USURJ: University of Saskatchewan Undergraduate Research Journal
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Les sociétés de l’Antiquité tardive face à la mort : nouvelles méthodes, nouvelles questions
No full textInternational audienceThis bilingual volume of 28 contributions proposes to draw up an assessment of the recent research conducted on funerary behavior during Late Antiquity in the provinces of the Roman Empire and on their borders, in order to open new perspectives on its possible developments. Over the past three decades, the considerable transformations of the methodologies have raised the need for a renewal of the questions on the funerary practices during Late Antiquity, a period marked by multiple political, social, demographic and cultural changes. The emergence field anthropology, which was the beginning of archaeothanatology, and then the recent development of collaborative approaches between various scientific fields (archaeothanatology, biochemistry and geochemistry, genetics, history, epigraphy, for example), have been decisive for the renewal of study problems: revision of old concepts as well as the emergence of new analytical axes.The research collected in this book is structured around four main themes: Evolution of funerary practices over time; Social identity through death; Changing burial grounds: organisation and topography; and Territories of the Empire: from the heart to the margins. These studies propose a review and a revision of the data, both anthropological and archaeological or historical on Late Antiquity, and reveal a mosaic of political, social, and cultural landscapes singularly rich and complex. They increase our knowledge of the treatment of the dead, the location of funerryl areas or the structure of burials, revealing a diversity of practices. In the end, it is possible to relaunch reflection on the way Late Antiquity societies perceived death and on the elements that make it possible to identify and define the diversity of the groups. In doing so, they demonstrate that we can truly understand the cultural and social structures of ancient communities and their potential transformations, based on the study of funerary practices.Ce volume bilingue de 28 contributions propose un état des lieux des récentes recherches conduites sur le fait funéraire à l’époque tardo-antique au sein de l’Empire romain et ses régions limitrophes, afin d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives sur ses évolutions possibles. Au cours des trois dernières décennies, les transformations considérables des méthodologies ont permis un renouveau des questionnements sur les populations et les pratiques funéraires de l’Antiquité tardive, période marquée par de multiples changements politiques, sociaux, démographiques et culturels. L’apparition de l’Anthropologie de terrain, qui fut le début de la démarche archéothanatologique, puis le développement d’approches collaboratives entre domaines scientifiques (archéothanatologie, biochimie et géochimie, génétique, histoire, épigraphie par exemple), ont été décisives pour le renouvellement des problématiques d’étude.Les recherches rassemblées ici sont articulées autour de quatre grands thèmes : l’évolution des pratiques funéraires dans le temps ; l’identité sociale dans la mort ; les ensembles funéraires en transformation : organisation et topographie ; les territoires de l’Empire : du cœur aux marges. Ces études proposent un réexamen et une révision des données, tant anthropologiques qu’archéologiques ou historiques, et révèlent une mosaïque de paysages politiques, sociaux et culturels singulièrement riches et complexes. Elles accroissent nos connaissances sur le traitement des défunts, l’emplacement des aires funéraires ou encore la structure des sépultures, en révélant une diversité de pratiques, et permettent de relancer la réflexion sur la manière dont les sociétés tardo-antiques envisagent la mort et sur les éléments permettant d’identifier et de définir la diversité des groupes qui les composent. Elles démontrent que nous pouvons véritablement appréhender les structures culturelles et sociales des communautés anciennes et leurs potentielles transformations à partir de l’étude des pratiques funéraires
Telepsychotherapy for expatriate patients: benefits and limits
