of this comprehensive redesign will improve the speed by which responses are obtained and lower data collection costs by reducing the amount of in-person follow-up interviews as well as increase participation from reluctant respondents, reducing non-response bias. These recommendations will apply directly to future ACS testing, but will also be applicable to government and non-government surveys that utilize a similar multi-mail-contact web-push methodology.Washington State University, Sociolog
Affiliate Stigma and Empowerment Among Family Members of Individuals with Chronic Psychiatric Conditions
No full textThesis (Ph.D.), Psychology - Clinical, Washington State UniversityThe relation between stigma and chronic psychiatric conditions has been well documented. Family stigma, a type of courtesy or associate stigma, and its internalized version, affiliate stigma, have been less examined but are nonetheless recognized. In the United States alone, over four million families are affected by stigma due to their relationship with a family member with a chronic psychiatric condition. Whereas a large effort has been undertaken to better understand and attenuate public stigma related to chronic psychiatric conditions, less research has been conducted to understand how to combat affiliate stigma. Interventions are needed to reduce this type of stigma at an individual level. Increasing family members’ feelings of personal empowerment is one intuitive strategy to reduce affiliate stigma. This goal is also shared among self-help/mutual aid (SHMA) groups, such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), which allows family members of individuals with chronic psychiatric conditions to come together to improve their lives in the face of stigmatization. The current study aimed to examine the differences between participants involved in NAMI and non-NAMI participants on stigma and empowerment as well as other adjustment and functioning variables, including depression and quality of life. Relations among these variables of interest across the sample were also examined. Group differences (NAMI versus non-NAMI) did not definitively emerge on variables of interest. However, when examining across the full sample, results indicated that empowerment was negatively related to affiliate stigma and depression, as well as positively related to quality of life, among family members of individuals with chronic psychiatric conditions. Furthermore, the cognitive component of affiliate stigma was positively related to depression and negatively related to mental quality of life, whereas perceived family stigma was positively related to depression. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.Washington State University, Psychology - Clinica
SENSOR NETWORK OPTIMIZATION BASED ON TARGET APPLICATION
No full textThesis (Ph.D.), Computer Science, Washington State UniversityNumerous applications rely on data obtained from a wireless sensor network where application performance is of utmost importance. However, energy usage is also important, as sensors in the network typically run on batteries. Constantly gathering all the data from all the sensors can be cost prohibitive and often unnecessary.
Researchers have found that using a large number of sensors, in some cases, did not always lead to better application performance. Many times the applications performed better using a subset of the available sensors.
In this dissertation, the main objective is to develop methods for learning to reconfigure the wireless sensor network to maximize the target application performance. We propose a novel heuristic algorithm, Sensor Network Configuration Learning (SNCL), that dynamically reconfigures the sensor network to maximize the performance of the target application.
We evaluate SNCL on synthetic and real datasets and show that our method is better than other popular methods. We show our method, using a variety of synthetic data experiments, has polynomial (low-order quadratic) scalability in the worst case. We prove that in some classes of scenarios our method is guaranteed to converge to the optimal solution.
The benefits that result from using SNCL stem from our multi-objective optimization approach utilizing a composite reward function that can take into account both application performance and network performance.Washington State University, Computer ScienceBy student request, this dissertation cannot be exposed to search engines and is, therefore, only accessible to Washington State University users
Do black walnut trees have allelopathic effects on other plants?
No full textGardeners have heard that black walnut trees (Juglans nigra) contain a toxic chemical called juglone that will kill any other plants growing nearby. This phenomenon is called allelopathy, and, in recent years, many other possible allelopathic chemicals have been identified. This publication will review the current research into black walnut allelopathy and discuss the practical significance of gardening in the presence of black walnut trees
Using biosolids in gardens and landscapes
No full textClosing the recycling loop means turning waste materials into useful products. We close the recycling loop in our gardens and landscapes when we use compost made from yard debris and food waste, and organic fertilizers made from fish or poultry waste, or biosolids products. Most recycled organic waste materials are composted, dried, heated, pelletized, or otherwise treated to make them safe and convenient for use as soil amendments
The efficacy and environmental consequences of kelp-based garden products
No full textProcessed seaweeds, especially kelps, are heavily marketed to gardeners as biostimulants, fertilizers, soil conditioners, disease suppressants, and environmental stress reducers. This publication reviews the published research on seaweed products regarding their effectiveness in home gardens and landscapes. It also discusses the ecological and environmental consequences of using wild-harvested kelps
PRECISE MAPPING OF HESSIAN FLY AND STRIPE RUST RESISTANCE LOCI IN PACIFIC NORTHWEST WHEAT GERMPLASM (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)
No full textHessian fly and stripe rust are major pests of spring wheat in the Pacific Northwest and cultivar resistance is a primary breeding goal. Hessian fly (HF) infestations continue to cause significant yield losses in spring wheat in the Pacific Northwest. In wheat, resistance to Hessian fly is usually controlled in a gene for gene manner, similar to other pathosystems. Hessian fly resistance genes in wheat have been failing as a result to the rapid evolutionary pace of the insect. Stripe rust (denoted by Yr) is a destructive foliar disease of wheat casing damage on an annual basis. Most of the Yr named resistance genes have been overcome as a result of the continuing emergence of new virulence races. Genetic resistance remains the most effective and economical approach to minimize yield losses and respond to pathogen evolution.
