University of Florida Press: Journals
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Introduction to In Living Color: Amplifying Racial Justice Work in RHM
No full textIntroduction to the Special Issue In Living Color: Amplifying Racial Justice Work in RH
Living with Chronic Impairment: Tracing Care Using Changes in the Skeleton
No full textImpairment to the skeleton provides tangible traces that bioarchaeologists can study to understand disease and disability in the past. However, conceptions of disease and disability are more difficult to assess in bioarchaeological contexts. Here, we use the bioarchaeology of care approach to both understand disease and assess the presence of care in a Chilean woman with facial disfigurement from the Solcor 3 cemetery in northern Chile. Changes in the skull include separation of the mandible, destructive lesions at the maxilla and parietal bones, and morphological alterations to the rhinomaxillary region. Based on skeletal alterations, we consider clinical effects, including probable pain, changes to circulation, nerve damage, and functional impacts, including food consumption and communication. Drawing on early ethnic Andean ethnographic material, we contextualize the bony changes observed here with conceptions of disease and disability in prehistoric Chile to understand the influence these had for her social identities. We argue that because early ethnic Andean culture understands social offenses as the cause of sickness, healers and healing rituals afforded this woman a socially “healthy” identity, as reflected in her normative mortuary practices. Through combining the observed physical alterations to this woman’s skull and her mortuary practices and goods, we conclude that while clinical and functional effects are evident, her lived experience was not necessarily defined or altered by impairment.
El deterioro o pérdidas en el esqueleto dejan rastros tangibles que pueden ser estudiados por bioarqueólogo/as para percibir enfermedades y discapacidad en el pasado. Sin embargo, las concepciones de enfermedad y discapacidad son más difíciles de evaluar en contextos bioarqueológicos. Aquí, utilizamos el enfoque de la bioarqueología del cuidado para entender la enfermedad y evaluar la presencia de asistencia y cuidado en una mujer con desfiguración facial enterrada en el cementerio de Solcor 3 en el norte de Chile. Los cambios en el cráneo incluyen separación de la mandíbula, lesiones destructivas en el maxilar superior y huesos parietales, y alteraciones morfológicas en la región rinomaxilar. En base a las alteraciones esqueletales, consideramos los efectos clínicos—incluyendo probable dolor, cambios en la circulación, daño a los nervios—y los impactos funcionales, como el consumo de alimentos y la comunicación. Basándonos en material etnográfico andino temprano, contextualizamos los cambios óseos aquí observados con las concepciones de enfermedad y discapacidad en el antiguo Chile para comprender la influencia que tuvieron en las identidades sociales. Dado que la cultura andina temprana entendió que las ofensas sociales causan enfermedades, argumentamos que los curanderos y los rituales de sanación le otorgaron a esta mujer una identidad socialmente “saludable,” como se refleja en prácticas mortuorias normativas. Mediante la observación combinada de las alteraciones físicas en el cráneo de esta mujer y las prácticas y bienes mortuorios asociados, concluimos que, si bien los efectos clínicos y funcionales son evidentes, su experiencia vivida no fue necesariamente definida o alterada por su discapacidad
Sun, Sand, Sex, and Safari: The Interplay of Sex Tourism and Global Inequalities in Africa’s Tourism Industry
No full textDespite the increasing visibility of sex in Africa’s tourism industry, the continent is typically neglected in global narratives about sex tourism. The quintessential image of sex tourism is that of Global North tourists traveling to “exotic” locations in the Global South such as East Asia, Latin America, or the Caribbean. Yet, Africa has been experiencing a growth in sex tourism bolstered by an increase in globalization-led tourism development. The continent was identified as the second-fastest growing tourism region in the world in 2019—after the Asia Pacific region—with an estimated 67 million visitors annually, and some of those tourists are bound to engage in sex tourism. Literature examining the global inequalities that inform sex tourism in the African economy using the perspectives of dependency theories and postcolonial theories is sparse but warranted. Expanding on these critiques of the politics of race, class, gender, and imperialism, this article explores interactions between Global North sex tourists and Global South hosts in the sex tourism industry in Africa. The article contends that the tourist gaze on sex workers in Africa’s sex tourism industry is informed by representations of Africa and African sexuality in pop culture rooted in the colonial project and by contemporary power imbalances in the global tourism industry, which organizes raced, gendered, and classed tourist experiences
Citizenship Taxation, Globalization and Inequality
No full textThe U.S alone claims the right to tax its citizens regardless of country of residence. Other states allow their citizens to forego national taxes if they reside abroad for extended periods; this is residence taxation. Many commentators stress the extraordinary gap between the comprehensiveness of U.S. claims and the long history of wholly inadequate enforcement, pronouncing citizenship taxation infeasible. Some have claimed that uniquely intrusive U.S. claims violate customary international law. On the other side are those who see citizenship taxation as a tool for greater intra-nation equality within the high-income countries and perhaps as a development measure for poorer countries as well. This paper will defend U.S. citizenship taxation and propose policy modifications that balance increased inequality concerns with the continuing realities of globalization. The paper first briefly reviews the appropriate goals of international taxation. It then presents a defense of citizenship taxation stressing the contribution of the U.S. environment to the continuing material success of those who subsequently choose to live abroad. Current U.S. policy is then examined in detail, and revisions are suggested both for Americans who wish to retain their citizenship and those who do not. Efforts to collect revenue from both groups have largely failed so far. The reasons for this failure and the measures needed to improve collection are explored at the end of the paper
Growing Up at Villamagna: Sex, Gender, and Stress During Growth and Development in a Medieval Italian Community
No full textThis study examines the interplay between sex, gender, and child-rearing using multiple markers of skeletal growthand health in the late-medieval central Italian population of Villamagna. To reflect the complexity of growth and heterogeneity of the skeleton, we used a multi-method approach: vertebral neural canal dimensions (n = 65), cribra orbitalia (n = 66), porotic hyperostosis (n = 73), linear enamel hypoplasia (n = 51), and terminal adult stature (n = 115). Medieval ethnohistoric accounts strongly support the notion that males at Villamagna would have received preferential treatment. We hypothesized that this social preference for males would manifest in lower prevalence of skeletal changes indicative of stress during growth and development for males compared to females. Our results are surprising in that they show the opposite. The transverse dimensions of the vertebral neural canal indicate greater variability and a significant difference between older (30+ years) and younger (18–29 years) age groups for males, but not for females. Prevalence of cranial and dental stress markers (CO, PH, and LEH) are consistently but not stastistically significantly higher in males than in females. This finding underscores the potential for nuances in experiences associated with child rearing such that gender may well have been a major axis of preference in terms of parental rearing, but biocultural buffers and preferential treatment may well have been more complicated than anticipated.
