Toronto Metropolitan University Open Journals
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Indicators for continuance of childhood gender dysphoria into adulthood: A critical interpretive synthesis of literature (2000–2020)
No full textIntroduction: Health professionals are unable to predict whether gender nonconforming distress or manifestations will continue after puberty. They also hold varied ideologies about gender. Information about these indicators lacks integration to benefit decision-making about how to intervene in childhood gender dysphoria. Aims: The aim of this review was to synthesize the literature on early indicators that anticipate the continuity of childhood gender dysphoria following puberty. A secondary aim, because of the ideological debates that underpin clinical decisions in transgender health care, was to critically interpret that literature. Methods: A critical interpretive synthesis was selected to integrate and offer a critical appraisal of literature (n=20). Results: A synthesizing argument was developed from four constructs: the intensity of gender dysphoric feelings, the child’s assertion of their gender identity, the stability of gender identity, and gender is a composite of multiple selves. Conclusions: The framing of experts’ arguments fed into presumed stability of gender identity. No single homogenous indicator can be postulated, but a compartmentalizing process is needed to understand the experiential world of a child’s gender nonconformity so that one concept (dysphoria about gender identity) can be teased apart from other investments of gender, body, and sexuality. Our constructs of the intensity of feelings and gender as a composite of multiple selves were found to challenge DSM-5 criteria. Understanding that multiple transitions may occur can help a child locate a gendered positioning in which they are comfortable. This could enable health practitioners offer affirmative care while remaining cautious about using medical treatments that cannot be reversed. The search for indicators itself, however, can be considered a historical moment, given the developments in the field in the 2 years after this review was conducted
Development of an Innovative Water Injection System for New Generation of ICEHybrid Vehicles
No full textThe necessity of using the scarce resources as harmlessly and with maximum efficiency as possible due to the increasingly stringent emission regulations and the increasing need for fuel consumption is very important nowadays. In this field, studies have been carried out on propulsion systems working with biofuels, hydrogen, natural gas utilization methods (LPG, CNG) as fuel-based developments. In the field of ICE thermodynamics, which we can count as another category, improving the combustion process and moving it to optimum conditions represents the point emphasized in this study.
In the study, the cooling effect and applicability of water injection technology on ICE with thermodynamic cycle were examined. In the study, 1D methodology was preferred for the theoretical virtual modeling of the thermodynamic turbulent combustion process. Alternative models were developed with water injection technology and comparisons were made. As a result of the evaluation, the most appropriate spraying strategy and its theoretical effect were examined, and a vehicle level prototype was developed. As a result of the tests carried out on the prototype vehicle, it was observed that the water injection system gave positive results on fuel consumption and emissions at high loads in fixed (modal) tests
Multi-Mode Heat Transfer using Total Energy based Entropic Lattice Boltzmann Method
No full textParticipating media radiation is essential for high temperature systems especially in aviation and space technology. Such systems contain multiple modes of heat transfer as conduction, convection and radiation. Therefore, an integrated model is necessary solving all modes of heat transfer. Lattice Boltzmann method emerges as a potent technique for thermal problems. There are different lattice Boltzmann techniques to handle heat transfer problems. Total energy based formulation is introduced to solve thermal problems without having most of limitations of previous lattice Boltzmann techniques. This work investigates a specific methodology to adopt total energy based formulation of lattice Boltzmann method for heat transfer problems with participating media radiation. Regarding that formulation and mathematical structure of total energy based lattice Boltzmann method is different; it requires special treatment for implementation in these problems. Methodology for modification of the model and initial results are discussed in the paper
Jet Impingement Cooling of Electronic Modules: Effect of the Nozzle Position
No full textIn this study, jet impingement cooling of electronic modules with a series of jet nozzles is studied numerically. Three-dimensional numerical simulations are conducted for two alternative jet Reynolds numbers (Rej =8568 and 14023) at various dimensionless nozzle positions (sj/b=0.166-0.5) and validated with experimental data. The study focuses on evaluating the influence of nozzle position on the temperature distribution and local and average heat transfer characteristics on the module surfaces. As a consequence of the study, it is determined that the position of the nozzles has a substantial influence on the local and average heat transfer characteristics, and the convective heat transfer is always greater in the impingement region than in the other regions of the modules
Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Taylor-Couette Flow
No full textThis paper investigates the effect of adding fins to the rate of heat transfer within a Taylor-Couette (TC) flow within an outer rotating cylinder and a fixed inner cylinder. Two rectangular fins have been placed longitudinally along the inner surface of the outer cylinder. The inner cylinder is subjected to a constant heat flux of 570 W/m2. The outer cylinder is exposed to the surrounding ambient air where heat is exchanged by convection and radiation. The outer cylinder is rotating at 50 rpm. The gap between the two cylinders is filled with a multiphase air/oil flow. The fluid flow and heat transfer have been numerically simulated using ANSYS-CFX. Results indicated that the fins have a significant effect on the rate of heat transfer
Optimization of Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent for Boron Extraction Along with the Recyclability and Reusability of the Solvent
