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Trading Determinism for Noncommutativity in Edmonds\u27 Problem
No full textLet X=X1 X2 ∪ · ∪ Xk be a partitioned set of variables such that the variables in each part xi are noncommuting but for any i≠q j, the variables x Xi commute with the variables x′ xj. Given as input a square matrix t whose entries are linear forms over QX, we consider the problem of checking if t is invertible or not over the universal skew field of fractions of the partially commutative polynomial ring QX [1]. In this paper, we design a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm for this problem for constant k. The special case k=1 is the noncommutative Edmonds\u27 problem (NSINGULAR) which has a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm by recent results [2]-[4]. En-route, we obtain the first deterministic polynomial-time algorithm for the equivalence testing problem of k-tape weighted automata (for constant k) resolving a longstanding open problem [5], [6]. Algebraically, the equivalence problem reduces to testing whether a partially commutative rational series over the partitioned set X is zero or not [6]. Decidability of this problem was established by Harju and Karhumäki [5]. Prior to this work, a randomized polynomial-time algorithm for this problem was given by Worrell [6] and, subsequently, a deterministic quasipolynomial-time algorithm was also developed [7]
Assessment of Nutritional Status Using Anthropometric Index and its Associated Factors Among Under-Five Children in India: A Cross-Sectional Study from the National Family Health Survey-V (2019–2021)
No full textMalnutrition in early life, either undernutrition or overnutrition, can be the underlying cause of many noncommunicable diseases. Now a days, child growth failure is an enduring public health concern in lower- and middle-income families. The Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) helps us in understanding the child\u27s nutritional status. CIAF can intensively identify undernutrition by combining several indicators of nutritional status—namely, weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height. The National Family Health Survey (2019–2021) of India has unrolled the opportunity to reexamine the use of CIAF and its determinants. Therefore, the present study aims to assess undernutrition using CIAF and its determinants on children under five in India. The present paper availed data on 232, 920 children of age less than 59 months from the latest cross-sectional study of the National Family Health Survey (2019–2021). The nutritional status of the children was assessed by measuring weight and height. CIAF and conventional indices were used for assessing the nutritional status of the children. The independent variables studied were mother\u27s age during childbirth, height, educational attainment, working status, body mass index, anemic status, gestational period of childbearing, religion, caste, regional geographic division, wealth index, age, sex, and food habits of the child. Binary logistic regression was used to explore the determinants of CIAF. Among under-five children, 49.1 percent experienced anthropometric failure (overall prevalence of undernutrition based on the CIAF). Assessment of nutritional status by conventional anthropometric index revealed that prevalence of underweight, stunted, and wasted were 34.6%, 30.5%, and 16.6%, respectively. Binary regression revealed that mother\u27s age during childbirth, height, educational attainment, BMI, anemia, gestational period of childbearing, geographical zones, wealth index, and age of child had a significant association with both composite indices and conventional indices. The sex of the child showed a significant relationship with composite indices, whereas in conventional indices underweight showed no significant relationship with sex of the child. Breastfed children were found to perform better than semisolid-fed and solid-food-fed children
CORPUS LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY
No full textThe chapter on linguistics and technology is written by Professor Niladri Sekhar Dash of the Indian Statistical Institute in India. In the chapter ‘Corpus Linguistics and Language Technology’, he reviews the state-of-the-art in corpus linguistics and language technology. The review covers some major domains of technology applications, including digital font generation and conversion, language corpus building, corpus processing, corpus annotation, and corpus utilization
North–South Capital Movement and the Global Environment
No full textThe paper re-examines the hypothesis: free movement of capital from capital-rich “Northern” to capital-poor “Southern” countries worsens the global environment. Assuming that national governments regulate the pollution level optimally, by trading off the marginal benefit of pollution against its marginal cost, it is found that, North is generally a larger polluter. Also, a zero to positive level of foreign direct investment worsens the global environment but a higher level of investment is not necessarily associated with more global pollution. As countries move from non-cooperation to cooperation in setting environment policies, world environment quality improves, and there is more foreign direct investment. With foreign direct investment, the welfare implications for the North are not clear and the South unambiguously gains. These results are derived assuming environment to be a neutral good. When environment is a normal good, a move from autarky to non-cooperative FDI equilibrium entails that even South may lose in welfare as the North, and in absolute terms, North will pollute less than the South. Further, in general, there is little rationale for harmonisation of environmental policies across countries
