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Multi-tissue Analysis of Breastfeeding and Weaning in Iron Age (Seventh–Fourth c. B.C.) South Italy
No full textIn this study, we investigate breastfeeding and weaning patterns using stable isotope analysis of multipletissues—deciduous and permanent dentin, ribs, and femora—from two Iron Age (seventh–fourth century B.C.) sites in southern Italy. In addition to exploring general patterns of infant and childhood feeding in these samples, our objectives are to determine if weaning occurred earlier among individuals who did not survive childhood, and to examine variability in stable isotope data between dentin and bone samples within the same individual.
To address these objectives, δ 15N and δ 13C data were obtained from incremental dentin sections from 12 subadults (< 10 years) and eight adolescents/adults (16+ years). Results from the deciduous dentin samples show that weaning began after 5 months of age, and data from the permanent teeth of subadults indicate that weaning was complete by 2.0 ± 0.6 years. Meanwhile, isotope data from the permanent teeth of adolescents/adults suggest that weaning was complete by 3.1 ± 0.3 years. Dentin isotope profiles of 11 subadults were also compared against the respective rib and femora data. Results reveal that rib isotope values correspond to dentin values more closely during early childhood (< 5 years), while rib and femora isotope data show greater likeness after 5 years of age, indicating an isotopically consistent post-weaning diet.
The results from this study demonstrate that weaning in these two Iron Age samples began in the first year of life and the overall weaning process lasted longer for those individuals who survived to adolescence/adulthood. If dentin is not available for stable isotope analysis, our study shows that ribs should be used as an alternative, since their faster turnover rate provides a closer approximation to dentin.
Attraverso l’analisi degli isotopi stabili su tessuti ossei multipli (la dentina decidua e permanente, le coste e le ossa femorali), questo studio esamina i modelli di allattamento e svezzamento in due siti databilii all’eta’ del ferro, tra il VII e il IV secolo AD, e localizzati nell’Italia del Sud. Oltre ad analizzare i modelli generali relativi all’alimentazione infantile e dei bambini, lo studio mira sia a determinare un possibile svezzamento precoce tra gli individui non sopravvissuti l’infanzia, sia ad esaminare la variabilita’ dell’isotopo stabile nella dentina e nelle ossa dei soggetti appartenenti allo stesso individuo.
Per conseguire questi obiettivi, i valori di δ 15N e δ 13C sono ottenuti da sezioni incrementali di dentina estratti da 12 campioni sub-adulti (< 10 anni), in aggiunta ad 8 adolescenti e adulti (16+ anni). I risultati della dentina appartenenti ai campioni di dentizione decidua indicano che lo svezzamento iniziava dopo il quinto mese di vita del bambino; i dati inerenti alla dentina appartente ai sub-adulti con dentizione permanente suggeriscono che lo svezzamento si completava intorno ai 2.0 ± 0.6 anni. Infine, i dati isotopici sui denti permanenti di adolescenti e adulti indicano che lo svezzamento si concludeva tra i 3.1 ± 0.3 anni.
Sono stati anche paragonati i valori isotopici della dentina relativi a 11 individui in eta’ subadulta con i dati relativi alle coste e ai femori corrispondenti. I risultati rivelano che i valori dell’isotopo delle coste trovano una sostanziale corrispondenza rispetto ai valori isotopici della dentina durante la prima infanzia (considerata al di sotto del quinto anno di vita). Diversamente, i valori sia dell’isotopo costale sia di quello femorale mostrano maggiore somiglianza dopo il 5 anno di vita, suggerendo la presenza di una dieta post-allattamento.
I risultati dello studio dimostrano che, in questi due campioni databili all’eta’ del ferro, lo svezzamento iniziava nel primo anno di vita e durava piu’ a lungo per quegli individui che sopravvivevano fino all’eta’ adolescenziale o fino all’eta’ adulta. Infine, il nostro studio dimostra che, nei casi in cui la dentina non fosse disponible per l’analisi dell’isotopo stabile, le coste possono essere usate come alternativa considerando la loro somiglianza nel tasso di turnover medio cellulare
Health-Related Caretaking in an Institutionalized Setting: Applying the Index of Care to Burial 1 from the Mid-Nineteenth- to Early Twentieth-Century Mississippi State Asylum, Jackson, MS
No full textHealth-related caretaking was provided to individuals institutionalized in the Mississippi State Asylum (MSA), Jackson, MS (AD 1855–1935). However, because of limited associated documentary evidence on caretaking in the MSA and a general dearth of academic knowledge about caretaking in asylums in the Southern United States, information on caretaking and its efficacy in the MSA is limited. Accordingly, we apply a modified Bioarchaeology of Care (BoC) approach and associated web-based Index of Care to a single deceased individual from the MSA, referred to here as their burial designation—Burial 1—integrated with available documentary information, to generate direct insights into caretaking in the MSA. Burial 1’s skeleton exhibits recidivistic cranial trauma (i.e., cranial depression fractures) and substantial entheseal changes in the upper extremities. This trauma, paired with subsequent traumatic brain injury, suggests that Burial 1 may have experienced physical impairment and disability. Further, the disability Burial 1 experienced likely increased their risk of being institutionalized and created complications for them in the MSA. However, the lack of identifying information for individuals buried at the MSA complicates interpretations of the caretaking they may have received, both before and after institutionalization, as well as the efficaciousness of the caretaking and insights from the caretaking into patient and staff communities in the MSA and Burial 1’s social identity and agency. Despite this, findings affirm that future research applying the modified BoC approach could generate otherwise inscrutable information about the lived experiences of institutionalized patients with impairments and disability within historic institutions of care
Serving with Transgender Service Members: Conversations with Cisgender Veterans
