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The impact of terroir on barley and malt quality – a critical review
No full textWhy was the work done: With respect to terroir, ‘To be or not to be,’ (Hamlet, Shakespeare) is a key question for maltsters and brewers for malt and beer quality. Terroir is a sparsely studied aspect of malt quality, despite it being an important component of added market-value in wine since ancient times. The ‘sense of place’ imbued by terroir is an expression of the growth of a grape variety in a specific region with respect to local climate, soil, microbiome, elevation/aspect of the vineyard, viticultural and wine making methods. Similar corollaries to wine terroir can be drawn for hops and malting barley.
How was the work done: A comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken to identify reports of terroir in barley/malt quality. Where possible, the discussion was extended by consideration of appropriate unpublished data.
What are the main findings: The primary influence of terroir on malt is grain protein content (GPC). This appears, in part, to be controlled by the daylength during grain maturation. Increasing day length typical of grain maturation in Australia tends to be associated with a lower GPC, while decreasing daylength during grain maturation in Canada is associated with a higher protein content. GPC is positively correlated with diastatic power, beta-amylase activity and foam positive proteins such as protein Z4 and hordeins. Conversely, GPC is inversely correlated with extract and Kolbach Index (KI). Interestingly, lower protein barley tends to produce higher KI malts that result in wort with greater flavour complexity and desirability. The level of ionic micronutrients (cations, anions) including calcium and zinc are understudied aspects of malt quality. It is evident that there is significant variation in the ionic micronutrient content of malt produced from different international regions and between regions of the same country which would be an expression of terroir. Lastly, the microbiome of barley/malt shows influences of terroir such as the deleterious impacts of Fusarium head blight on malt quality including gushing and mycotoxins. Variation in terroir will also have more subtle impacts, both desirable and undesirable, on malt quality for the contribution of beneficial enzymes (e.g., cell wall degrading enzymes) or for the propensity of barley to impart malt components into wort (e.g., arabinoxylan) that have been implicated in premature yeast flocculation (PYF) and undesirable beer quality.
Why is the work important: The concept of terroir in malt quality has important implications for the efficiency of mashing, lautering, fermentation and beer quality.
Updated on 12/02/2024.
Supplementary Information also available
PestFacts WA Issue 16 - September 2023
No full textPestFacts WA Issue 16 - September 2023 content: Why is my crop patchy? Diagnose soilborne diseases to form strategies for next season Flag smut in wheat Wheat leaf rust update Protecting grain: ensure clean augers, field bins and silos against insectshttps://library.dpird.wa.gov.au/fc_pestfactswa/1012/thumbnail.jp
PestFacts WA Issue 20 - October 2023
No full textPestFacts WA Issue 20 - October 2023 contents: Armyworm in cereals Diamondback moth surveillance summary WA’s native budworm trapping program finishes next week Free seed testing for virus infections in pulseshttps://library.dpird.wa.gov.au/fc_pestfactswa/1021/thumbnail.jp
Survey of vertebrate and invertebrate pests and beneficials harbouring in harvest weed seed control system.
No full textData collected includes: Paddock GPS location where sampling occurred, crop type, average yield, current years insecticide application, date of harvest and type of HWSC system implemented. Date and time of mouse surveys. Mouse holes assessed for disturbances. Pitfall traps and direct surveys to examine invertebrates. Species identification, noted as beneficials or pests of crops. Assessment of plants for seed damage. Visual estimate of plants with chewing/sucking damag
EPBC 2010/5491: Weaber Plain Development Project Compliance Report - 1st May 2022 to 30th April 2023
No full textThe Weaber Plain Development Project (Goomig Project) was approved on 13 September 2011. The approval reference is EPBC 2010/5491 (the Approval).
The Goomig Project comprises irrigated farmland, associated infrastructure, and a buffer area on the Weaber Plain located about 30km north-northeast of Kununurra in Western Australia. Figure 1 shows the location and layout of the Goomig Project and interface with other projects including the Knox Creek Plain Irrigation Development (EPBC 2014/7143), Sorby Hills Silver Lead Zinc mining project, and Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) Stage 1 \u27Cave Springs\u27 farms.
The Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development is the Goomig Project proponent. Kimberley Agriculture Investment Pty Ltd (KAI) has tenure of the Goomig Project farmlands, except Lots 15 and 16 which are owned by the Yawoorroong Miriuwung Gajerrong Yirrgeb Noong Dawang Aboriginal Corporation (MG Corporation). MG Corporation has the right under Ord Final Agreement Indigenous Land Use Agreement to acquire the buffer area in freehold.
