Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental
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TOXIC EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES IN FARM WORKERS IN NAVOLATO, SINALOA (MEXICO)
Get PDFThe impact of chronic exposure to pesticides, especially among farmworkers, continues to be an area of research interest, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to measure and compare levels and profiles of pesticides in farm environments and farmworkers in an agricultural area of Mexico, as well as their effects in this cohort. Organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides were measured in soil and water samples from farms in the Navolato Valley, Sinaloa, Mexico. Levels of these pesticides as well as transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and hemoglobin were also measured in blood and urine from farmworkers of the study area and compared with levels in a control population. All 17 target organochlorine pesticides and four of nine target organophosphate pesticides were detected in soil and water samples. In farmworkers, 14 of 17 target organochlorine pesticides and seven of nine organophosphate pesticides were detected. Pesticide profiles were similar in farmworkers as in the environment. In comparison, only six organochlorine pesticides and three organophosphate pesticides were detected in control population, in much lower concentrations and with lower detection frequencies. Clinical analyses indicated that levels of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase were elevated while levels of hemoglobin and acetylcholinesterase were depressed in farmworkers compared to the control group. The results indicate that farmworkers are suffering from chronic exposure to workplace pesticides and could endure adverse health effects. The impact of chronic exposure to pesticides, especially among farmworkers, continues to be an area of research interest, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to measure and compare levels and profiles of pesticides in farm environments and farmworkers in an agricultural area of Mexico, as well as their effects in this cohort. Organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides were measured in soil and water samples from farms in the Navolato Valley, Sinaloa, Mexico. Levels of these pesticides as well as transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and hemoglobin were also measured in blood and urine from farmworkers of the study area and compared with levels in a control population. All 17 target organochlorine pesticides and four of nine target organophosphate pesticides were detected in soil and water samples. In farmworkers, 14 of 17 target organochlorine pesticides and seven of nine organophosphate pesticides were detected. Pesticide profiles were similar in farmworkers as in the environment. In comparison, only six organochlorine pesticides and three organophosphate pesticides were detected in control population, in much lower concentrations and with lower detection frequencies. Clinical analyses indicated that levels of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase were elevated while levels of hemoglobin and acetylcholinesterase were depressed in farmworkers compared to the control group. The results indicate that farmworkers are suffering from chronic exposure to workplace pesticides and could endure adverse health effects.
ANÁLISIS REGIONAL DE LA CONTAMINACIÓN POR PLAGUICIDAS ORGANOCLORADOS EN LECHE HUMANA EN GUERRERO, MÉXICO
Get PDFDuring the 20th century in Mexico, organochlorine pesticides were applied intensively to combat various problems. The National Campaign for Malaria Eradication implied the intensive use of the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). On the other hand, hexachlorobenzene and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane) were used for protection of seeds and agricultural crops, causing a prolonged exposure of population. For this reason, this study evaluated the magnitude and distribution of contamination by these organochlorine pesticides in the state of Guerrero, Mexico, through the analysis of breast milk. From both urban and rural locations, 171 samples of volunteer donor mothers were collected in the seven regions of the State . The chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography. Median concentrations of total DDT were 0.833 mg/kg in lipid base, while hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) presented 0.009 and 0.004 mg/kg, respectively. Comparisons for concentrations of the compounds