No full textSeveral studies focusing on public attitudes toward transgender people have been conducted, but there has been minimal research on how heteronormativity might influence military-affiliated respondents’ attitudes toward transgender service members. In this qualitative study, seven United States veterans participated in phone interviews from July 2020 to January 2021, in which they shared their thoughts about working with transgender service members. Findings also included their opinions regarding transgender service as it relates to unit cohesion, military effectiveness, and national security. Overall, this study uniquely contributes to the scholarly literature by providing a firsthand account of transgender military service from the service members themselves. The findings also lay the groundwork for future and more extensive studies related to the current integration of transgender service members as they workalongside their cisgender colleagues
The Freedman in Soyinka's "The Man Died"
No full textThe Nigerian Civil War fought from 1966 to 1970 has evoked emotions and enthroned writers that have either recaptured their experiences or told imaginative tales based on other’s experiences. But amidst the different structures, the horrific images captured in these works unify these texts as sharing a common interest and resonating a nation’s narrative. In The Man Died, Soyinka, while being held as a prisoner, revivifies his experiences of the war where the bestial acts meted out on man leave him in a silenced state that literally discerns the death of man. This causes the emergence of the freed man, the mind. The mind’s freedom to roam within time in a static body establishes the temporalities between the imprisoned and freed men. This paper adopts Currie’s perception of consciousness and Bhabha’s concept of nation’s narration to show how the mind discerns a chaotic nation, distinguishing the writer as an archival resource. It foregrounds the present as infiltrated with past events, thereby questioning its duration through a nation’s narration
Notes on Contributors
No full textNotes on the contributors from Volume 9, Number 2 of the journal of Global Postcolonial Studies 
Malaysia and the Muslim Middle East: Political and Economic Connections
No full textMichael B. Bishku is professor of history at Augusta University. He can be reached at mbishku@augusta.edu.In its early years of independence, Malaysia faced a communist insurgency and was in a state of conflict with Indonesia, its larger neighbor, and for security purposes it sought close ties with the Commonwealth. It eventually repaired relations with Indonesia and joined the Non-Aligned Movement in 1970, the same year that its first prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, became the first secretary-general of the Organization of the Islamic Conference. Although Sunni Muslim Malays in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had looked toward the Ottoman Empire for support as Great Britain colonized the area, independent Malaysia’s connections with the Middle East were initially through pilgrimages to Saudi Arabia and students studying religion at al-Azhar in Egypt. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed strengthened ties to the Middle East during the 1980s, becoming dependent on financial assistance from Saudi Arabia until Malaysia industrialized. Since then, Malaysians have invested in Middle Eastern countries. Domestically, Muslim Malays have dominated the politics of the country, and since the 1969 parliamentary elections authorities have placed greater emphasis on Islamic values while also keeping a close watch on Muslim citizens who have veered from the practice of “moderate Sunni orthodoxy.” Through a balanced approach, Malaysia, a middle power, has been able to avoid getting involved in Middle Eastern disputes, while generally benefiting from economic investments from countries in that region. It has also been a strong supporter of the Palestinians’ right of self-determination and has consistently refused to establish relations with Israel. Using government documents and newspaper articles, this article addresses that subject by examining Malaysia’s interregional connections with middle powers in the Middle East, particularly Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia
The New Latin America: By Fernando Calderón and Manuel Castells; Translated by Ramsey McGlazer
No full textCalderón, Fernando, and Manuel Castells. The New Latin America. Translated by Ramsey McGlazer. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2020
Greenwald, Glenn. Securing Democracy: My Fight for Press Freedom and Justice in Bolsonaro’s Brazil
No full textLand, Blood, and Tears: Discursive Themes and Strategies of Resistance to Neoliberal Hegemony in the Lumad’s Struggle for Their Rights
No full textThis paper examines the discursive themes and strategies of resistance by the Lumad, the indigenous people of Southern Philippines, and civil society groups to neoliberal hegemony, the dominance of the political-economic philosophy that champions the market as the prime regulator of economic activity, in the Lumad’s struggle for justice and their rights. The Lumad have been subject to killings of their leaders, militarization, red-tagging (the pernicious labeling of government critics, activists, and other members of civil society as Communists or terrorists) of their schools, and displacement from their lands. It is a study situated in the context of indigenous resistance to neoliberal globalization. It uses the critical discourse analysis approach in analyzing the discursive themes and strategies of resistance, particularly the theoretical ideas propounded by John Flowerdew founded on Foucault’s theory of power and resistance. Ten purposively selected news articles and two statements published from 2017 to 2020 by the online alternative news media outfit Davao Today were analyzed in the study. The discursive themes identified were neoliberalism’s dire consequences and destructive impact, displacement of the Lumad, food security, red-tagging, the struggle for education, counternarrative to red-tagging, defense of the environment and Lumad ancestral lands, injustice, corporate greed, and environmental degradation and the catastrophes that result from it. The discursive strategies of resistance used were constatives, or truth claims with factual backing, regulatives, avowals, ridicule, sarcasm, rebuttal, vivid adjectives, use of words, and use of evocative phrases and sentences. These discursive themes and strategies of resistance call for an economic system that empowers and respects indigenous peoples and local communities and interacts with the environment in a positive, respectful way