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Balancing Governmental Jurisdiction: The History of the Division of Legislative Powers and Its Impact on Canadian Unemployment Insurance
No full textThis project aims to demonstrate how the division of jurisdictional powers between the federal and provincial governments prevented the implementation of unemployment insurance in Canada. The first section delineates a historic analysis by briefly expanding on the initial conflict in which “unemployment” and “insurance” were established in their respective jurisdictions. The second section focuses on the Great Depression as the instance of greatest need for unemployment insurance that influenced a more aggressive approach by the Federal government. The third section addresses R. B. Bennett’s New Deal, in which he attempted to introduce the Employment and Social Insurance Act in 1935 as a means of establishing Federalist control over unemployment. The fourth section analyzes the legal arguments surrounding the New Deal that led to its ultimate failure. The last section focuses on how William Lyon Mackenzie King finally managed to implement a policy through the amendment of the British North American Act. Through this research, I discovered that, by assigning unemployment to the provinces and insurances to the Dominion, the division of powers in Canada prevented any impactful decision-making in aiding citizens suffering from unemployment. The fact that unemployment insurance was only implemented after constitutional amendment serves to demonstrate the importance of recognizing the division of powers. Once the division of powers was altered, all jurisdictional conflict pertaining to the matter ceased to exist between the two levels of government, suggesting that the governments had the physical means of addressing unemployment, but hesitated to do so, for political reasons
To What Extent Has the Trade Embargo Against Cuba Been Effective in Fulfilling American Foreign Policy?
No full textThe United States trade embargo against Cuba was imposed in 1960, a year after the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, when Cuba nationalized American-owned properties and strengthened its ties with the Soviet Union. The embargo remained in effect after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The United States tightened the embargo through the Cuba Democracy Act (1992) and the Helms-Burton Act (1996), widening the scope of the embargo to include foreign companies and subsidiaries of American companies conducting business with Cuba. The trade embargo remains in place. This project questions how effective the trade embargo has been in fulfilling American foreign policy goals. A review of the scholarly literature suggests partial answers and adds depth and complexity to understanding the mechanisms behind the embargo. Future data-driven research on the forces within the United States that influence Cuban policy, along with further studies within Cuba, may enable us to formulate a more comprehensive picture of the effectiveness of the embargo in fulfilling American foreign policy aims
The Certainty Paradox in Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus
No full textAfter the publication of Copernicus’ revered work On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres (1543), mankind experienced the first of three blows to its pride due to a scientific discovery (the other two came from works by Darwin and Freud). Copernicus (and, later, Galileo) proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, thus suggesting that the creation of mankind was perhaps not as important to God as previously thought. Through the character of Doctor John Faustus, playwright Christopher Marlowe captures this collective sense of despair in his 1604 play The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus. Faustus’s narcissistic thirst for knowledge about the certainty of the universe leads, ironically, to a certainty of despair. Faustus—like the devil before him who “fell” due to pride—metaphorically falls himself. Indeed, Marlowe’s play is a warning to mankind about pride and how a desire for certainty (a desire for answers and validation) only leads to the certainty of despair. This project analyzes a speech in Marlowe’s play Doctor Faustus whose syntax alludes to Faustus’s uncertainty, echoes the theme of the play, and suggests that the narcissism of the intellectual is dangerous
Caffeine’s Ergogenic Effects: Endurance Exercise, Resistance Exercise, High-Intensity Exercise, and Cognitive Function/Skill Maintenance
No full textCaffeine (1, 3, 7–trimethylxanthine) is a stimulant drug found in products such as coffee, chocolate, painkillers, and colas. Over 50% of people consume around 200 mg a day, which speaks to the importance of its effects. By increasing neurotransmitters such as dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and norepinephrine, caffeine activates the pleasure centers in the brain, and increases heart rate and arterial constriction, which are hypothesized to be the cause of the ergogenic effects observed. This project delves into the literature on caffeine’s effects on exercise and performance. Research on caffeine in sport has mostly been conducted on endurance-based exercise, which shows significant increases in performance. Caffeine has also shown to be ergogenic in the maintenance of skill and cognitive function following fatiguing protocols; increases in energy, alertness, accuracy, and clear-mindedness are common. The literature for caffeine and high-intensity exercise remains limited; however, it shows a positive correlation between caffeine intake and improved anaerobic performance. The doses producing ergogenic effects also have the potential of producing side effects such as insomnia, jitters, and nausea, which is why caution is advised for high intake. In terms of resistance training, studies remain scarce and more clarity is required to explain both significant and insignificant results. In order to address these gaps, future research recommendations include a focus on resistance training, a study of the effects of various modes of caffeine supplementation on reaction time and skill maintenance, and a review of the different modes of caffeine ingestion
Control Shift: A Puzzle-Platformer Videogame Utilizing Multiple, Unique Control Schemes
No full textControl Shift is a puzzle-platformer videogame in which players utilize multiple, unique control schemes in concert with one another to solve challenges and overcome obstacles. The intent of Control Shift is to explore the areas of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and cyberpsychology in relation to videogames. This exploration is embedded into the game as players assume the role of a prototype robot tasked with navigating various environments that are intended to test the limits of the robot’s endurance and capabilities. The player is encouraged to investigate the abilities at their disposal by exploring three different control schemes presented to them. The effects that the player triggers and the implications of these effects may not be readily understood, as the player can only discover how to master their abilities by continuing to explore and progress in the game. Players become Control Shift virtuosos as they begin to perceive the three different control schemes as one intricate interface. Control Shift is a unique project in that it fundamentally revolves around the notion that videogame controllers are meant to be transparent in the gameplay experience. Rather than being thoroughly utilized in videogames to create challenging and thought provoking gameplay puzzles, most videogames disregard the gameplay opportunities available through using a videogame controller in new and unconventional ways. It is from this situation that Control Shift developed: as a game that revolves completely around the controls. The authors suggest that Control Shift is a new type of gaming experience, one that draws upon creative use of physical interactive devices to produce a rewarding and entertaining experience for players