between regions were made likewise. There were statistically significant differences in total DDT concentrations (p < 0.05), with higher levels in the Costa Chica (0.961 mg/kg) and Tierra Caliente (1.087 mg/kg). Meanwhile, the Costa Grande presented the highest concentration of β-HCH throughout the state (0.018 mg/kg). Women from rural areas had higher levels of all pesticides (with the exception of β-HCH) than those living in urban locations. The information generated may be useful to the design of studies that explain the role of these pollutants in the health of the population of this region of Mexico, and for the establishment of public policies and prevention and control programs. Durante el siglo XX en México se aplicaron plaguicidas organoclorados intensivamente para combatir diversas problemáticas. La Campaña Nacional para la Erradicación del Paludismo implicó el uso de diclorodifeniltricloroetano (DDT), y además se utilizaron hexaclorobenceno (HCB) y γ-hexaclorociclohexano (Lindano) para la protección de semillas y cultivos agrícolas, causando una elevada exposición de la población. Por tal motivo, en este estudio se evaluó la magnitud y distribución de la contaminación por plaguicidas organoclorados en Guerrero, México, mediante el análisis de leche materna. Se recolectaron 171 muestras de madres donadoras voluntarias de las siete regiones del estado, en localidades urbanas y rurales. El análisis químico se realizó por cromatografía de gases. Las concentraciones medianas de DDT total fueron de 0.833 mg/kg, mientras que el HCB y β-hexaclorociclohexano (β-HCH) presentaron valores de 0.009 a 0.004 mg/kg, respectivamente. Asimismo, se realizaron comparaciones para las concentraciones de los compuestos entre regiones. En el caso del DDT total se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0.05), siendo la Costa Chica (0.961 mg/kg) y la Tierra Caliente (1.098 mg/kg) las que mayores concentraciones presentaron. Por su parte, la Costa Grande tuvo las concentraciones de β-HCH más elevadas de todo el estado (0.018 mg/kg). Las mujeres de zonas rurales presentaron niveles superiores de todos los plaguicidas (con excepción del β-HCH) que las de localidades urbanas. La información generada puede ser útil en el diseño de estudios que expliquen el papel de estos contaminantes en la salud de la población de esta región de México, y para el establecimiento de políticas públicas y programas de prevención y control
CEPAS MICROBIANAS CON POTENCIAL PARA SUSTITUIR LA FERTILIZACIÓN INORGÁNICA DE SORGO DULCE (Sorghum bicolor)
Get PDFSweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a crop destined for the production of refined sugar, alcohol, and biofuels, among others. Inorganic fertilization, although necessary, represents a practice of high economic and environmental cost. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting bacteria used as biofertilizers have the capacity to reduce or even replace inorganic fertilization. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the biofertilizer potential of microbial strains by greenhouse tests with variety Dale, and productivity in the field with varieties. Dale and Cañero, compared to conventional fertilization. A favorable symbiotic response of microbial strains was observed in greenhouse, field and in both varieties of sweet sorghum. In greenhouse, in general, the microbial strains promoted better plant characteristics (chlorophyll index, height, stem diameter and sugars content) and biomass (stem, leaves, inflorescence, aerial and radicle), compared to uninoculated plants. At field scale the response of varieties to the effect of microbial strains was competitive in relation to conventional fertilization. Stem biomass and sugar content, main productivity variables of sweet sorghum, were similar between microbial strains and conventional inorganic fertilization. The results obtained showed that the strains evaluated have the potential to substitute inorganic fertilization.El sorgo dulce (Sorghum bicolor) es un cultivo destinado a la producción de azúcar refinada, alcohol y biocombustibles, entre otros. El uso de fertilizantes de síntesis química, aunque es necesario, representa una práctica de alto costo económico y ambiental. Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares y las bacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal empleadas como biofertilizantes, tienen la capacidad de reducir e incluso sustituir a la fertilización inorgánica. