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The Canadian Correctional System and Aboriginal Risk Assessment: A Systemic Failure
No full textCorrectional Service Canada (CSC) operates within the framework of the risk-need-responsivity model (RNR). The RNR model suggests that a reduction of recidivism is possible, if the treatment provided is proportionate to the overall risk of reoffending. This approach utilizes empirical measures, developed through data collection and a statistical analysis of outcomes. These outcomes are associated with specific predictor variables or risk factors that are known to be correlated with recidivism. In addition to risk prediction, these measures also provide a means to monitor the effectiveness of correctional interventions. However, a review of Canadian case law shows that insufficient training often results in the inappropriate application of risk assessment measures. This finding is even more disturbing when considering its impact on marginalized populations such as Indigenous offenders. CSC policy requires the inclusion of Gladue Principles, which take into consideration the unique circumstances of Indigenous history. However, correctional staff frequently fail to understand or document an offender’s social history when conducting risk assessments. The undifferentiated application of what are intended to be objective risk assessment tools have serious implications. Indigenous offenders are frequently classified as higher risk and this influences eligibility for parole. In addition, an extensive literature review shows that, despite similar predictive validity across various risk assessment measures, Indigenous offenders consistently presented with higher baseline scores. These findings contradict the utility of risk assessment measures and require further research, as current approaches to risk assessment are not appropriate for use with Indigenous offenders
The Impact of Facebook Use on the Psychological Well-Being of Young Adults
Get PDFWith over 2.13 billion monthly active users (2018), Facebook is one of the most extensively used social networking sites in the world. It is so extensively used among young adults that many regard it as an extension of their daily lives. A literature review was conducted to determine if Facebook use positively or negatively impacts the psychological well-being of young adults. Unlike some previous studies, the results of this research show that Facebook has a positive impact on young adults’ psychological well-being, especially for those with high emotional needs. Facebook provides an online community of support, promotes personal growth, coping strategies, and autonomy, and increases the likelihood that users will make healthy decisions. This research gives rise to the possibility of using Facebook in a controlled setting as a coping tool for those with low psychological well-being. Further research is needed on whether the social networking site could be used to improve the psychological well-being of young adults in educational or health care settings
A Hypothesized Role of Uncharacterized Gene CG 10809 in Parkinson Disease and Neurodegeneration
No full textThis study looks at different resources that implicate the function of the CG10809 unknown gene and designs an experiment to verify (or falsify) the hypothesis. Given the evidence and information, we predict that the CG10809 is a calcium ion transport channel protein that is part of the nuclear pore complex
Vitamin C: Nature’s ‘Flu Shot’
Get PDFAnnually millions of people heed the multiple flu warnings and flock to walk-in-clinics and hospitals to receive their flu shot. However, many still end up contracting the flu. Consuming high doses of vitamin C is a low-cost, proven means of both preventing and treating influenza by enhancing overall immune function. With new strains of influenza arising each year and with the flu shot becoming increasingly ineffective, vitamin C needs to be implemented into our diets via oral or inhalational supplementation and used as a means of resistance
Elite Skill and Concussion
No full textIt is commonly known that elite athletes in the sport of ice hockey have superior eye-hand coordination and visuomotor skill allowing them to perform at the highest level in their sport when compared to the non-elite population. Previous research has identified a protective motor skill reserve in asymptomatic elite athletes with a history of concussion. This study sought to explore the possibility of lingering visuomotor effects in elite asymptomatic athletes with concussion history. This study sampled male NHL draft prospects and male Kinesiology & Health Science students at York University (Toronto) to examine their visuomotor skills when learning to perform a novel motor learning task. Haptic robotic equipment was used to create a virtual environment allowing participants to navigate the movement tracer around obstacles in the x, y, and z planes of motion. This study supports the findings that the suspected impairments in visuomotor skills are not apparent between elite athletes with and without concussion history when analyzing key performances measures outlined to participants as goals for the task: fastest time to complete the task, and the number of obstacles hit. When analyzing the progression in performance between the three groups studied, it was found that the elite and non-elite groups having no concussion history demonstrated similar improvement outcomes over the course of the ten trials when visuomotor skill was self-controlled by each participants’ motor skills. The elite group with concussion history displayed variable and inconsistent performance through the progression of their consecutive trials at the novel motor learning task
Effects of Sex Hormones on Central Chemoreflex Function
