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Gustav Landauer – Letters on Peace and War
No full textHanna Delf von Wolzogen examines Gustav Landauer’s (1870–1919) reflections on peace and war through his letters, writings, and political engagements during the First World War (1914-18) and short-lived Bavarian Republic (1919). Examined in context, the letters illustrate both a sharp critique of nationalist intellectuals and an insistence that philosophy and cultural life are a vital force of resistance against the ideology and deadly practice of war
The Tolstoyan Movement in the Early Twentieth Century and the Origins of Peace Research in Russia
No full textIrina Gordeeva portrays Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy\u27s (1828-1910) radical pacifist movement during the early twentieth century and its pioneering role in the origins of peace research. Although suppressed by the Soviet Communist Party following the Russian Civil War (1917-21) and largely erased from official memory, the Tolstoyans’ intellectual and practical legacy reveals an early, underexplored foundation of nonviolent thought and peace activism in Russia and beyond
The Evolution of the Customs Profession and Institution in Canada, 1988–2018: From Customs Inspector (CI) to Border Services Officer (BSO)
No full textThe policy paper From Customs Inspector to Border Services Officer discusses how significant political, economic, security, and migratory events of the 1988–2018 period have shaped Canadian border policies, significantly widening the scope of the Customs mandate and ultimately changing the nature of the border. The paper offers the unique perspective and insight of a seasoned border management practitioner, having served regionally as front line officer, nationally as director in policy roles, and internationally as Canada’s senior border services representative at the European Union (EU) in Brussels. It examines the transformation of the customs institution and culture as a result of the creation of the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) in 2003; and the arming of front line officers in 2006. Finally, the paper explores the evolution of the customs profession and its practices, notably how the recruitment and training of front line officers developed to support these institutional and cultural transformations.  
The Panama Canal, Cocaine, and Communism: An Analysis on the Timing of the U.S. Action Against General Manuel Noriega
No full textThis paper examines the timing of the 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama, codenamed Operation Just Cause. This often overshadowed event ties together and highlights two pivotal episodes in 20th-century American history: The War on Drugs and the Cold War. It analyzes why the U.S. government chose to act as late as 1989, given that the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs became aware of Noriega’s involvement in drug trafficking as early as 1971. Namely, this essay argues that the U.S. government\u27s decision to create and maintain a relationship with Noriega was part of a larger geopolitical strategy that prioritized the containment of communism in Latin America over the trafficking of illicit drugs. The decision to oust Noriega only occurred as the Cold War was ending and U.S. public opinion had shifted from a desire to contain communism to combating drug traffickers. This made Noriega, who had amassed a personal fortune through such activities and had begun to garner an image in the U.S. as a despotic dictator, a perfect target