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el potencial biofertilizante de cepas microbianas mediante ensayos en invernadero con la Variedad Dale, y la productividad en campo con las variedades Dale y Cañero, comparado con la fertilización convencional. Se observó una respuesta simbiótica favorable de las cepas microbianas en invernadero y campo, en ambas variedades de sorgo dulce. En general, en invernadero las cepas microbianas promovieron mejores características de planta (índice de clorofila, altura, diámetro de tallo y contenido de azúcares) y biomasa (tallo, hojas, inflorescencia, aérea y radicular), respecto a plantas no inoculadas. La respuesta en campo de las variedades al efecto de las cepas microbianas fue competitiva respecto a la fertilización convencional. La biomasa de tallo y el contenido de azúcares, que son las principales variables de productividad del sorgo dulce, fueron similares entre las cepas microbianas y la fertilización inorgánica convencional. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que las cepas evaluadas tienen potencial para sustituir a la fertilización inorgánica
Memorias Congreso Nacional de Genética 2017
Get PDF90 años del descubrimiento de la acción mutagénica de los rayos
TOXICIDAD AGUDA DIFERENCIAL DE TALSTAR® (BIFENTRINA) Y BIOTHRINE® (DELTAMETRINA) EN LA TILAPIA NILÓTICA Oreochromis niloticus
Get PDFTilapia, Oreochromis niloticus is an aquacultural important species and both, bifenthrin and deltamethrin are two synthetic pyrethroids used by Health Services in Yucatán to control Aedes aegypti mosquito, dengue’s vector. Differential acute toxicity of Talstar® (bifenthrin) and Biothrine® (deltamethrin), in tilapia O. niloticus was evaluated. Eight concentrations of Talstar® (2.5 – 400 µg/L), and eight concentrations of Biothrine® (0.56 – 112 µg/L), were used, along with a control treatment without insecticide, and three repetitions for each one. Signs of toxicity in fishes under influence of these insecticides were: erratic swimming, loss of balance and hyperventilation, especially in highest concentrations. Probit analysis showed a lethal medium concentration (LC50) at 96 hours for Talstar® of 75.11 µg/L. Confidence limits (95 %) were 58.76 and 96.34 µg/L. LC50 at 96 hours for Biothrine® was 28.36µg/L, confidence limits (95 %), were 23.29 and 35.27 µg/L). These values are considered as extremely toxic, and they should be observed with alert because they could have potential toxic effect in both, natural or aquaculture environments. It is needed to continue the evaluation of the acute and chronic toxicity mechanisms of insecticides used in the health sector for aquaculture species in México. This, because the perspectives of use of these substances and the development of aquaculture in the Yucatan peninsula. La tilapia Oreochromis niloticus es una especie de importancia en acuacultura con un desarrollo promisorio en la península de Yucatán. La bifentrina y la deltametrina son dos piretroides ampliamente utilizados por el sector salud en Yucatán para el control del mosquito Aedes aegypti, vector del dengue. Se evaluó la toxicidad aguda diferencial de Talstar® (sustancia activa, bifentrina) y Biothrine® (principio activo, deltametrina), en juveniles de tilapia O. niloticus. Se usaron ocho concentraciones de Talstar® (2.5 – 400 μg/L) y ocho concentraciones de Biothrine® (0.56 – 112 μg/L), más un testigo sin insecticida y tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Los signos de toxicidad en los peces bajo la influencia de ambos insecticidas fueron: nadadas erráticas, desbalance e hiperventilación, aunque resultaron más evidentes y en un menor tiempo de aparición, en las concentraciones más altas. El análisis probit reveló que la concentración letal media (CL50) de Talstar® fue de 75.11 μg/L a las 96 horas con intervalos de confianza (95 %) de 58.76 (inferior) y 96.34 (superior) μg/L. La CL50 de Biothrine® fue de 28.36 μg/L a las 96 horas, con intervalos de 23.29 y 35.27 μg/L. Estos valores son considerados como extremadamente tóxicos y alertan por el efecto contaminante potencial que podrían producir en ambientes naturales y de acuacultura. Es necesario continuar con la evaluación de los mecanismos de toxicidad de insecticidas que son utilizados en el sector salud para especies de importancia acuícola en México. Lo anterior por la perspectiva de continuar con su empleo y por el desarrollo del sector en la península de Yucatán
ESTADO ACTUAL DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE PLAGUICIDAS EN MÉXICO
