Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental
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Compostaje descentralizado de residuos orgánicos en viviendas urbanas: análisis de viabilidad ambiental y financiera para León, Guanajuato
No full textAccording to the Mexican government, climate action on waste is the second most important factor in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aimed to estimate the economic and environmental benefits of decentralized composting in dwellings in León (Mexico) to determine the feasibility of its contribution to these socio-environmental goals. The research was qualitative, and the methodological tool was the baseline study of GHG emissions with an additional approach. Data from the Program for Prevention and Comprehensive Management of Solid Waste for the year 2020 and other relevant documents selected in the literature review were triangulated with those collected in interviews with people responsible for waste management in the municipality to build analysis scenarios based on the level of social participation. The main findings were the potential reduction in public spending for collecting and disposing of domestic organic waste (from 2.8 to 34.4 million pesos) and the decrease in GHG emissions due to recycling in homes (between 68.74 and 824.91 tCO2 per year). It is concluded that the decentralized composting model is viable as a key strategy to mitigate climate change, and its contribution is economic, environmental, and social because the society would be involved in practices of shared responsibility in waste management to daily contribute to the mitigation of climate change.
La gestión de residuos sólidos es el segundo tipo de acción climática priorizada por el gobierno mexicano para contribuir a la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la viabilidad económica y ambiental del compostaje descentralizado de residuos orgánicos para viviendas del municipio de León (México) como eje de acción para la descarbonización en el sector residuos. La investigación tuvo dos pasos metodológicos: 1) el estudio de línea de base de emisiones directas de GEI y de los costos económicos de la gestión de residuos con información del Programa para la Prevención y Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos de León, los cuales fueron triangulados con datos obtenidos en entrevistas a actores clave involucrados, y 2) el análisis prospectivo para estimar la adicionalidad con base en diversos escenarios de disposición ciudadana para participar en un programa de compostaje. Los resultados obtenidos fueron favorables en dos dimensiones: a) la disminución de emisiones (adicionalidad de 68.74 a 824.91 tCO2 anuales) y b) la reducción del gasto público municipal en los servicios de recolección y disposición con beneficios posibles de 2.8 a 34.4 millones de pesos anuales. Se concluye que el compostaje descentralizado es viable ambiental y económicamente para gestionar residuos sólidos y contribuir a la mitigación del cambio climático. Por tanto, se recomienda al organismo operador implementar un proyecto piloto de compostaje descentralizado que promueva la corresponsabilidad con la sociedad para gestionar los residuos urbanos
Evaluación del riesgo a la salud por la exposición a plaguicidas a través del consumo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.), en Guasave, Sinaloa, México
Get PDFThe municipality of Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico, stands out for being one of the main agricultural producers at the national level. Among the cultivated products stands out the tomato, which is very susceptible to pest attack. So, during the establishment of the crop, the constant use of chemical pesticides is required, which leaves residues in the final product that can represent a risk for the consumer. In the present study, the presence of pesticide residues in samples of locally produced tomatoes was monitored; pesticides were extracted by the “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe” (QuEChERS) method and quantified by gas chromatography coupled to micro electron capture and pulsed flame photometric detectors. Once the analyte concentration was known, the estimated daily intake was calculated and compared with the acceptable daily intake to calculate the risk quotient. The latter was estimated in the overall (average concentration) and the worst-case (maximum concentration) scenarios. Risks were estimated for both children and adults. The results showed the presence of the pesticides methamidophos, lambda-cyhalothrin, p,p’-DDE, and malathion in the tomatoes in concentrations above the limit of quantification. However, only malathion posed an apparent health risk to children in the two scenarios evaluated. However, considering the cumulative effect of all the pesticides found, adults could also be at risk from the consumption of this vegetable. Therefore, comprehensive monitoring of pesticide residues in agricultural products for human consumption is recommended in Mexico.El municipio de Guasave, Sinaloa, México, destaca por ser uno de los principales productores agrícolas a nivel nacional. Dentro de los productos cultivados sobresale el tomate, una hortaliza muy sensible al ataque de plagas, por lo que durante el establecimiento del cultivo se requiere el uso constante de plaguicidas químicos; éstos dejan residuos en el producto final que pueden representar un riesgo para el consumidor. En el presente estudio se monitoreó la presencia de residuos de plaguicidas en muestras de tomate producido localmente. Los plaguicidas se extrajeron mediante el método “rápido, fácil, barato, efectivo, resistente y seguro” (QuEChERS, por su sigla en inglés) y cuantificados mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a los detectores de microcaptura de electrones y fotométrico de flama pulsada. Una vez conocida la concentración de analitos, se calculó la ingesta diaria estimada, la cual fue comparada con la ingesta diaria admisible para calcular el cociente de riesgo. Este último se estimó en dos escenarios, el general (concentración promedio) y el peor (concentración máxima). Los riesgos se estimaron tanto para niños como para adultos. Los resultados mostraron la presencia en los tomates de los plaguicidas metamidofos, lambda cialotrina, p,p’-DDE y malatión en concentraciones superiores al límite de cuantificación, aunque únicamente el malatión representó un riesgo aparente para la salud de los niños en los dos escenarios evaluados. Sin embargo, al considerar el efecto acumulativo de todos los plaguicidas encontrados, los adultos también podrían estar en riesgo por el consumo de esta hortaliza. Por ello, en México es recomendable la vigilancia exhaustiva de los residuos de plaguicidas en los productos agrícolas de consumo humano
Public perceptions of the health risks of air pollution in five cities: Understanding the role of atmospheric decontamination plans
