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Gold nanoparticles for photothermal and photodynamic therapy
No full textFor centuries, researchers have explored the potential medical applications of colloidal gold. However, recently, the synthesis and assessment of various gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have captured the keen interest of the scientific community. Ongoing investigations have confirmed numerous benefits of nanogold in comparison with other nanomaterials. This is primarily attributed to the highly refined methods used to produce GNPs of diverse sizes and shapes, each endowed with unique properties. Moreover, the capacity to modify the surface of GNPs with various targeting and functional substances greatly expands the scope of their potential applications in biomedicine. Of particular significance is their role in cancer treatment, where they exhibit remarkable efficiency in both photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). GNPs exhibit remarkable photothermal conversion properties, absorbing and converting near-infrared light into localized heat, which can selectively ablate cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Moreover, GNPs can serve as efficient photosensitizers in PDT, generating reactive oxygen species upon light irradiation, thereby inducing cytotoxic effects in cancer cells. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current advancements and strategies in employing GNPs for PTT and PDT in cancer therapy. It discusses the underlying mechanisms of GNPs\u27 interaction with light and their subsequent effects on cancer cells, highlighting the potential for enhanced therapeutic outcomes and reduced side effects. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with the clinical translation of GNP-based therapies are explored, underscoring the need for tailored approaches to optimize treatment efficacy and safety. As the field continues to evolve, harnessing the unique properties of GNPs for PTT and PDT holds immense potential for revolutionizing cancer treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes
Rajeeva Laxman Karandikar: An Appreciation
No full textIn an illustrious career spanning over four decades, Professor Rajeeva Laxman Karandikar (RLK) has made several seminal contributions to academics
Homotopical computations for projective Stiefel manifolds and related quotients
No full textIt deals with various homogeneous spaces associated with the real and complex Stiefel manifolds and their homotopical computations. Primarily we work with the complex projective Stiefel manifolds. We compute their Brown-Peterson cohomology using homotopy fixed point spectral sequence and then using BP-cohomology operations provide some criteria for non-existence of an equivariant map between various complex projective Stiefel manifolds under the action of the circle group. We also study the p-local homotopy type of complex projective Stiefel manifolds and various other quotients of Stiefel manifolds and show that they admit a product decomposition into a complex projective space or lens space and some bunch of odd dimensional spheres after p-localization for all but finitely many primes p. We also calculate characteristic classes for certain quotients of Stiefel manifolds and then derive results on certain numerical invariants, such as characteristic rank, skew embedding dimensions for those space
Embedding problems for the ´etale fundamental group of curves
No full textLet X be a smooth projective curve over an algebraically closed field k of char- acteristic p \u3e 0, S be a finite subset of closed points in X. Given an embedding problem (β : Γ ↠ G, α : π´et 1 (X \S) ↠ G) for the ´etale fundamental group π´et 1 (X \S), where H = ker(β) is prime-to-p, we discuss when an H-cover W → V of the G- cover V → X corresponding to α is a proper solution. When H is abelian and G is a p-group, some necessary and sufficient conditions for solving the embedding prob- lems are given in terms of the action of G on a certain generalization of Pic0(V )[m], the m-torsion of the Picard group. When a solution exists, we discuss the problem of finding the number of (non-equivalent) solutions and the minimum of genera of the covers corresponding to proper solutions for the given embedding problem
A review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in remediating toxic metals in mine-affected soils
No full textMines are natural reservoirs of various minerals, metals, and metalloids. Several heavy metals (HMs), such as Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Ni, are major anthropogenic pollutants that cause severe environmental pollution. The accumulation of these toxic HMs in soils has raised several concerns for crop growth, food safety, and marketing. Physiological and biochemical processes in plants are severely impacted by HMs, disrupting normal metabolic activities and reducing biomass production. Phytoremediation plays a pivotal role in addressing HM contamination by offering an eco-friendly, economical, and holistic solution. Similarly, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a significant role by forming a symbiotic relationship with plant roots. In this association, plants provide root exudates, while AMF enhance plant growth under heavy metal stress by supplying essential nutrients, minerals, and water. These fungi also improve nutrient status, soil quality, and ecosystem stability. The present review and meta-analysis encompass an examination of the global distribution of toxic HMs in mining-affected areas. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of various plant species and microbes, particularly AMF, in mitigating HM stress and its impact on plant growth and nutrition. The meta-analysis also evaluates the efficacy of AMF as a remediation strategy for HM-impacted mine soils
Almost Perfect Mutually Unbiased Bases that are Sparse