Get PDFThis article reports research in the area of use and effects of pesticides in the environment and on human health in Mexico. A total of 394 articles published in the last 20 years in indexed or refereed journals were reviewed. Publications were grouped into 7 main subjects: 1) pesticide use pattern; 2) effects in the environment, 3) ecotoxicological studies; 4) human exposure; 5) residues in food; 6) pesticide toxicology (in vitro and in vivo studies); and 7) biopesticides and bioremediation. The analysis of these publications indicate that Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs) are currently used in agricultural areas, also historical and current use had negative effects in terrestrial and coastal ecosystems. Health effects of agricultural workers and their families have been reported, such as hematological and hormonal alterations, genetic damage, behavioral alterations and cellular damage; children are the most vulnerable group of pesticides exposure; genetic, reproductive and nervous damage have been documented in cellular models and laboratory organisms and pesticide residues in milk, produce and grains have been detected. Bioremediation of contaminated soil and water as well as the use of biopesticides were reported as mitigation measures. The main recommendation of this work for the enforcement agencies and decision makers is the implementation of a pesticide registry program (type and volume) used in agriculture practices and disease control vectors, as a starting point in order to accurately measure the environmental and human health impacts that current and historical use of pesticides represent in Mexico.El presente trabajo analiza la investigación que se ha llevado a cabo en México con relación al uso y efecto de los plaguicidas en el ambiente y salud humana. Se revisaron 394 artículos publicados en los últimos 20 años en revistas indizadas o arbitradas. Las publicaciones se agruparon en 7 temas principales: 1) patrón de uso de plaguicidas, 2) efectos en el ambiente; 3) estudios ecotoxicológicos; 4) exposición en población humana; 5) residuos en alimentos; 6) toxicología de plaguicidas (estudios in vitro e in vivo); y 7) bioplaguicidas y biorremediación. El análisis de estas investigaciones indican que actualmente se utilizan Plaguicidas Altamente Peligrosos (PAPs) en las zonas agrícolas del país, su uso histórico y actual se relaciona con efectos negativos en ecosistemas terrestres y costeros, se han reportado efectos en la salud de los trabajadores agrícolas y sus familias, tales como alteraciones hematológicas, hormonales, daños genéticos, alteraciones del comportamiento y daños celulares; los niños constituyen el grupo más vulnerable a la exposición, además se han documentado daños genéticos, reproductivos y neuronales en modelos celulares y en organismos de laboratorio y se reportan residuos en alimentos como leche, hortalizas y granos. Como medidas de mitigación, se documentan procesos de biorremediación de suelos y agua contaminada, así como el uso de bioplaguicidas. La recomendación principal de este trabajo para las autoridades regulatorias y los tomadores de decisiones, es la implementación de programas de registro de plaguicidas (tipo y volumen) utilizados en prácticas agrícolas y control de vectores de enfermedades, como punto de partida para dimensionar la problemática ambiental y de salud humana que representa el uso actual e histórico de plaguicidas en México
LODOS RESIDUALES DE NEJAYOTE COMO SUSTRATOS PARA LA GERMINACIÓN DE SEMILLAS DE MAÍZ AZUL CRIOLLO
Get PDFSludge obtained from raw nejayote (RNS) and sludge obtained from nejayote treated by coagulation/flocculation (SNCF) were evaluated as substrates for the germination of blue maize from Amozoc de Mota, Puebla. The RNS and SNCF were extracted by filtration and characterized in order to differentiate their physical and chemical properties. Four substrates were prepared with different soil and sludge contents: RNS25 and RNS50 with RNS; SNCF25 and SNCF50 with SNCF. The sludge content in the substrates was 25 and 50 % by mass, respectively. Soil of the region (S) was used as reference. The experiment was carried out under an experimental design of random blocks, with five replications of the five substrates. The functionality of the substrates for germination was determined with the germination percentage (GP) between 11 and 25 days after sowing (das). Data were analyzed with unifactorial and multifactorial ANOVA. The results show that at 25 das the GPs of maize were greater than or equal to 62.5 ± 9.4 % in the different substrates. GPs > 90 % were obtained with the RNS50 substrate from 15 to 25 das, showing significant differences compared to the other substrates. Due to their low organic