No full textThis work incorporates a hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) that targets the removal of boron element from wastewater streams. The hydrophobic DES comprises of 1-Decanol (Dec) as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol (TMPD) as a Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) with the molar ratio of Dec to TMPD of 4:1. To optimize the boron Extraction Efficiency (EE) of the DES through Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE), Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology was assigned with Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Besides, the optimization the operational conditions from industrial and economical points of view reached up 93.1±0.6 with a percentage difference of 1.5% from the predicted one by the model. The reusability of the boron loaded DES was examined by using the dirty DES over three cycles of LLE without regenerating it. The first, second and third cycle showed an extraction efficiency of 95.1±0.1, 89.3± 0.1% and 85.6±1.8 %, respectively. The regeneration process was examined over different mass ratios of the stripping solution (0.1 M NaOH) to the dirty DES. The optimum regeneration of the boron loaded DES achieved as 97.1± 1.1% at a mass ratio of stripping solution to dirty DES of 1:1. This is a strong evidence to emphasize the sustainability of the synthesized DES and its economical and industrial scalability
Mass flow rate enhancement inside a solar chimney power plant
No full textThe Solar chimney power plant is a system that converts solar energy to mechanical energy and then to electrical energy. The present work aims to conduct numerical investigation on the influence of the radius ratio Rt* = Rtout/Rtinlet and the height of the tower-chimney, on the flow behavior inside the SCPP of Manzanares. A 2D axi-symetric turbulent model is adopted. The momentum and energy equations are solved using the finite volume method and the simple algorithm. Results show that velocity and mass flow rate inside the SCPP are affected by the radius ratio Rt*, the height of tower-chimney Ht* and intensity radiation Q. We obtain an enhancement of mass flow rate by about 58.23% for the divergence of the tower-chimney
Numerical simulation of methanation reactor with circulation (MeRCi)
No full textSince hydrogen emits no carbon dioxide during its combustion process, it is applied to a wide range of fields. Recently, methanation for synthesizing methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen has attracted attention as a new application for hydrogen, known as the Sabatier reaction of CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 +2H2O. So far, a general methanation reactor is a straight tube where a coolant flows at constant temperature to lower the temperature of the flow and the catalyst bed, preventing catalyst deactivation. However, a hot spot of locally high temperature may be formed inside the catalyst layer due to the exothermal reaction of methanation. In addition, unreacted hydrogen and carbon dioxide may remain after the reactor because the flow is unidirectional. Therefore, we have proposed a Methanation Reactor with Circulation (MeRCi), which enables continuous feedstock supply and reaction by recycling a part of the products. In this study, a one-dimensional model of the MeRCi was developed, and the methanation process was numerically simulated. For comparison, the straight-tube reactor was also simulated. The effects of the catalyst amount and the recycle ratio were revealed
Determinants of loneliness in older immigrants: A scoping review
No full textIntroduction: Older immigrants face several factors that increase their feeling of loneliness. Identifying determinants of loneliness is essential for designing relevant interventions that address to mitigate loneliness. Objective: This scoping review aimed to generate a list of factors and map those that are associated with older immigrants’ experience of loneliness. Methods: Arksey and O’Malley’s revised framework informed this scoping review. Various databases were searched to locate quantitative studies that were published in English between 2000 and 2023 that examined determinants of loneliness in older immigrants. In total, 23 studies were included. Extracted data (related to study characteristics, and results pertaining to the association of determinants with loneliness) were summarized using the vote counting method. Results: The results indicated that older immigrants experienced high levels of loneliness, which were associated with poor general and mental health. In addition, being married; having adequate income; large social network sizes, and frequent contacts with network members; participation in social activities; and a high sense of belonging to society; reduced older immigrants’ feeling of loneliness. Conclusion: Healthcare and social service providers can work with older immigrants to co-design interventions that target potentially modifiable determinants that address loneliness.
Experiences of post-secondary students during COVID-19 pandemic: A focus group study
No full textBackground: Despite emerging knowledge on the pandemic’s impact, first-hand experiences of post-secondary students are not well understood. Focus groups were conducted with students to elicit their perspectives on the changes in their life routines, learning and coping. Methods: Five focus groups were conducted with 37 undergraduate students enrolled in a Canadian university. The transcribed discussions were thematically analyzed using the constant comparison technique. Results: While overall pandemic experience was mostly negative, five dominant themes emerged. Students experienced Disrupted Routines and discussed wellness and health changes (physical activity, sleep, diet) and its negative impact on their online learning due to lose of differentiation of time and space. They discussed Online Learning as having both pros (e.g., save commute time/cost, balance employment-study) and cons (e.g., technical issues, lack of interactive-learning, home distractions, screen-time increase, concentration/ motivation difficulties). Students used various strategies to overcome challenges (e.g., better technology, efficient schedules, Zoom libraries, WhatsApp groups). In terms of Mental Stress and Coping, they experienced emotional turmoil whereby feelings ranged from worries, uncertainties, fears, hopelessness, loss of motivation, anxiety, low mood, and helplessness along with caregiving-burden in some instances. The discussion on coping centred on positive (e.g., exercise, prayers, limiting social-media use, fun-activities) and some negative (e.g., more alcohol, smoking, online shopping) behaviors. The Social Connectedness theme revealed feelings of social isolation with a concurrent increase in use of social media and family-bonding opportunities. A few changes in everyday conversations were discussed: more empathy in small talks for some but lose-of-comfort in communicating with unfamiliar people for others. Student discussion on Institutional Response focused on financial supports, mental health resources, and online learning supports. Conclusion: Post-secondary students faced many stressors during the pandemic and used multiple ways to cope. The gained insights should inform development of programs at academic institutions and government support initiatives