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Women, Representation, and Electoral Systems
Get PDFThis project assesses the gendered implications of Canada’s first-past-the-post electoral system and considers alternatives (alternative voting, proportional representation, and mixed-member representation) for gender representation. Electoral systems directly impact representation in parliament by determining which votes count and by structuring the kinds of issues that are included on the political agenda. Much of the research on women’s representation in government distinguishes between descriptive representation (the number of women elected to office) and substantive representation (the representation of women’s interests on the political agenda). Because the links between descriptive and substantive representation are contested, and because substantive representation is a broad concept, this study argues that substantive representation of women should be conceptualized as the actualization of feminist political goals, one of which is the descriptive representation of women in parliament. The regional focus of majoritarian systems diminishes the relevance of cross-regional political goals, limiting opportunities for discussion of feminist priorities. Additionally, proportional representation consistently correlates with higher numbers of women in office. While many have argued that higher numbers of women in office will lead to improved representation of women’s interests, this study suggests that descriptive and substantive representation of women should be considered as distinct feminist initiatives, and that a proportional representation system is effective for both
Being and Space: An Exploration of the Experiences of Women on York University’s Campus
Get PDF“Being and Space” investigates women’s being on campus through an exploration of women’s phenomenological experiences of comfort and safety, and discomfort and fear on York University’s Keele and Glendon campuses (Toronto, Canada). Additionally, the project explores the impact of those feelings on the behaviors and contributions that the women make to York University’s campus following these experiences. Research questions asked are: How do women experience York University’s campus? How do women’s experiences on campus impact the ways that they contribute to the York University community? How can we improve the experiences that women have on campus? Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with York University community members. This research is located within feminist theory and guided by the experiences of participants. We aim to express women’s unique, subjective feelings and experiences. Further, this project advocates for the welcoming of all women into spaces so that the community can benefit from their valuable contributions
Apocalypse Now! Anthrax Bioterrorism and the Public Health Challenge
No full textGovernments, scientists—and even terrorists—all understand how easy it is to develop and release severely dangerous pathogens such as anthrax. The anthrax agent, developed from Bacillus anthracis bacteria, can truly be considered the terrorist's agent. Made solely for the convenience of the aggressor, it is easy to disperse, nearly impossible to detect, and difficult to diagnose and treat. The possibility of an anthrax attack is one of the most dangerous threats for civilian populations, as there is an risk of exponential growth in the number of infected people and high death tolls. This project seeks to explore anthrax pathogenesis and the challenges this presents for an effective response. The September 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States are used as case studies to examine the difficulties of mitigating a potential outbreak. Future objectives, such as managing surge and decontaminating healthcare settings, are discussed. The establishment of effective quarantine and communications systems is emphasized as are ongoing research and education about bioterrorism. 
Children and Legal Representation in Canadian Divorce Cases
Get PDFThis study explores children’s legal right to representation in divorce cases in Canada. Undertaken to gain a deeper understanding of theoretical and conceptual issues relating to children and international human rights, the study identifies the various legal fragmentations arising from the division of powers under the Canadian Constitution. Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified by Canada in 1991, states that children have the right to be heard in proceedings that affect them.
The study concludes that Canada needs consolidated legislation to ensure that children have legal representation in order to fully meet the Convention’s mandate
Biculturalism and Psychological Well-Being: Investigating the Role of Socioeconomic Status
Get PDFThis online study investigated the role of socioeconomic status in previously established relationships between bicultural identity integration (or bicultural self-efficacy) and psychological well-being (or life satisfaction) among bicultural immigrant students at a large Canadian university (N = 403). A comprehensive measure of socioeconomic status was utilized to measure income, level of education, and occupational status of participants’ guardians, as well as to determine participants’ access to financial resources and sources of psychosocial supports and stressors (in the domains of interpersonal relationships, home and neighbourhood environment, individual health, and religious affiliation). The study found that socioeconomic status is responsible for a large variance in the relationship between bicultural identity integration (or bicultural self-efficacy) and psychological well-being (and life satisfaction). Within socioeconomic status, the domains of interpersonal relationships and surrounding environment were significant contributors to these relationships, while guardians’ incomes, levels of education, and occupational statuses were insignificant along with participants’ financial resources, individual health, and religious affiliation
Reach After-Effects as a Measure of Implicit Learning After Abrupt and Gradual Visuomotor Rotations