matter, the substrates RNS25, SNCF25 and SNCF50 required a longer time to reach the GP obtained with S. The optimum concentration of sludge and S, together with the organic matter content, enable the use of nejayote sludge for the germination of blue maize.Se evaluaron lodos del nejayote crudo (LNC) y lodos del nejayote tratado por coagulación/floculación (LNCF) como sustratos para la germinación de maíz azul proveniente de Amozoc de Mota, Puebla. Se estudiaron las características físicas y químicas de los LNC y LNCF para diferenciar sus propiedades. Se prepararon cuatro sustratos con distinto contenido de lodo y suelo: LNC25 y LNC50 con LNC; LNCF25 y LNCF50 con LNCF. El contenido de lodos en los sustratos fue de 25 y 50 % en masa, respectivamente. Se usó suelo de la región (S) como referencia. El diseño experimental consistió en bloques al azar con cinco repeticiones de los cinco sustratos. La funcionalidad de los sustratos para la germinación se determinó con el porcentaje de germinación (PG) de 11 a 25 días después de la siembra (dds). Los datos se analizaron mediante varianza unifactorial y multifactorial. Los resultados muestran que a los 25 dds los PG del maíz fueron mayores o iguales que 62.5 ± 9.4 % en los diferentes sustratos. Con el sustrato LNC50 se obtuvieron PG > 90 % de 15 a 25 dds, presentando diferencias significativas respecto a los demás. Por su bajo contenido de materia orgánica, los sustratos LNC25, LNCF25 y LNCF50 requirieron mayor tiempo para alcanzar los PG obtenidos con S. La concentración óptima de lodos y S junto con el contenido de materia orgánica posibilitan el aprovechamiento de lodos de nejayote para la germinación de maíz azul
EFFECT OF pH, MINING TAILINGS CONCENTRATION AND CULTURE MEDIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF POLYMETALLIC BIOLEACHING AT FLASK LEVEL
Get PDFThe aim of this research was to evaluate bioleaching of Mn, As, Pb and Zn from mining tailings using two different sets of variable processing conditions. In the first set pH (2.0, 4.0 and 6.0), tailings concentrations (10, 20 y 30 %, w/v [111.11, 250.00 and 428.57 g/L, respectively]), and two types of culture medium (9K [with nitrogen source] and nonN (nitrogen-free medium) were evaluated; in the second set the evaluation focused on continuous supplementation of biogenic H2SO4 oxidized with two types of culture medium (9K and nonN) at different tailings concentrations (10, 20 y 30 %, w/v [111.11, 250.00 and 428.57 g/L, respectively]), with continuous supplementation of the media previously described (9K and nonN) oxidized by the native strains Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. In the first set, the highest removal of Mn (93.49 %), As (13.92 %) and Pb (> 99 %) was observed in both media at 10 % of tailings and initial pH of 2.0. In the second experimental set, the highest removal of Mn (99 %), As (> 85 %), Pb (> 99 %) and Zn (67 %) was found with both media at 10 % of tailings and initial pH 6.0. Continuous supplementation of biologically acidified and oxidized culture media enhanced the metals removal from solid waste or tailings. Similar metals removal in media without nitrogen compared to medium with nitrogen was observed in this research. The aim of this research was to evaluate bioleaching of Mn, As, Pb and Zn from mining tailings using two different sets of variable processing conditions. In the first set pH (2.0, 4.0 and 6.0), tailings concentrations (10, 20 y 30 %, w/v [111.11, 250.00 and 428.57 g/L, respectively]), and two types of culture medium (9K [with nitrogen source] and nonN (nitrogen-free medium) were evaluated; in the second set the evaluation focused on continuous supplementation of biogenic H2SO4 oxidized with two types of culture medium (9K and nonN) at different tailings concentrations (10, 20 y 30 %, w/v [111.11, 250.00 and 428.57 g/L, respectively]), with continuous supplementation of the media previously described (9K and nonN) oxidized by the native strains Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. In the first set, the highest removal of Mn (93.49 %), As (13.92 %) and Pb (> 99 %) was observed in both media at 10 % of tailings and initial pH of 2.0. In the second experimental set, the highest removal of Mn (99 %), As (> 85 %), Pb (> 99 %) and Zn (67 %) was found with both media at 10 % of tailings and initial pH 6.0. Continuous supplementation of biologically acidified and oxidized culture media enhanced the metals removal from solid waste or tailings. Similar metals removal in media without nitrogen compared to medium with nitrogen was observed in this research.