No full textInternational audienceThe globalization and international mobility of the past 50 years has seen the number of expatriates increase worldwide. Expatriation is a form of migration and temporary exile, characterized by a voluntary departure abroad with frequent moves between the host country and the country of origin. As a consequence of this high-mobility and isolation, expatriates are increasingly seeking online mental-health professionals (Astruc & Chaudot, 2015; Drweski, 2022a). As more people collectively turn to new technologies to find answers to their mental health problems (Barak & Grohol, 2011; Bergström, 2013; Schneider & Haddouk, 2022; Tisseron, 2021) extensive research is being conducted to understand and enhance the expanding field of cyberpsychology and telepsychology. Our research and reflections take place in this context. Considering the huge growth of mental health professionals who propose "remote" follow-up using teleconsultation, it seems to us that this extension of the field of clinical practice has to be examined and synthesized to promote change processes (Greenberg, 1986) and avoid the pitfalls related to the context of expatriation.Through mobilization of clinical situations and contiguous research, we would like to present the characteristics of teleconsultation that seem to promote change processes, but also the pitfalls that professionals must be warned about in relation to an expatriation context.Firstly, we consider the factors of change for the expatriate population namely; continuity of treatment despite patient migration (Astruc, 2015; Drweski, 2022b); continued links with the culture of origin in a context of isolation (Drewski, 2022b); and quality of presence (Missonnier, Haddouk & Vlachopoulou, 2002). Moreover, with many expat patients expressing a feeling of safety while consulting from home, the safety that could support the emergence of the Self than can occur during expatriation is further examined (Eiguer, 2017; Fonagy et al, 2022; Foy-Sauvage, 2021; Winnicott, 1971). In counterpoint, we observe that the use of new technologies for psychotherapy in an expatriation context can lead to a certain "evaporation" of the psychotherapy frame, which in turn can lead to therapeutic impasses. The feeling of closeness achieved via teleconsultation should not make us forget the realities of the patient (their pathology, or suicidal risk leading the professional to set up a relay locally) and the realities of the context in which they live. Ultimately, from a Change Processes Research perspective (Greenberg, 1986) we propose to consider the intersubjective processes in the specific context of teleconsultation and expatriation, especially when professionals are also expatriates. Based on these observations and poignant field practice, we would like to underline the benefits and the limits of such approaches to promote a global reflection on the "good practices" of teleconsultation in the context of expatriation
Conservar el patrimonio fílmico: un diálogo enfemenino: Con Mariona Bruzzo Llaberia, Guadalupe Ferrer Andrade, Caroline Fournier, Avril Guigue-Ortiz,Tzutzumatzin Soto Cortés.
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Une nouvelle cliométrie pour l'histoire ancienne
No full textThis thesis proposes to link formal economic analysis with the full detail of ancient historical sources, thereby extending traditional cliometrics, thanks to the recent develop- ments that have associated cliometrics and complexity. Most economic approaches into ancient history have remained in the field of analytic narratives, rather than cliometrics, because of a lack of data. We propose a new epistemological framework for cliometrics, relying on complexity: we argue they do not have to be about the economy, but can operate on primary historical sources, and could address a much broader set of periods and societies, leaning on microeconomic models. We focus on the case of ancient Greek history, and show we can frame into economic terms the massive and complex cultural material now available in electronic form. We then drill further down and concentrate on two particular aspects of ancient Greek society: the choice of names, and which gods to pray to. We first develop an economic model for the existence of names, as a way of exchanging identification information. We study the optimal choice of names in these conditions and show that the impact of strategic naming on the distribution of names works as an alteration of existing mean-field approaches to name dynamics. Confronting theoretical results with empirical data from the archaic and classical periods, we show conformist strategic naming may account for the particular shape of the name distribution in Ancient Greece. Finally, we look into the optimal choice of which god to worship as a function of the presumed strategy of the gods for returning favors to the worshippers, and relate it to a form of divine efficiency measure. Data from a large volume of epigraphic and literary sources on actual acts of worships from the ancient Greeks shows that the distributions of these acts effectively follow power laws with a high degree of regularity, as