No full textSelected ideas of statistical designs are exploited in this paper in constructions related to Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs). In dimension d, MUBs are a collection of orthonormal bases over Cd such that for any two vectors v1,v2 belonging to different bases, the dot or scalar product |⟨v1|v2⟩|=1d. The upper bound on the number of such bases is d+1. Construction methods to achieve this bound are known for cases when d is some power of prime. The situation is more restrictive in other cases and also when we consider the results over real rather than complex. Thus, certain relaxations of this model are considered in literature and consequently Approximate MUBs (AMUB) are studied. This enables one to construct potentially large number of such objects for Cd as well as in Rd. In this regard, we propose the concept of Almost Perfect MUBs (APMUB), where we restrict the absolute value of inner product |⟨v1|v2⟩| to be two-valued, one being 0 and the other ≤1+O(d-λ)d, such that λ\u3e0 and the numerator 1+O(d-λ)≤2. Each such vector constructed, has an important feature that large number of its components are zero and the non-zero components are of equal magnitude. Our techniques are based on combinatorial structures related to Resolvable Block Designs (RBDs), that are used extensively in statistical designs. We show that for several composite dimensions d, one can construct O(d) many APMUBs, in which cases the number of MUBs are significantly small. To be specific, this result works for d of the form (q-e)(q+f),q,e,f∈N, with the conditions 0≤f≤e for constant e, f and q some power of prime. We also show that such APMUBs provide sets of Bi-angular vectors which are of the order of O(d32) in numbers, having high angular distances among them. Finally, as the MUBs are equivalent to a set of Hadamard matrices, we show that the APMUBs are so with the set of Weighing matrices
Analysis of the Spectral Contrast between Fossil-bearing and Fossil-depleted Limestone from the Kachchh Region, NW India Using Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy Data
No full textWe analyzed the reflectance and emittance spectra of representative samples of mega and microfossil-bearing limestones and identified the mineralogical controls, which may have led to the preservation of mega and microfossils in the limestone within the spectral domain of 400-2500 nm and 8000-14000 nm. In this regard, we collected and analyzed the reflectance and emittance spectra of fossil-bearing and fossil-depleted limestone samples using respective reflectance and emittance spectra of their dominant constituent minerals. Reflectance spectra of mega and microfossil-bearing limestones have prominent absorption features diagnostic to iron and clay minerals, while emittance spectra of these rocks confirm the presence of silica in the fossil-bearing limestone samples. Spectral features of iron minerals are identified based on the presence of absorption minima at 480 nm and 900 nm, while clay minerals have features at 2200 nm. Presence of silica was identified with emissivity minima at 9000 nm. Laboratory spectral observations are substantiated by field observation and mineralogical studies. Fossil-depleted limestone samples, on the other hand, are characterized by the absence of iron oxide, clay and silica. Spectral contrast between fossil-bearing and the fossil-depleted limestone have allowed us to infer certain mineralogical controls essential for fossil preservation and the role of iron, clay minerals in preserving fossils is discussed in detail. Further, spectral analysis in visible, near infrared, short wave infrared and thermal infrared electromagnetic domain may provide rapid and non-destructive mineralogical assessment of fossil-bearing and fossil-depleted limestone
BEERS2: RNA-Seq simulation through high fidelity in silico modeling
No full textSimulation of RNA-seq reads is critical in the assessment,comparison,benchmarking and development of bioinformatics tools.Yet the field of RNA-seq simulators has progressed little in the last decade. To address this need we have developed BEERS2, which combines a flexible and highly configurable design with detailed simulation of the entire library preparation and sequencing pipeline.BEERS2 takes input transcripts (typically fully length messenger RNA transcripts with polyA tails) from either customizable input or from CAMPAREE simulated RNA samples. It produces realistic reads of these transcripts as FASTQ, SAM or BAM formats with the SAM or BAM formats containing the true alignment to the reference genome. It also produces true transcript-level quantification values. BEERS2 combines a flexible and highly configurable design with detailed simulation of the entire library preparation and sequencing pipeline and is designed to include the effects of polyA selection and RiboZero for ribosomal depletion, hexamer priming sequence biases, GC-content biases in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification,barcode read errors and errors during PCR amplification.These characteristics combine to make BEERS2 the most complete simulation of RNA-seq to date. Finally, we demonstrate the use of BEERS2 by measuring the effect of several settings on the popular Salmon pseudoalignment algorithm
Berger-Coburn-Lebow representation for pure isometric representations of product system over N02
No full textWe obtain Berger-Coburn-Lebow (BCL)-representation for pure isometric covariant representation of product system over N02. Then the corresponding complete set of (joint) unitary invariants is studied, and the BCL-representations are compared with other canonical multi-analytic descriptions of the pure isometric covariant representation. We characterize the invariant subspaces for the pure isometric covariant representation. Also, we study the connection between the joint defect operators and Fringe operators, and the Fredholm index is introduced in this case. Finally, we introduce the notion of congruence relation to classify the isometric covariant representations of the product system over N02