Il presente articolo esamina le interazioni tra sesso, genere e i processi di allevamento dei figli, usando una serie di marcatori relativi alla crescita scheletrica e alle condizioni di salute ossea della popolazione tardo-medievale di Villamagna (FR), nell’Italia centrale. Per tenere in adeguata considerazione le complessità della crescita e l’eterogeneità dei resti scheletrici, abbiamo scelto di utilizzare un approccio multi-metodo che considera i seguenti elementi: dimensioni dei canali neurali vertebrali (n = 65), cribra orbitalia (n = 66), iperostosi porotica (n = 73), ipoplasia lineare dello smalto dentale (LEH) (n = 51) e statura adulta terminale (n = 115). Dati di natura etno-storica sembrano indicare che gli individui maschi ricevessero un trattamento nettamente preferenziale a Villamagna. Abbiamo dunque ipotizzato che questa preferenza sociale si manifestasse sotto forma di una minore prevalenza di alterazioni scheletriche indicative di stress infantile negli individui maschi, paragonati agli individui femmine. Sorprendentemente, le analisi hanno mostrato il contrario. Le dimensioni trasversali del canale neurale vertebrale presentano una maggiore variabilità e significative differenze tra individui maschi differenziati per età (gruppo di 30+ anni, paragonato al gruppo di 18-29 anni), ma ciò non è tuttavia riscontrabile nel caso degli individui femmine. Per quanto riguarda gli indicatori dentali e craniali di stress (CO, PH, e LEH), questi sono apparsi con una prevalenza costantemente superiore negli individui maschi rispetto a quelli femmine, ma questo dato non è da considerarsi statisticamente significativo. I risultati evidenziano il potenziale di un approccio che consideri la possibilità di sfumature nelle esperienze associate all’allevamento dei figli. In particolare, nonostante il genere dell’individuo venisse percepito come un forte elemento discriminatore in termini di preferenza parentale, va considerato che gli ammortizzatori bioculturali e la natura del trattamento preferenziale potrebbero essere stati più complessi del previsto
Draft Evasion Policy in the Republic of Cyprus
No full textThis article views military service through the lenses of legal and gender approaches. With the reinstatement of compulsory military service being debated in many Western countries, the factors contributing to draft evasion are relevant. This article explores policy aiming to address draft evasion through a case study of post-EU-accession Cyprus. It shows that in Cyprus, policy attempts to reinvigorate military values are flawed. Draft evasion points to social, political, and economic developments that call for the military ideology of the armed forces to be redesigned to render a fairer institution toward conscript soldiers. When the draft evasion phenomenon becomes intensified, armies should consider a fairer form of military service, such as “giving back” to soldiers for the time spent in the army through the development of skills and educational and professional qualifications
One Quarter of the Nation: Immigration and the Transformation of America by Nancy Foner
No full textReview of: One Quarter of the Nation: Immigration and the Transformation of America by Nancy Foner. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2022. (223 pages, cloth
Connected Soldiers: Life, Leadership, and Social Connections in Modern War by John Spencer
No full textReview of: Connected Soldiers: Life, Leadership, and Social Connections in Modern War by John Spencer. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books, 2022 (246 pages, paperback
Teaching and Learning the West Point Way: Educating the Next Generation of Leaders, edited by Morten G. Ender, Raymond A. Kimball, Rachel M. Sondheimer, Jakob C. Bruhl
No full textReview of: Teaching and Learning the West Point Way: Educating the Next Generation of Leaders, edited by Morten G. Ender, Raymond A. Kimball, Rachel M. Sondheimer, and Jakob C. Bruhl. London: Routledge, 2021. (352 pages
Politics of Representation: (De)orientalizing Muslim Women in Tariq Ali's "Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree" and "The Book of Saladin"
No full textThis article takes a feminist viewpoint to highlight the lives and religious identities of Muslim women who are victims of pervasive negative perceptions of imperialist discourses and restrictive cultural practices of native males. We intend to investigate the practicability of empowerment conferred by feminism in redefining their subjectivity as represented in Tariq Ali’s Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree (1991) and The Book of Saladin (1998). Drawing on the concepts of postcolonial theorists such as; Edward Said, Chandra Mohanty, Fatima Mernissi and Riffat Hassan, we interpret the female characters as reflective of the women’s struggles to renegotiate their identity. The novels under scrutiny address the difficulties of depicting Muslim women in a cultural setting dominated by images of religious fanaticism, violence, and female subordination. Ali articulates a particular ideology regarding the construction of Muslim women’s socio-religious identity(ies) that serve the interests of Muslim clergy and patriarchy. We suggest that these representations are a powerful resource Muslim Women can draw upon in constructing their identities. Finally, it is argued that a disruption of the stereotypes of Muslim women signals the potential for the compatibility of Muslim women’s distinct identities