predicted by the model.Cette thèse propose de relier l’analyse économique formelle au détail des sources his- toriques anciennes, prolongeant ainsi la cliométrie traditionnelle, grâce aux développe- ments récents qui ont associé cliométrie et complexité. La plupart des approches économiques de l’histoire ancienne relèvent des analytic narratives, plutôt que de la cliométrie, faute de données. Nous proposons un nouveau cadre épistémologique pour la cliométrie, reposant sur la complexité : nous soutenons qu’elle ne doit pas nécessairement se concentrer sur l’économie per se, mais peut opérer sur des sources historiques primaires, et peut aborder un ensemble beaucoup plus large de périodes et de sociétés, en s’appuyant sur des modèles microéconomiques. Nous nous concentrons sur le cas de la Grèce ancienne et montrons que nous pouvons placer de nombreux documents historiques, désormais disponible sous forme électronique, dans un cadre économique. Nous nous penchons ensuite de manière plus approfondie sur deux aspects particuliers de la société grecque antique : le choix des noms, et le choix des dieux. Nous développons un modèle économique qui rend compte de l’existence des noms, comme un moyen d’échange d’information, et nous étudions le choix optimal des noms dans ce contexte. L’impact du choix stratégique des noms a une influence sur la distribution de ces noms. En confrontant les résultats théoriques aux données empiriques des périodes archaïque et classique, nous montrons qu’un degré de conformisme dans les choix de noms explique la forme particulière de la distribution des noms dans les données. Enfin, nous nous intéressons au choix optimal de quel dieu adorer, en fonction de la stratégie présumée des dieux pour rendre des faveurs aux fidèles, et nous rapportons cela à une forme de mesure de l’efficacité divine. Les données d’un grand nombre de sources épigraphiques et littéraires sur les actes votifs des Grecs anciens montrent que les distributions de ces actes suivent effectivement des lois de puissance avec un haut degré de régularité, tel que le prédit le modèle
The production of territories seen from a materialist perspective: milieus in the politics of territorialisation
No full textInternational audienceHow are territories produced? We conduct an analysis at the micro level of the reciprocal adjustments among actors in a “new valley” that emerged in northwest France after the removal of two dams. By distancing ourselves from approaches that focus exclusively on the socio-political actors of territorialization, we show that territories are generated through a site-specific process prompted by the affordances of milieus. From the field data collected through interviews, we demonstrate that the materiality of the milieus plays an important role in the politics by which territories are demarcated and collective entities defined, some of whom are included and others, excluded. Discussion shows that territorialisation is politics rooted in the materiality of milieus
Argiles. De la physique du matériau à l'expérimentation. Actes des journées d'étude du Programme Collectif "Argiles" (2018-2020). Unité mixte de recherche Archéologies et Sciences de l'ANtiquité (UMR 7041 - ArScAn, Nanterre)
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Weather forecast: heavy rains over Khirokitia (Late Aceramic Neolithic, Cyprus)
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Ad hoc concepts and the relevance heuristics: A false paradox?
No full textInternational audienceThe idea that interpreting a lexeme typically involves a context-dependent process of meaning construction has in recent years become common ground in linguistic theory. This view is very explicit in relevance theory ( Sperber and Wilson 1995 ), which posits that speakers systematically infer ad hoc concepts ( Carston 2002 ). Such an approach raises theoretical issues, though. First, it directly poses a challenge for the exact nature of (and difference between) concepts and ad hoc concepts ( Carston 2002 , 249). In addition, as Wilson ( 2011 , 2016 ) and Carston ( 2013 , 2016 ) point out, this view also uncovers the following paradox: if speakers are assumed to follow a path of least effort (relevance heuristics), why should they so systematically infer ad hoc concepts rather than test the encoded concept first? The aim of this paper is to reflect on this theoretical puzzle. It will first be argued that the hypotheses formulated both by Wilson and by Carston seem rather post hoc and fail to fully resolve the apparent paradox. Attention will then be given to the assumed nature of (ad hoc) concepts to show that the problem can be resolved when an alternative (non-atomic) view of concepts in terms of meaning potential is adopted