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(Vazha Melikishvili’s “Memory Cube” in Senaki)
No full text1970-იანი წლების ბოლოს, საქართველოს პატარა ქალაქ სენაკში დაიდგა „ხსოვნის კუბი“, როგორც მეორე მსოფლიო ომისადმი მიძღვნილი მემორიალი. მასში გამოვლინდა ომის განსხვავებული, „არასაბჭოური“ ხედვა. სტატიაში ამ დავიწყებულ მონუმენტზე ვამახვილებთ ყურადღებას და განვიხილავთ საბჭოთა, მეორე მსოფლიო ომისადმი მიძღვნილ მემორიალური ქანდაკებების კონტექსტში. ისეთ იდეოლოგიურ ქვეყანაში, როგორიც საბჭოთა კავშირი იყო, ომის თემაც მკაცრად რეგლამენტირებული გახდა. იდეოლოგიურ ხელოვნებაში ომისადმი მიძღვნილი მონუმენტების პრიორიტეტული თემები (გმირი საბჭოთა ჯარისკაცის სახე, გამარჯვების პათოსი, ჰეროიკულობა) საბჭოთა მოდერნიზმის ეპოქის (1960-1980-იანი წლების) ქართულ ქანდაკებაში განსხვავებული აქცენტებით იცვლება (მერაბ ბერძენიშვილის, ელგუჯა ამაშუკელის, გიორგი ოჩიაურის მონუმენტები). ომის ჰეროიკული წარმოჩენა ვაჟა მელიქიშვილის „ხსოვნის კუბში“ ომის, როგორც კატასტროფის გაგებით იცვლება. აქ არა მხოლოდ იდეა და შინაარსი, არამედ გამოსახვაც ახლებურ მხატვრულ ფორმაშია ხორცშესხმული.At the end of the 1970s, The Memory Cube, a memorial commemorating World War II, was erected in the small
Georgian town of Senaki. The work betrays an unconventional, non-Soviet vision of war. Our essay focuses on
this forgotten monument and views it in the context of Soviet memorial statues dedicated to World War II. In such
ideologically oriented countries as the Soviet Union, the priority themes of monuments commemorating war—these
including the image of a heroic Soviet soldier, the pathos of war, heroics—were replaced with different accents (in
the monuments by Merab Berdzenishvili, Elguja Amashukeli, and Giorgi Ochiauri, for example) in the Georgian sculpture
of the Soviet Modernist era of the 1960s-1980s. The heroic understanding of war is eclipsed by the idea of war
as a disaster in The Memory Cube by Vazha Melikishvili. Here, besides idea and meaning, the form of expression is
brought to life in a novel artistic way
Political-theological Discourse in the Philosophy of Benedict Spinoza
No full textწინამდებარე ნაშრომი, „პოლიტიკურ-თეოლოგიური დისკურსი ბენედიქტ სპინოზას ფილოსოფიაში’’, ბენედიქტ სპინოზას ტექსტების პოლიტიკურად წაკითხვის მცდელობაა. სპინოზას ფილოსოფიაში ეპოქის იდეოლოგიური ზღუდეების გამო ვერ ამოთქმული თანამედროვე ეპოქაში ახალი საზრისებით იწყებს გამნიშვნელიანებას. ნაშრომის მიზანი სწორედ სპინოზას ფილოსოფიის პოტენციალის, ძალაუფლების გამოთავისუფლებაა, რომელიც თანამედროვე პოლიტიკურ ველში იჭრება და ანტი-იდეოლოგიის ფუნქციას იძენს. ახალი დროის პოლიტიკური თეორიის კრიტიკულად გადასინჯვით გამოკვეთილია სპინოზას პოლიტიკური პროექტის რევოლუციურობა, რომელიც არა მხოლოდ მეჩვიდმეტე საუკუნის ჰოლანდიის პროვინციაში, არამედ დღესაც აგრძელებს პოლიტიკური ეფექტების გაცემას. ნაშრომში, სპინოზას პოლიტიკური კონტექსტის გავლით, მის ბიოგრაფიულ ხდომილებებზე დაყრდნობით, მიმოხილული და გაანალიზებულია სპინოზას პოლიტიკური თეორიის საკვანძო ცნებები: ძალაუფლება და ძალმოსილება, სხეული და გონება, მრავლობა და დემოკრატია.The present work, entitled "Political-theological Discourse in the Philosophy of Benedict Spinoza", is an effort at a political reading of Benedict Spinoza's texts. In Spinoza's philosophy, ideas that could not be expressed because of the ideological limitations of the time begin to gain importance in the modern era with new insights. This work aims to liberate the potential, and power of Spinoza's philosophy, which penetrates the modern political field and acquires the function of anti-ideology. The critical revision of the political theory of the modern era highlights the revolutionary nature of Spinoza's political project, which continues to have political effects not only in the Dutch province of the 17th century but also today. In the work, through Spinoza's political context, based on his biographical events, the key concepts of Spinoza's political theory are reviewed and analyzed: power and Power, body and mind, multitude and democracy
Education of the border population of Georgia (50s of the twentieth century)
No full textAfter the occupation of Georgia by Soviet Russia, the country faced new difficult challenges. One of the important problems was the use of the educational system for one's own purposes. Since 1921, representatives of the Soviet government have paid great attention to increasing the number of schools, although they use them to achieve their own goals. Political "education" of society becomes their main starting principle. Society found itself at the other extreme. The Georgian political elite is in exile and fighting from there, Soviet ideas are taking root in Georgia. From the period of emigration until 1991, before the restoration of the state independence of Georgia, the work of Georgian emigrants did not stop and their efforts were directed towards gaining the freedom of Georgia. Naturally, depending on the challenges of the era, the current situation in the West and the Soviet Union, their struggle was sometimes active, and sometimes passive, although one thing can be said, the idea and the way to the goal remained unchanged
