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Investigating the Influence of Vegetation on the Habitat Choice of Various Bird Species in the Breeding, Mid-Summer, and Autumn Seasons
Get PDFIn this study, the influence of vegetation features on the habitat choice of various bird species was investigated. Counts of twelve bird species in Parry Sound were obtained for 49 plots of land for the breeding, mid-summer, and autumn seasons. In addition, the abundances of 25 different tree species were determined for these same plots. Using multivariate statistics, associations were found between each bird species and various plots for each season of interest. A correlation was found in the data for the breeding and mid-summer seasons (R=0.744, P=0), suggesting that the birds were responding to the vegetation in those plots in a similar way. A correlation was not found between autumn and either the breeding or the mid-summer season (R=0.278, P=0.09 and R=0.18, P=0.184). Each plot was designated either “coniferous,” “deciduous,” or “mixed,” based on a ratio of the types of vegetation found in those plots. This would allow for the examination of preference. Results showed no overall preference for either plot type in the breeding and mid-summer seasons. The majority of the species preferred deciduous plots in the autumn. Stronger inferences about preference and about vegetation as a factor affecting habitat choice would require further investigation
Analyzing Woodstock as a Time of Peace, Love, Music, and Equality
No full textThis major research project deals with a single weekend in United States history—the Woodstock festival—August 15-17, 1969. I question whether or not the Woodstock festival truly was the time of peace, love, music, and equality that it is often portrayed to be. By analyzing primary documents (mainly newspaper articles from the era) as well as secondary sources, I explore the experiences of different groups at the festival and, when viewed through the lenses of race and gender, note that there were numerous social problems. Negative reactions to the event by political conservatives and local people are notable as well. I suggest that, seen from a contemporary perspective, the Woodstock festival was not entirely the idyllic event it is often depicted as
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
No full textObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that causes one to have unwanted obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are distressing thoughts that tend to arise spontaneously and regularly. Compulsions are repetitive actions and rituals that are executed in an attempt to control the obsessions. Individuals with OCD have little control over their thoughts and compulsions, so the unwanted thoughts and behaviours generate a significant amount of anxiety for these individuals. A common treatment for OCD is Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT). CBT is an active and behaviour-oriented treatment model. More specifically, treatment involves changing clients’ mindsets as well as encouraging them to make physical changes to their environment. The purpose of this research project was to investigate the benefits and limitations of using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy to treat Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Based on a review of the literature, the project outlines the benefits and limitations of three specific techniques used by cognitive behavioural therapists: Exposure plus Response Prevention (ERP), Thought Stopping, and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy. The general benefits and limitations of using CBT to treat OCD are discussed. Results show that all three specific CBT techniques have been proven effective in treating OCD. However, some limitations, such as failure to maintain therapy gains long-term, were noted. On a broader level, CBT was shown to be the optimal therapy for individuals with OCD. In particular, Exposure plus Response Prevention therapy has proven to be the best therapy technique for individuals with OCD. General limitations, such as the time-consuming nature of CBT for OCD, were also noted
Voices from the Land of Eagles: Utilizing Musicological Language for the Analysis of Albanian Folk Polyphony
Get PDFThe original study that this paper is based on investigated shared musical elements of a form of traditional multipart singing, also known as “iso-polyphony” (Ahmedaja 2008; Jordania 2006) found in southern Albania, northwestern Greece, and southwestern Macedonia. Borrowing models from established scholars who have been engaged with polyphonic vocal practices on an ongoing basis, the investigation focused on the musical transcription and analysis of select regional styles that are unique dialects of a common musical language. This paper draws from the original and centres on two Albanian musical dialects of iso-polyphony that serve as the framework for a case study concerning the advantages and challenges of using the language and approaches of Western music theory and ethnomusicology for the analysis of traditional music
St. Etienne, Auxerre: Gothic Innovation in Burgundy
No full textEarly in the thirteenth century, the Burgundy region of France spawned a unique interpretation of the Gothic style reaching its epitome in Auxerre’s St. Etienne cathedral. The innovations at St. Etienne have been proven to have sprung from French and further-afield sources. This essay delves into the oft-neglected importance of patronage in design. The spread of ideas in medieval Europe was more effortless than we presume, and through a careful study of numerous cathedrals, churches, abbeys, and their individual features, I have speculated on the source of inspiration for Auxerre and tried to demonstrate it with precise examples. I delved into French and English sources spanning many centuries, and conducted on-site explorations in France. One of my findings questions the starting date of the cathedral’s eastern end, discovered while searching through translations of contemporary thirteenth-century chroniclers. If I am correct, and Professor Thurlby believes that I am, it broadens the inspiration sources because of the earlier start date than previously supposed. Five years is a substantial amount of time, when ideas are being adopted for building. I also speculated that the presence of the older Romanesque buildings in the region had more of an influence on Auxerre than previously surmised by the experts: Branner and Titus had pointed out the similarities existing in Canterbury Cathedral, England, and Lausanne Cathedral, Switzerland, but missed some local features, deriving from Romanesque regional designs. This helped to broaden the base for innovative thirteenth-century architects and patrons, beyond what was previously believed
A Critical Examination of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)
No full textThe objective of this paper is to evaluate the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). Four major areas of the assessment are evaluated: test development, norm development, test reliability, and test validity. Research in the area supports that the highly structured test format and excellent application of principle component analysis with varimax rotation allows the MASC to successfully discern between anxiety disorders and affective disorders among youth. In terms of the norm development for the MASC, it is evident that there are clear signs of sampling error. More specifically, the MASC uses inaccurate stratified sampling for the Hispanic population (according to the U.S. national census), which reduces the overall reliability and validity of the assessment. Even though this sampling error reduces confidence in the reliability of this tool, the MASC still produces fairly high reliability coefficients. After measuring test-retest reliability, the MASC produces intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.785 (three-week interval) and 0.933 (three-month interval) using Caucasian participants. However, since only a Caucasian sample was used to measure test-retest reliability, these findings must be further validated by more testing using a representative sample. In terms of overall test validity, the MASC produces excellent results, showing strong convergent validity with other tests measuring childhood anxiety such as the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) and the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Overall, this review suggests that even though the MASC generates adequate validity and reliable coefficients, it is recommended that this test be administered concurrently with other diagnostic tools to ensure reliability of its clinical evaluation
York University Students Perceptions of Influenza and the Influenza Vaccine
No full textThe purpose of this study is to investigate perceptions regarding seasonal influenza immunization among university-aged students. The study aims to explore students’ insights, opinions, and views regarding seasonal influenza immunization and the possible motives or obstacles that either incite or prevent students from getting an influenza vaccine. The study was carried out at York University’s Keele campus, a densely populated commuter school situated in a large metropolitan area, and involved York University students as participants. The study sought to determine whether the recommendation by Canadian Public Health Agencies that getting a flu shot remains the primary step to be taken in preventing the spread of the influenza virus, is a shared view among York University students. University-aged students’ perceptions and beliefs about the benefits or risks associated with the flu shot may therefore be considered important information among public health policy makers in understanding students’ compliance with this official advice