Get PDFHumans have an incredible ability to learn new movements and adapt our movements to changing circumstances. Visuomotor adaptation can be observed when subjects reach out to a target holding a cursor with their unseen hand while the visual feedback of the cursor's motion is manipulated. Motor adaptation engages both implicit and explicit learning processes. Some measures of motor adaptation are considered to measure primary implicit learning, such as reach after-effects, which occur when subjects continue to make deviated reaches after the cursor's rotation has been removed. In this study, we look at how a higher contribution of implicit learning influences visuomotor adaptation as measured in reach after-effects and retention. We changed the contribution of implicit learning by introducing the visual feedback of the cursor's rotation either abruptly or gradually. An abrupt change in cursor's motion is more likely to be recognized by subjects, thus, it should evoke more explicit learning and a gradual change should evoke more implicit learning. We expect greater reach after-effects and retention of learned hand movements following gradual rotation training. Participants (N=27) did both a gradual and abrupt version of the same visuomotor adaptation task in a counterbalanced order. Contrary to our expectations, we found no difference between reach after-effects and retention in the two conditions. Perhaps an even larger, more explicit deviation would be necessary to reveal relative contributions of explicit and implicit adaptation to gradually and abruptly introduced visuomotor perturbations
Green Roofs: The Sky’s the Limit in Toronto
Get PDFIn a 2012 speech, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called for the world’s mayors and local governments to engage in the creation of sustainability policy for cities by stating that “Our struggle for global sustainability will be won or lost in cities.” The application of green roofs at a city-wide scale improves urban sustainability and is a function of local government policy creation. The City of Toronto introduced a municipal green roof by-law to increase the amount of green roof space to primarily mitigate the urban heat island effect and decrease the amount of stormwater runoff. However, there are many benefits to green roofs beyond these two functions. This research presentation uses the City of Toronto as a case study to understand the role of policy in green roof implementation at a city-wide scale before analyzing the benefits of green roofs for cities from an architectural, ecological, and planning perspective. In an increasingly urbanized world, transforming densely populated urban agglomerations into sustainable spaces is a critical component to mitigating the effects of climate change. Green roofs increase the sustainability of urban areas, and with careful consideration of the negative aspects, help create healthier cities. The City of Toronto’s green roof bylaw as a case study is a useful guide for cities wishing to create evidence-based green roof policies which contribute to healthier cities and a more sustainable global urban future
Luca Pacioli’s Influence on Modern-Day Accounting
No full textIn this study, Luca Pacioli's influence on current accounting practices is demonstrated by comparing the times prior to, during, and after Pacioli's records. Through extensive research, it becomes evident that Pacioli did impact the way in which accountants currently record transactions
Tapping into Health Disparities: Canada's Indigenous Water Crisis
Get PDFIn Canada, many Indigenous communities experience environmental racism through the appalling lack of access to safe drinking water. The well-documented health challenges posed by the denial of this basic human right disproportionately affect Indigenous populations. The continuing oppressive impacts of colonization are evident, given that current public perceptions and policy decisions discriminate against Indigenous peoples. Water system maintenance is a public health necessity, and the government has recklessly off-loaded this responsibility onto Indigenous populations, despite their varying degrees of social, financial, and structural ability to manage this crucial task. By boiling down the overlapping historical and cultural conditions that have allowed this state to develop and perpetuate, this research explores how health policies can strategically enact multi-faceted and tailored approaches to end this injustice. The results demonstrate that current top-down Indigenous health policy tactics are failing and will continue to destroy the lives of many people. Spiritual, mental, and physical health are interconnected and, when analyzing these through a water access lens, the negative effects are visible at the population level. Many Indigenous people have lost faith in the future, given that their circumstances are failing to improve; this is compounded by severe physical ailments resulting from bathing in and consuming tainted water. Moving forward, policy planning needs to address the various social determinants of health that are disadvantaging Indigenous populations while collaborating with communities to develop approaches formulated to address their unique needs
The Futility of Treatment for Narcissistic Personality Disorder
No full textResearch on the successful treatment modalities for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is quite scant. This paper examines the reasons why NPD is not treatable in practice. The literature and evidence in this article refer to peer reviewed secondary sources. After reviewing several studies, the general consensus indicates the need for more extensive research to determine effective treatment options for NPD. To date, most treatment options made available (or studied by researchers) are designed to treat comorbid issues alongside NPD. This makes it difficult to find successful treatment options solely for NPD. Research should also focus on individuals suffering immense psychological setbacks caused by interaction with individuals with NPD. Therefore, the primary focus of the treatment should not be limited to those suffering from this disorder as success rates of treatments for this disorder is minimal