Developing Community Resilience to Manage Disaster Risk in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone
Get PDFThis paper applies the Pressure and Release (PAR) model (Wisner et al. 2004) to understand the progression of vulnerability and to identify the root causes and pressures that may have been responsible for creating those vulnerabilities among the people of Sierra Leone over the past decades. The objective of this study is to construct a framework based on theoretical knowledge to release the identified pressures, to enhance resilience and capacity, and to develop strategies to reduce disaster risks. It is hoped that policy and decision makers will be able to use this study to benefit the population and governance of Sierra Leone
El Caribe Hispano en el ámbito internacional Sobrevivencia en enajenación, travestismo y desplazamiento [The Hispanic Caribbean in the International Sphere: Survival in Alienation, Transvestism, and Migration]
No full textThis essay centres around the novel Sirena Selena vestida de pena [Sirena Selena Dressed of Sorrow] (2000) by Puerto Rican author Mayra Santos-Febres with the objective of shedding light on the transformation of Hispanic Caribbean society under the influence of globalization and the expansion of capitalism. By analyzing descriptions of places evoked in the story as well as the characters’ behaviour and perspective on life, it becomes clear that Caribbean society has undergone a gradual adaptation to resemble “first world” societies. The developing tourism industry that has appropriated almost entirely this part of the world, has “imposed” a sort of transvestism on the physical appearance of Caribbean cities and its people, as well as on the mentality of the latter.Survival in today’s globalized setting is therefore measured by the degree of adaptation on the part of Caribbean citizens to the capitalist economic system and the degree of displacement (migration) they undergo in an attempt to exploit all angles of the free market. However, these “imposed” conditions do not allow for a truly radical transformation on Hispanic Caribbean society, resulting in a superficial change. This has led to the creation of a hostile and alienating society where principles of solidarity and camaraderie that have historically defined Latin American essence and relationships, are replaced by the individualistic mentality proper to Western societies where only the fittest survive
North Versus South: Neocolonialism in the World of Climate Change
No full textThe current discourse surrounding climate change politics includes many aspects that continue ideals of colonialism. This neocolonialism is most obvious in terms of the geopolitics within the Kyoto Accord and carbon trading systems, along with many other green mechanisms. By examining the discourse surrounding climate change in many recent texts on the subject, inequalities become increasingly evident. This paper provides a basis for the discovery of neocolonial ideas by providing the definitions of colonialism and neocolonialism and giving examples of these practices throughout history. Current examples of neocolonialism are then examined in the division of nations into Annex I, Non-Annex I, and Annex II nations under the Kyoto Accord, resulting in the continuation of colonial ideals by producing a new form of the “white man’s burden” in climate politics. The notion of carbon trading is also examined as a new form of colonialism, allowing developed nations to take advantage of developing nations by utilizing their low carbon emissions to make up for developed nations’ own increasingly large carbon emissions. The notion of responsibility for climate change and the vast differences between those who create the emissions and those who suffer for them are examined in terms of two case studies which detail the different approaches to, and impacts of, climate change based in Australia, an Annex I nation, and India, a Non-Annex I nation. The paper concludes with a call for more to be done to limit climate change by making global climate policy more equal for all nations
Protein Timing and Distribution Following Resistance Training
Get PDFSkeletal muscle hypertrophy occurs when muscle protein synthesis (MPS) exceeds muscle protein breakdown (MPB). The most efficient way to increase MPS and thus result in muscle accretion can be done through resistance training (RT) and consumption of dietary protein. However, the quality, quantity, and timing of dietary protein are key variables that can influence MPS and muscle hypertrophy. With regard to protein quality, milk proteins (whey) seem to be superior to plant proteins such as soy. Furthermore, the maximal quantity of high-quality dietary protein to stimulate MPS following RT in young men is 20 g, whereas, in the elderly (age>65 years), at least 35-40 g of high-quality dietary protein maximizes MPS. There is no difference in MPS following RT in women compared to men despite having lower testosterone. The leucine content of a dietary protein source can also influence protein quality and quantity and is a potent stimulator of MPS. However, the timing and distribution of dietary protein following RT seems to be equivocal. Therefore, the focus of this review is to examine protein timing (pre-workout, post-workout, throughout the day) on maximizing muscle anabolism in various populations: untrained, trained, elderly, and different genders. Based on the literature, more research is needed on protein timing in women and the elderly following RT. Finally, a proposed study on investigating the chronic effects of protein quantity and distribution following RT is suggested to fill the gaps in the literature as most of the studies on this topic are acute in nature
“We Are Children of the River”: Toronto’s Lost Métis History
Get PDFThis essay investigates how Toronto was connected to the French river system fur trade emanating from Montreal via the Toronto Carrying Place and how that connection gave rise to a proto-Métis population between the years 1620 and 1821. The takeover of New France in 1760, and the merger of the Hudson’s Bay Company with the North West Company in 1821, among other geopolitical factors, ended Toronto’s 175 year involvement with the fur trade, yet an impression of Métis presence remained in the city until the 1880s. The British agricultural and treaty era in Ontario, beginning in 1793 and lasting until the 1850s, was so rapid and absolute that, I contend, it erased the older French and proto-Métis history from the city’s historiographical memory and imagination. Remnants of it do nevertheless exist in archives and older primary and secondary literature, and it is an erasure that wrongly assumes that the city had no Métis history