The Mirrored Interiors of the Tarkhan-Mouravi Estate - Late 18th - mid 19th centuries
No full textThe article is dedicated to the palace of Marshal Tarkhan-Mouravi or “Marshliant Sasakhle” in the village of Garikula, which belonged to the direct descendants of the last Georgian kings Heraclius II and George XII. The building was erected in the late 18th – early 19th centuries and was decorated with mirrored mihrabs, muqarnas and mosaics, as well as oriental paintings that were performed by Persian artists in the manner of perso-chinese traditions. The decoration of this building was completed around the 1830s – 1840s. History has not preserved names of the artist since, in the soviet times, one of the members of the genus Tarkhan-Mouravi Catherine had to burn the entire family archive to protect the life of her descendants. She also applied to Apollon Kutateladze, who was a rector of Tbilisi State Academy of Arts, with a request to take a right to manage the nationalized estate, which was mercilessly spoiled during the soviet regime, and even the mirror decoration was cut with axes. Indeed, from 1960 to 1991, the building formally became the location for the summer practice for arts students of the Tbilisi Academy of Arts. They came with their professors, worked and lived in the estate. After independence of Georgia, the building was returned to its rightful owners, restored to their rights. Since Princess Catherine had three children, seven grandchildren (five of them are now alive), several great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren, the total number of descendants claiming this inheritance reached 50 people
Software Implementation of Radix Sort and Quick Sort Algorithms in Python with an Object-Oriented Approach
No full textThe Political Geography of Meskheti (the Moschian Country) in the 1st Century A.D.
No full textThe paper examines a section of the Ibero-Armenian marchlands. At the end of the 1st century B.C. the Moschian country, which comprised the basins of the Chorokhi and the Upper Mtkvari (Kura), was divided into three parts: one part (the provinces of Artaani, Javakheti and Samtskhe in the Upper Mtkvari basin) was held by the Iberians, another (Klarjeti, Shavsheti and Achara in the Lower Chorokhi basin) by the Colchians, and another (Speri and Tao in the Upper and Middle Chorokhi basin and Kola in the Upper Mtkvari valley) by the Armenians. Political map of the South Caucasus changed in the 1st century A.D. when Greater Armenia lost it frontier territories to the kingdoms of Iberia, Lesser Armenia and Pontus Polemoniacus. The bulk of information on the political geography of the area is derived from Pliny’s Natural History. Analysis of Pliny’s accounts demonstrates that: (1) The north-wester border of Greater Armenia lay along the Parihedri Mountains, i. e. the Chorokhi- Euphrates watershed, and the Heniochi/Coraxici, or Kola Mountains, i.e. the westernmost section of the Mtkvari-Araxes watwershed. Hence, the basins of the Chorokhi and the Upper Mtlvari were situated outside the boundaries of the kingdom of Greater Armenia; (2) The Romans gave the land of the Armenochalybes located in the Upper Chorokhi valley (= the province of Speri of the mediaeval writers) to Aristobulus, king of Lesser Armenia; (3) The kingdom of Iberia extended its southwestern borders as far as the Pontic Mountains, approximately from modern Pazar to Gonio, and the sources of the Mtkvari. Thus, the lands in the Middle and Lower Chorokhi (Tao, Klarjeti, and Shavsheti) and the Upper Mtkvari (Kola, Artaani, Javakheti and Samtskhe) were in Iberia by the mid-fi rst century. These lands are described as the Moschorum tractus by Pliny. Only the coastal section of the Chorokhi, from Artvin to the mouth (i. e. western part of Klarjeti and Achara), might be under the control of the Lazi. Pliny’s description of the South Caucasus is based on the reports from the Armenian campaigns of Domitius Corbulo and other Roman generals, and, therefore, is a valuable source for the historical geography of the region of his time
Megalithic Culture of Historic Basiani
No full textFirst of all, it should be noted that the present letter includes the research of one part of the material culture monuments of the historical Basiani region, currently in Eastern Turkey (Fasinler, Kofrukoy) - samples of megalithic, cyclopean construction. We note here that the aim of the work is the primary, scientific presentation of the material identified by the expedition team. Part of the material found by us as a result of field-expedition works is published for the first time - thus, an attempt of scientific study is attached to it in the form of historical-cultural analysis of the region, scientific annotation of cultural monuments and their classification-dating. The issues raised within the research, conclusions, attempts to date and classify the monuments are obviously primary in nature and require future study.