PUBLIC ACTION AND FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA: Report from a participant-observer
No full textIn the 1990s, with the onset of policies of economic liberalisation, there was a strong move, in line with the tenets of fiscal conservatism, to reduce the food subsidy by means of introducing targeted distribution of food in the PDS or public distribution system. There was a forceful debate in India on targeting versus universal transfers that involved policymakers, academics, and activists, and that was carried out in multiple fora including books and journals, the media, and public discussion. The chapter discusses this debate and the role of scholars in policymaking on food security during the 1990s and 2000s
Status of Morbidity in SAARC Countries: Analysis with Panel Data
No full textThe purpose of this study is to explore the fertility differentials of Bangladesh by considering some socioeconomic and demographic factors using BDHS 2018 data. Differentials of fertility are examined by some selected background variables: age at marriage, education, place of residence, religion, region, work status of women,, women\u27s participation in nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), husband\u27s education, husband\u27s occupation, and birth status of women of Bangladesh. The average number of children ever-born per ever-married woman of different age groups from \u3c20 to 45+ is used as the measurement technique of the differentials of fertility to the selected variables. The results have been presented that the current scenario of fertility differentials of the selected variables have positive or negative indirect effects on the reproductive behavior of Bangladesh. The analysis reveals that age at marriage has a reducing effect on fertility furthermore the increase in the age at marriage and level of education may effectively reduce the reproductive performance of the women in Bangladesh. Again, the urban–rural differentials of fertility show that the rural fertility is higher than the urban. Besides these socioeconomic variables, women\u27s and men\u27s labor force participation influences fertility negatively. It is usually seen that those who are engaged in non-manual (mental) work have less number of children, as compared with those who are in manual (physical) work. There are eight administrative divisions in Bangladesh, which are Barishal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Mymensingh, and Sylhet. Regional differentials of fertility have reflected that fertility is higher in Sylhet, Chittagong, and Mymensingh divisions with the average number of children ever-born per woman being 2.968, 2.844, and 2.873. Fertility is lowest in Khulna (2.075), Rajshahi (2.198), and Rangpur (2.208). Dhaka and Barisal have intermediate levels of fertility, with an average of 2.355 and 2.438 children per woman. The regional differentials reveal the regional variation in fertility and those may be the result of education, occupation, religion, urbanization, and economic condition of that area
Cancellations in Short Sums related to Hecke-Cusp Forms
No full textIn number theory, a problem which arises in a variety of contexts is getting non- trivial cancellation for the general correlation problem, specially when we assume that they are short sums related to Hecke-cusp forms. In my thesis, I have studied the cancellation range for those short sums where they have non-trivial bounds. For these problems, we have used the delta method which was developed by Prof. Ritabrata Munshi in his famous circle method papers. I have studied the delta method in the first chapter of the thesis where the reader will get a notion about the structure of the delta method. In the second and third chapter, I have improved the well-known cancellation range for the short sums related to GL(1) twists of GL(2) Hecke-cusp forms and got significant ranges, without going through the theory of L-functions. In the last chapter, I have studied a subconvexity problem, which, after applying the approximate functional equation, boils down to short sums
Essays in Decision Theory
No full textThis thesis contains three chapters on individual decision-making and choice. The first chapter introduces a general model of decision-making where alternatives are sequentially examined by a decision maker. Our main object of study is a decision rule that maps infinite sequences of alternatives to a decision space. Within the class of decision rules, we focus on two natural subclasses: stopping and uniform stopping rules. Our main result establishes an equivalence between these two subclasses. Next, we introduce the notion of computability of decision rules using Turing machines and show that computable rules can be implemented using a simpler computational device: a finite automaton. We further show that computability of choice rules —a subclass of decision rules—is implied by their continuity with respect to a natural topology. Finally, we provide a revealed preference “toolkit” and characterize some natural choice procedures in our framework. The second chapter introduces a model of decision-making