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The Financial Shock from Covid-19 to Canadian University Endowments: The Reaction, Response, and Implications
Get PDFUsing data from the University of Toronto and University of Alberta endowments from 2018–2020, this research provides a thorough analysis of the asset allocation strategies used in practice during the COVID-19 pandemic and why those alterations are essential for the future implications of the positions held by endowment funds. It will review the University of Toronto and Alberta endowments response to the COVID-19 pandemic to shed light on several existing endowment behaviour models. Findings, based on primary sources, indicate that the University of Toronto and Alberta endowments have increased the portfolio weighting in bonds, international/global equities, and alternative/other assets in 2020 relative to 2019. This implies that the portfolio weight increase in the latter three asset classifications are consistent with a Merton theoretical view of the most optimal asset allocation as compared to Black. We suggest that a Merton approach to asset allocation is advantageous when there are adverse shocks in the market. This is due to the need to balance current financial obligations with future cash flows. We support Merton’s view which argues that placing a higher weight on those asset classifications demonstrates a trade-off of risks and returns to optimize resources (Merton, 1991). With spikes in current liabilities, decreasing exposure to risky short-term investments is needed to finance those activities. While on the other hand, taking on risky assets is advantageous in present circumstances to take advantage of volatilities in the markets to maximize future cash-flows’ benefits
A Path Toward Mental Health Equity: Assessing Classic Literature as a Source of Racial Trauma in the Classroom
Get PDFEach year, mental health issues affect 1 in 5 people in Canada. Black Canadians are at a higher risk because of exposure to racism. Currently, classrooms across the country are teaching literature that presents historic racism to Canadian students. This essay explores the negative impact of racism in literature on the mental health of Black students in Canada through two theoretical frameworks. Intersectionality and the Ecosocial approach are used to identify the group most affected by racist literature presented in Canadian classrooms, as well as establish it as a mechanism through which racial trauma negatively impacts the mental health of young, Black students in high school and post-secondary programs. The perspective of Black students and Black educators shows that racism in literature is a source of racism-related stress in schools, and an increasing number of studies show that discrimination and the fear of discrimination activate the body’s stress response system, which can affect both mental and physical health. The resulting analysis speaks to the responsibility and agency of institutions or individuals to understand and confront the issue. While there is not yet a definitive answer to this problem, this paper proposes a solution that will leave the literature intact and help restore the dignity of the racialized groups affected
The Impact of Exotic Plant Species on Native Plant and Invertebrate Species in York University's Keele Campus
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From an Indo-Guyanese Woman to a Guyanese-Canadian Woman: Immigration and Identity in the 1980s
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Mega Sport Events: Popular with Planners & Politicians but Controversial Because of Their Socio-Economic & Environmental Impacts
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Performing Home: Theatre, Performance, and the Experiences of Finnish Canadian Settlers
Get PDF“Performing Home” explores theatre in the Finnish settlements of the Thunder Bay region between 1880 and 1914. It begins with an overview of Finnish immigration to Canada, and moves into an analysis of the role of theatre in Finland, where it was used as a political and social tool by the working class to preserve language and identity under Russian rule. The fundamental role of identity in Finnish theatre made it well suited for Finnish communities in the isolated Thunder Bay region, as settlers “performed home” by mobilizing folk arts as a community building tool. This allowed for a greater sense of cultural identity, and helped Finnish immigrants maintain a connection to their language and national identity, while building a unique Finnish-Canadian artistry within their communities. The political tensions between socialist and conservative groups is explored through the use of theatre among workers’ unions, and temperance societies. Further, the article argues that the role of theatre was essential in the establishment of settlements in the north in necessitating greater need for community spaces, such as town halls, which ultimately led to the growth of Finnish settlements in the region. Finally, the article aims to show how the theatre of early Finnish settlements evolved as a tool to preserve cultural identity and give voice to an isolated community with a unique language
The Complexities of Malaria in Ghana
Get PDFMalaria is a disease produced by a mosquito infected parasite which is then spread to humans through bites. Ghana is one of 15 countries in the world where malaria has a high impact. In Ghana, malaria greatly effects children under the age of 5 and pregnant women due to both populations being immunocompromised. To reduce the number of individuals affected by malaria in the country, Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) has been recommended as the most efficient treatment modality; however, the treatment comes at a cost and is not readily available to those residing in the rural areas of Ghana. The spread of malaria is highly prevalent in Ghana because of a number of underlying issues that contribute to the burden of the disease. When it comes to examining the crisis of malaria it is important to examine how the social determinants of health such as gender, globalization, inequities, and politics further influence the pervasiveness of malaria in Ghana