In the Basiani region (Turkey), within the scope of the expeditions, we traced more than two dozen monuments of megalithic culture, although the present letter will present an attempt at scientific analysis of only about ten of them. A large part of the mentioned monuments have been destroyed almost to the ground, which complicates the possibility of a more or less complete scientific reasoning about them. Monuments with plans that have survived in a relatively complete form were selected for the study - it was by taking into account planning features, construction techniques and materials that the typological differences of the given cyclopean construction were highlighted. Different types of planning, construction techniques and materials allow us to more or less determine the time range of the construction of monuments. It is important that a complete study of the mentioned monuments is impossible without archaeological excavations. Nevertheless, the art-scientific analysis of the presented group of monuments gave us important results, which became even clearer in the light of historical research. By analyzing the historical sources and studying the morphology of the monuments, it was possible to determine the general time range of the construction of this large group of almost destroyed buildings
Prince Ashushan: Strokes to the Portrait
No full textAt the end of the 6th century, in the ethnically mixed province of the Georgian state _Vitaxate of Kartli _ tension arose between Georgians and Armenians, which turned into the dispute over theological issues and at the first decade of the 7th century ended with a public declaration of the dogmatic differences between Georgian and Armenian churches.
The contemporaneous Georgian texts reflecting this polemic are not available now. We have only Armenian ones at our disposal which are preserved in the collection of correspondences referred as the “Book of Letters”.
The focus of the present research is one correspondence from the said collection: the letter of the Catholicos of Kartli K’yrion to Marzpan of Hyrcania Smbat Bagratuni. This is K’yrion’s reply to Smbat’s letter.
The Georgian Catholicos addresses Smbat _ the representative of Armenians and at the same time high rank official of Shah of Iran from him personally and also from the noblemen of the country of Georgians. Among them, he names two princes. One is At’rnerseh and another _ Ashushan.
There are many opinions expressed about identification of At’rnerseh. However, Ashushan attracted little attention of the researchers. Only Z. Aleksidze, the translator of the “Book of Letters” into Georgian, briefly noted about him that he should be Vitaxa of Kartli, because this name Ashushan/Arshusha was the family name of Georgian Vitaxae. Many years ago, the author of this article too in connection with the research of other problems, had touched on the question of the identity of Ashushan and gave a certain answer to it. But that answer (which as it has been turned out now is essentially correct) by that time was not supported with full historical context.
In the present paper the research focus is solely on Ashushan and all available evidences are merged into one narrative about him. First of all, it is proved that the nobleman Ashushan recorded in the “Book of Letters” in connection to facts of the beginning of the 7th century, was the Vitaxa of Kartli. This person also is mentioned in the “Martyrdom of St. Eustathius of Mtskheta” in the context of the facts of the same period. After these identification in the article some strokes of Ashushan’s portrait are represented. After the abolishment of the Georgian monarchy in the second half of the 6th century during the subsequent decades of absence of the supreme secular authority in Kartli, the triumvirate of offi cials, consisting of Catholicos of Kartli, Mamasakhlisi of Kartli and Vitaxa of Kartli, represented the Georgian side in international relations.
For at least two decades the position of Vitaxa was held by Arshusha/Ashushan.
Arshusha/Ashushan was a political figure with great influence and power. That’s why it was important that he supported the national project of Georgian Catholicos K’yrion, which was aimed at deepening the process of ethno-cultural integration of Vitaxate into the Georgian state. With this step, Arshusha/Ashushan diametrically changed the particularistic politics of his predecessors.
Due to the change in the traditional course of the Vitaxate (which apart from centrifugal aspirations meant collaboration of Vitaxae with Armenian partners as well), Arshusha/Ashushan proved to be categorically unacceptable for the Armenian statesmen and the ethnic Armenian church hierarchs living in Kartli. Arshusha/Ashushan was ignored by them despite the fact that the Armeno-Georgian confl ict concerned just the province he ruled. On the other hand, the pro-centrist orientation of this Vitaxa of Kartli was the “trump card” in the hands of the Georgians.
Arshusha/Ashushan was a flexible politician. Despite his openly pro-Georgian and pro-Christian sentiments, he used to manage to maintain good relations and ensure proper communication with the Shah’s officials in Kartli
ტიცეს სინდრომი, როგორც გულმკერდში ტკივილის მიზეზი პოსტ-კოვიდ-19 პერიოდში
No full textTietze syndrome is a rare disease. It is mainly characterized by chest pain caused by a unilateral and monoarticular lesion of the second-fifth costal joints. Tietze syndrome is one of the potential complications
in the post-COVID-19 period. It is one of the differential diagnoses for non-ischemic chest pain. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, this syndrome is easily manageable. The authors present a case of a
38-year-old male who had been diagnosed with Tietze syndrome in the post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) period