EVALUACIÓN DEL EFECTO DEL CADMIO SOBRE LA ACTIVIDAD DE FENOLOXIDASAS DE TEJIDO CALLOSO DE Epithelantha micromeris INOCULADO CON RIZOBACTERIAS
Get PDFA biotization process is proposed as a new technique in plant tissue culture that allows in vitro the association between plants and microorganisms. Bacterization is the inoculation of callus tissue cultivated in vitro. In this process, bacteria promote the plants growth, induce changes in their development and increase the response mechanisms against stress conditions. One of the most notable effects of plants exposed to cadmium is the increment or inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, with the possible participation of phenoloxidases. The present study evaluated the response of callus tissue of Epithelantha micromeris (Engelm.) inoculated with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria through guaiacol peroxidases and hemoperoxidases activity as oxidative stress responses produced by cadmium exposition. From the results obtained, rhizobacteria occurrence per se generated a stress condition; however, in the presence of cadmium an antioxidant response was induced that includes the increment of phenoloxidases, which are oxidative stress indicators.Se propone el proceso de biotización como una nueva técnica para el cultivo de tejidos vegetales que permite la asociación entre plantas y microorganismos en condiciones in vitro. A la inoculación de tejido calloso cultivado in vitro se le denomina bacterización, proceso en que las bacterias estimulan el crecimiento de las plántulas e inducen cambios en su desarrollo, lo que les permite potenciar sus mecanismos de respuesta ante el estrés. Uno de los efectos más notables en las plantas expuestas a cadmio es el incremento o disminución de las enzimas antioxidantes, con la posible participación de las fenoloxidasas. El presente trabajo evaluó la respuesta de cultivos de callo de Epithelantha micromeris (Engelm.) inoculados con rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal, a través de la actividad de guaiacol peroxidasas y hemoperoxidasas como respuesta al estrés oxidativo producido por la exposición a cadmio. De los resultados obtenidos, la presencia de las rizobacterias per se ocasionó una condición de estrés; no obstante, en presencia de cadmio se indujo una respuesta antioxidante que incluyó el incremento de fenoloxidasas, indicadoras de estrés oxidativo.
EL GLUFOSINATO DE AMONIO ALTERA LA CALIDAD Y EL ADN DE LOS ESPERMATOZOIDES DE RATÓN
Get PDFGlufosinate ammonium (GLA) is an organophosphorus herbicide used to control weeds. GLA exposure increases premature parturition, abnormalities, and stillbirths in pregnant females, as well as a delay in preimplantation zygote development. However, it is unkown whether GLA targets sperm cells during last stages of development and maturation, and if it damages sperm quality. This study evaluated the effects of GLA exposure on sperm quality and sperm DNA following exposure during two crucial stages of sperm development, the spermatid and final maturation. Adult male ICR mice were administered daily with 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg/d GLA for 5- or 15-days of treatment (dt), and euthanized 24 h post-treatment. Spermatozoa were collected from cauda epididymis-vas deference and were then used to evaluate sperm quality and DNA damage. At 5- or 15-dt, the doses of 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg/d GLA significantly decreased sperm quality parameters. Also, at 5-dt, the dose of 10 mg/kg/d GLA significantly increased the % DFI (DNA fragmentation index), whereas at 15-dt the doses of 7.5 and 10 mg/kg/d significantly increased the mean of % DFI and %HDS (For its initials in English: High DNA stainability). These data suggest that spermatid and mature sperm cells are targeted by GLA.El glufosinato de amonio (GLA) es un herbicida organofosforado que se utiliza para el control de malezas. La exposición a GLA induce incrementos en la incidencia de partos prematuros, anormalidades y abortos en hembras preñadas, así como un retraso en el desarrollo del cigoto de preimplantación. Sin embargo, se desconoce si el GLA tiene como blanco de toxicidad a las células espermáticas durante la última fase de su desarrollo y de maduración. Este estudio evaluó los efectos del GLA sobre la calidad de los espermatozoides y del ADN espermático después de la exposición durante dos etapas cruciales, la de espermátida y la de maduración epidídimal. Ratones macho adultos de la cepa ICR fueron administrados diariamente con GLA [5, 7.5 y 10 mg/kg de peso corporal/v.o./5- ó 15-días de tratamiento (dt)], y sacrificados 24 h post-tratamiento. Los espermatozoides fueron obtenidos de la cola del epidídimo-conducto deferente y después fueron utilizados para evaluar la calidad espermática y el daño al ADN. A los 5- ó 15-dt, las dosis de 5, 7.5 y 10 mg/kg/d de GLA, disminuyeron significativamente los parámetros de calidad espermática. Asimismo, a los 5-dt, la dosis de 10 mg/kg/d incrementó significativamente el %DFI (por sus siglas en inglés, “DNA Fragmentation Index”), mientras que a los 15-dt las dosis de 7.5 y 10 mg/kg/d incrementaron significativamente la media de %DFI y %HSD (por sus siglas en inglés, “High DNA stainability” o Alta fluorescencia del ADN). Estos datos sugieren que las espermátidas tempranas y los espermatozoides maduros son blancos de la exposición a GLA