that formalizes the idea of rejection behavior using binary relations. We propose a procedure where a decision maker rejects the minimal alternatives from any decision problem. We provide an axiomatic foundation of this procedure and introduce a shortlisting model of choice where this procedure leads to a new type of a consideration set mapping: the rejection filter. We study the testable implications of this shortlisting model using observed reversals in choice. Next, we relate our findings to the existing literature and show that our model provides a novel explanation of some empirically observed behavior. Finally, we introduce and characterize a simple two-stage model of stochastic choice using rejection filters. The third chapter studies studies the Copeland set, a popular tournament solution, from a revealed preference perspective. Two choice procedures where a decision maker has a fixed underlying tournament are introduced and behaviorally characterized: (i) a deterministic choice rule that selects for every menu, the Copeland set of the tournament restricted to that menu; and (ii) a stochastic choice rule that assigns to every menu, a probability distribution over it in a “Luce” manner, where the Luce “weight” of each alternative is generated using its the Copeland score in that men
Leveraging software engineering frameworks, methods and tools to automate CRM pre-sales in real estate applications
No full textIn this thesis, we leverage the learning from Essence, a “language and kernel“ of Software Engineering, which has resulted from the efforts of the SEMAT initiative founded to bring together industry, research and education to deal with the problem of immature practice in software engineering. We have developed a framework to address the microservices lifecycle using Domain Driven Design (DDD), and introduced three alphas along with the Work Products and Activities associated with those alphas. This is industry agnostic and can be used anywhere. Then onwards, we have focused our attention on automating real estate CRM (presales) as our industry scenario, and have stated with creating an agile approach using Scrum and Essence, intended to address the issues that many Scrum implementations face by leveraging the strengths of Essence. Our next endeavour has been to create a full-fledged software engineering method that adopts the User Story practice to address the requirements area and the microservices practice to develop and deploy the software system. This is intended to provide a comprehensive view of the software endeavor by creating a method adopting a set of practices using Essence as the common ground. This exercise, carried out for our industry scenario, can be similarly extended for other industries as well with Essence as the unifying framework. Delving deeper into CRM pre-sales functionalities, we have decided to focus on the core area of the assignment process that deals with the dynamics of scheduling/ rescheduling of site visit requests from leads in the backdrop of the availability/ unavailability of Sales Executives on the said day of site visit along with applicable constraints. This is essentially a workflow process, and we have used Petri nets to model the same, given the widespread applicability of Petri net in modelling similar application domains and workflows. We have constructed generalized Petri net models of the assignment process and verified if they satisfy the desired properties of the systems being modelled by carrying out their behavioural analysis. We would next consider those processes whose execution is necessary as prerequisites for the assignment process to function, and which are also instrumental in setting up the post-processing aspects of the assignment process. Key outcome of those processes would be the priority setting of leads (indicative of their maturity potential) and the queue adjustment of Sales Executives (indicative of their availability at that point of time). To ensure the smooth running of the automation process it is necessary to consider the operational aspects of these processes we are talking about. Accordingly we have detailed out the underlying functionalities of these processes with their operational characteristics during system go-live followed by the steady state execution. We have modelled those processes using Petri net and validated their conformance to certain verification criteria by doing behavioural analysis. The value of the Petri net based modelling exercises in terms of clarifying and improving our design understanding can also apply to other industry domains where similar Petri net based modelling and analysis can be conducted
A new species of Talantodiscus (Family Pleurotomariidae Swainson, 1840) from the Late Jurassic of the Kutch, Western India
No full textTalantodiscus is a rare genus within the pleurotomariid gastropods represented by only seven species from nine different Mesozoic localities of New Zealand and Europe, appearing from the late Middle Triassic (Late Ladinian) to the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) in the fossil record. In the present paper, we report a new species, i.e., Talantodiscus gujaratensis, from the topmost Tithonian bed of the Kutch Basin, western India. The new find extends the palaeobiogeographic range of the genus to the western India beside New Zealand and European localities. Also, the last appearance datum (LAD) of the genus is extended to the latest of the Jurassic (Tithonian)