A doubled haploid (DH) mapping population was generated from a cross between two elite spring wheat lines; ‘WA8076’, and ‘HT080158LU’. The DH population was genotyped with 90K SNP markers using the Illumina Infinium platform. Phenotypic assessment was carried out on the DH population for both Hessian fly and stripe rust response. The genotyping efforts resulted in a total 15,236 polymorphic SNP markers used to establish a high-density genetic map. A single Hessian fly resistance gene (HFR) derived from ‘WA8076’ was detected on the distal region of chromosome 6BS, flanked by two SNP markers IWB71431 and IWB61175 at a distance of 2.6 cM. In addition, a total of 13 genes/QTL were found to be associated with stripe rust resistance. The adapted superior lines with Yr resistance will be directly incorporated in subsequent breeding efforts as a durable source of resistance. The closely linked SNP markers to the resistance loci, identified in this study, will provide an effective tool to accurately identify, select, and integrate the HF and Yr resistance genes into existing wheat cultivars. The highly dense SNP-based genetic map provides useful information for fine mapping and finding candidate genes underlying QTLs as well as marker-assisted breeding. Furthermore, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) we performed for both seedling and adult plant response in a diverse population of winter wheat germplasm. The population was genotyped with the 90K iSelect wheat single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Our GWAS study identified a total of 26 loci, comprising a range of existing and novel loci associated with stripe rust resistance. Resistance loci in the winter wheat germplasm can be exploited in the development of broadly-effective disease-resistant commercial wheat cultivars.Washington State University, Crop Scienc
Bubble removal from water with superhydrophobic capillary channels and Thermal boundary layer visualization experiments for engineering education
No full textGas-liquid phase separation under microgravity conditions or in small-scale fluidic systems represents a challenge for two-phase liquid-continuous systems.
In this study, capillary channels formed by 3-mm diameter stretched stainless-steel springs coated with a commercial superhydrophobic coating are used to remove air bubbles from water. A single channel is capable of absorbing air bubbles of various sizes and at different flow rates as well as at different points of incidence from water at a rate of over 50 bubbles/s at a single point on the channel.
A horizontal three-channel array has been shown capable of absorbing impinging bubbles from a sparger at superficial gas velocities of 0.03 m/s. The channel permeability was found to be three orders of magnitude higher than the permeability of porous hydrophobic membranes with micro-scale pores. However, the disadvantage of such high permeability is that liquid intrudes to the interior of the channel because of the jet formed during bubble collapse.
To address this issue, we have shown that an eccentric annulus with non-wetting walls formed by inserting an off-center rod inside the cylindrical channel could prevent liquid from occluding the channel and may cause liquid to be transported out of the channel.
The capillary channels studied in this work are envisioned to be useful for removing bubbles from critical large-aspect-ratio surfaces such as electrodes or boiler tubes, especially under conditions where buoyancy is weak relative to surface tension such as under microgravity or at microscale. Arrays of such channels may also have application to bulk phase separation under microgravity where they could effectively filter bubbles from a liquid flow.
As the broader impact and educational outcome of this project, we used the same experimental equipment and imaging system to make high magnification videos to allow students to visualize the thermal boundary layer around a heated cylinder. In addition, numerical simulations of the experimental system, and an ultra-low-cost desktop learning module based on shadowgraphy were created. Statistical analysis of pre- and posttest results show significant improvements in student understanding and motivation in learning heat transfer.Washington State University, Chemical Engineerin
THE LITTLE HOUSE ON THE WASTELAND: THE POST-APOCALYPTIC GENRE AND THE WESTERN IN CINEMA
No full textThis dissertation examines the relationship between the Western and post-apocalyptic genre in cinema. Specifically, how the post-apocalyptic genre translates and adapts key tenets of the Western to create a genre that is both foreign and familiar. However, this translation compromises the post-apocalyptic genre due to baggage of the Western genre especially racism, sexism and imperialism. These issues complicate the regenerative capabilities of the post-apocalyptic genre by never moving on from the old world.
Chapter 1 explores the relationship between the archetype of the savage and race in post-apocalyptic cinema, specifically focusing on in the inverted frontier and the universalized savage via zombie cinema. Chapter 2 explores how by translating and adapting the Western genre frontier, the gender norms of the Western haunt the post-apocalyptic genre and compromise the possibility of a new world. Chapter 3 examines the intersection of the apocalypse and colonialism as represented by the Mad Max quartet of films. Chapter 4 analyzes the relationship between Western genre locations and low budget post-apocalyptic films. Chapter 5 examines the spatial temporality of the post-apocalyptic genre and how it is in the past, the present and the future.Washington State University, American Studie