This document reports on compliance with the conditions set out in the Approval for the period 1 May 2022 to 30 April 2023, as required by condition 3 of the Approval
BEN Signage Installation Map – Shire of Manjimup
No full textBeach Emergency Number (BEN) Signage Installation Map – Shire of Manjimuphttps://library.dpird.wa.gov.au/gis_bens/1036/thumbnail.jp
Enhancing crop resilience by harnessing the synergistic effects of biostimulants against abiotic stress
No full textPlants experience constant exposed to diverse abiotic stresses throughout their growth and development stages. Given the burgeoning world population, abiotic stresses pose significant challenges to food and nutritional security. These stresses are complex and influenced by both genetic networks and environmental factors, often resulting in significant crop losses, which can reach as high as fifty percent. To mitigate the effects of abiotic stresses on crops, various strategies rooted in crop improvement and genomics are being explored. In particular, the utilization of biostimulants, including bio-based compounds derived from plants and beneficial microbes, has garnered considerable attention. Biostimulants offer the potential to reduce reliance on artificial chemical agents while enhancing nutritional efficiency and promoting plant growth under abiotic stress condition. Commonly used biostimulants, which are friendly to ecology and human health, encompass inorganic substances (e.g., zinc oxide and silicon) and natural substances (e.g., seaweed extracts, humic substances, chitosan, exudates, and microbes). Notably, prioritizing environmentally friendly biostimulants is crucial to prevent issues such as soil degradation, air and water pollution. In recent years, several studies have explored the biological role of biostimulants in plant production, focusing particularly on their mechanisms of effectiveness in horticulture. In this context, we conducted a comprehensive review of the existing scientific literature to analyze the current status and future research directions concerning the use of various biostimulants, such as plant-based zinc oxide, silicon, selenium and aminobutyric acid, seaweed extracts, humic acids, and chitosan for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Furthermore, we correlated the molecular modifications induced by these biostimulants with different physiological pathways and assessed their impact on plant performance in response to abiotic stresses, which can provide valuable insights
Vector species, pasture legume host range, and impact on grain legumes of an Australian soybean dwarf virus isolate
No full textSoybean dwarf virus (SbDV; family Tombusviridae, genus Luteovirus, species Soybean dwarf virus) can cause damaging disease epidemics in cultivated plants of the family Fabaceae. The biological characteristics of SbDV isolate WA-8, including its vector species, host range, and impact on Australian grain legume cultivars, were investigated in a series of glasshouse experiments. Isolate WA-8 was classified as the YP strain, as it was transmitted by Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) and Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) and infected known strain indicator species. Of the 18 pasture legume species inoculated with SbDV, 12 were SbDV hosts, including eight that had not been identified previously as hosts. When inoculated with SbDV, field pea (Pisum sativum), faba bean (Vicia faba), lentil (Lens culinaris), and narrow-leafed lupin cv. Jurien were the most susceptible (70 to 100% plant infection rates), and albus lupin (Lupinus albus), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and narrow-leafed lupin cv. Mandelup were less susceptible (20 to 70%). Over the course of three experiments, chickpea was the most sensitive to infection, with a\u3e97% reduction in dry above-ground biomass (AGB) and a 100% reduction in seed yield. Field pea cv. Gunyah, faba bean, and lentil were also sensitive, with a 36 to 61% reduction in AGB. Field pea cv. Kaspa was relatively tolerant, with no significant reduction in AGB or seed yield. The information generated under glasshouse conditions in this study provides important clues for understanding SbDV epidemiology and suggests that it has the potential to cause damage to Australian grain legume crops in the field, especially if climate change facilitates its spread
BEN Signage Installation Map – Shire of Gingin - South
No full textBeach Emergency Number (BEN) Signage Installation Map – Shire of Gingin - Southhttps://library.dpird.wa.gov.au/gis_bens/1031/thumbnail.jp
Length–length relationships for the main shark species caught in the commercial shark fisheries of Western Australia
No full textLength–length relationships are presented for 19 shark species caught in the commercial shark fisheries of Western Australia. A robust linear regression model was used to estimate the relationship between interdorsal, total and fork lengths. Sharks are typically landed as trunks, so information generated in our study is essential for converting partial lengths to total lengths for reconstructing catch composition, an essential step for assessing the status of shark populations