No full textWomen in the low hormone phase of the menstrual cycle (LH) have greater light headedness compared to when they are in the high hormone phase (HH). Both cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 and central chemoreflex activity might play a role since CO2 can elicit both cerebrovascular dilation and activation of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Research has shown that women in the HH phase demonstrate higher SNA and may also have higher cerebrovascular reactivity. We investigate the effect of hypercapnia on ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses in women throughout the menstrual cycle. Women (n=8) breathed five minutes of 5% CO2 during LH (day 2–5 or placebo pill) and HH (day 18-24 or maximal dose pilQ phases). Ventilation (Ve; Pneumotachometer), blood flow velocity through the middle cerebral artery (MCA; Transcranial Doppler), and blood pressure (BP; ccNexFin) were measured. Ve equals tidal volume x breathing rate. Cerebrovascular conductance index (CVCi) equals MCA mean + BP. Paired t-tests were used to compare the change due to CO2. There was no effect of phase on the Ve response to CO2 (LH: +0.09± 0.081/min; HH: +0.10± 0.091/min; p; 0.57) though there was a tendency for a greater increase of CVCi in the HH phase during CO2 inhalation (LH: +0.11±0.08cm/s/mmHg; HH: +0.19±0.09 cm/s/mmHg; p; Q,08). Furthermore, there was no effect of phase on the BP response to CO2 (LH: +2.16±2.94mmHg; HH: +1.81±2.20mmHg; p; Q.63). Our results suggest that the presence of estrogen and progesterone may not affect the central chemoreflex but tends to increase cerebrovascular reactivity
Résumés
Get PDFThe following abstracts accompanied posters presented at the ninth annual multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Fair held at York University (Toronto, Canada) in March 2021. The poster images can be viewed by clicking on “Poster PDF” under each abstract title in the “Abstracts & Posters” section on the Revue YOUR Review website:
https://yourreview.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/yourreview/issue/view/2218Ces résumés accompagnent les affiches qui ont été présentées lors de la neuvième foire annuelle de recherche pluridisciplinaire des étudiants de premier cycle de l’Université York (Toronto, Canada), qui a eu lieu en mars 2021. Pour voir les affiches, veuillez cliquer sur « Poster PDF » sous le titre du résumé dans la section « Résumés & affiches » du site web de la Revue YOUR Review :
https://yourreview.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/yourreview/issue/view/221
Rafael Correa’s Failed Vision of Development Prosperity
Get PDFIn 2007, a new progressive government led by Rafael Correa was elected to power in Ecuador. The presidency of Correa had constituted debates coming from social movement groups arguing against the extraction of natural resources. The exploitation of natural resources in the Amazon region became a large component in Correa’s administration (Riofrancos, 2020, p. 5). The idea to extract resources such as oil was viewed as a way to eradicate poverty and inequality. Correa justified resource extractions as means to generate state revenues for economic prosperity (Becker 2013, p. 54). The intensive form of extraction of resources was framed as the extractive development model. On the other hand, social movement groups, specifically Indigenous movement groups have argued against the extractive development model. The resistance against extractivism is generated from years of protest against neoliberal practices promoting the exploitation of natural resources (Riofrancos, 2020, p. 5). The fundamental purpose of this research is to examine how Correa’s extractive development model failed to generate development for Ecuador. Additionally, the research identifies conflicts over land rights and the contradiction of the Constitution violating the rights of Indigenous territories. Through an analytical examination of scholarly articles, this research demonstrates that resource extraction has resulted in environmental consequences. The research argues that the extractive model creates an unsustainable economy, generates ecological damages, and results in the displacements of Indigenous communities
Love the Way You Lie: A Review of the Psychology of Lying and Truth-Telling in Individualist and Collectivist Societies
No full textA lack of consolidated knowledge of the influence of culture on the psychological processes of deception and honesty currently exists. In an attempt to address this, a comparison study of three separate studies was conducted, all of which explore the cross-cultural differences of lying and truth-telling behaviours and each presenting a new aspect to consider. The first study focuses on cultural differences in perceptions of lying and truth-telling with regards to prosocial behaviours, antisocial behaviours, and modesty; the second study elaborates by examining the influence of behavioural cultural norms; the third study centers on the interaction between culture and lying in the context of the cancer diagnosis of a family member. The conclusions from these three studies are analyzed in relation to both Western individualist and non-Western collectivist cultural standards. They are moreover used to evaluate the occurrence of lying and truth-telling in real-life contexts by means of an observational analysis of my group of friends and an examination of Lulu Wang’s film, “The Farewell” (2019). The overall findings from the literature and real-world applications fortify the existence of the effect of culture on lying and truth-telling behaviours. As deception and honesty encompass a significant part of daily life, the confirmation of cross-cultural variations presents the opportunity for a deeper understanding of diverse cultures and the individuals who belong to them