No full textUrban areas in southern Chile have some of the highest levels of air pollution in Latin America. The primary cause is the use of wood-burning stoves for heating, which can account for more than 90% of the total atmospheric contamination in this area. The central and local governments have developed different strategies to address this problem; one of the main policies is called Atmospheric Decontamination Plan (ADP), which creates incentives to use more eco-friendly heater systems and restrict the use of wood-burning stoves during the winter season. The objective of the ADP is focused on reducing the emission of and . This research explores the impact of the implementation of ADP on the population’s health risk perception, which is a key element at individual and collective levels for developing mitigation and adaption strategies. Studies show that individuals with a low-risk perception of air pollution are less likely to develop self-protection strategies. A regression model was used to analyze 1456 surveys with residents of cities with and without ADP. The results show that residents of cities with ADP present higher levels of risk perception than those who live in urban areas where ADP has not been implemented. The absence of ADP is not only harmful because of the lack of incentives and regulatory mechanisms for proper air quality management but also because delaying the application of an ADP in a polluted city influences people’s ability to adequately perceive the daily hazards to which they are exposed.Urban areas in southern Chile have some of the highest levels of air pollution in Latin America. The primary cause is the use of wood-burning stoves for heating, which can account for more than 90% of the total atmospheric contamination in this area. The central and local governments have developed different strategies to address this problem; one of the main policies is called Atmospheric Decontamination Plan (ADP), which creates incentives to use more eco-friendly heater systems and restrict the use of wood-burning stoves during the winter season. The objective of the ADP is focused on reducing the emission of and . This research explores the impact of the implementation of ADP on the population’s health risk perception, which is a key element at individual and collective levels for developing mitigation and adaption strategies. Studies show that individuals with a low-risk perception of air pollution are less likely to develop self-protection strategies. A regression model was used to analyze 1456 surveys with residents of cities with and without ADP. The results show that residents of cities with ADP present higher levels of risk perception than those who live in urban areas where ADP has not been implemented. The absence of ADP is not only harmful because of the lack of incentives and regulatory mechanisms for proper air quality management but also because delaying the application of an ADP in a polluted city influences people’s ability to adequately perceive the daily hazards to which they are exposed
Physical, chemical and bromatological characterization of the organic fraction of urban solid waste: Potential and possible applications
Get PDFCharacterizing the generation of urban solid waste is essential for suitable decision-making regarding an urban solid waste management strategy. This study aims to characterize the urban waste generated in Toluca, Mexico, and to compare the results obtained in samples taken from households with primary separation against wastes from a municipal deposit. The wastes were gathered from 52 nuclear single-family homes for the experimental work, and the solid samples were collected during three months. Results showed that fruit waste from households predominated (52%) compared to the waste from the municipal deposit (32%). Vegetables and legumes, gardening, and processed food wastes were similar in percentages for both samples analyzed. Household waste showed a volatile solids/total solid ratio of 0.95 ± 0.04, whereas municipal deposit waste was 0.80 ± 0.07. In terms of physical and chemical composition, household waste presented significant differences in parameters such as alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand, nitrates, and fixed solids compared to waste from municipal deposits. In bromatological terms, no statistical difference was observed (3763-3808 kcal/kg) either in nutritional value or in the balanced composition of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and fiber. Heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Hg) in both wastes met standard regulations. Finally, the solid wastes might be used for compost, biofuels, biogas, bioethanol, incineration with energy recovery, and animal feed.Characterizing the generation of urban solid waste is essential for suitable decision-making regarding an urban solid waste management strategy. This study aims to characterize the urban waste generated in Toluca, Mexico, and to compare the results obtained in samples taken from households with primary separation against wastes from a municipal deposit. The wastes were gathered from 52 nuclear single-family homes for the experimental work, and the solid samples were collected during three months. Results showed that fruit waste from households predominated (52%) compared to the waste from the municipal deposit (32%). Vegetables and legumes, gardening, and processed food wastes were similar in percentages for both samples analyzed. Household waste showed a volatile solids/total solid ratio of 0.95 ± 0.04, whereas municipal deposit waste was 0.80 ± 0.07. In terms of physical and chemical composition, household waste presented significant differences in parameters such as alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand, nitrates, and fixed solids compared to waste from municipal deposits. In bromatological terms, no statistical difference was observed (3763-3808 kcal/kg) either in nutritional value or in the balanced composition of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and fiber. Heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Hg) in both wastes met standard regulations. Finally, the solid wastes might be used for compost, biofuels, biogas, bioethanol, incineration with energy recovery, and animal feed
Oxidative stress in a population with low blood lead concentrations, chronically exposed in a contaminated area of Zacatecas, Mexico
Get PDFMany studies have focused on the toxic health effects of low blood lead concentrations in populations chronically exposed to lead-polluted environments. However, few studies have examined oxidative stress in humans under such conditions. We studied a population chronically exposed to mining waste with low blood lead concentrations, high δ-ALAD activity, and high lipid peroxidation levels. A k-means analysis revealed low-high groups based on total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities. Low TAC, SOD, and CAT were associated with higher blood lead concentrations, and low SOD was also associated with higher lipid peroxidation. The results suggest that oxidative stress may lead to oxidative damage in chronically lead-exposed populations, even at low blood lead concentrations. Thus, although pathophysiological changes may not be evident at small variations in blood lead concentrations, chronic exposure could cause oxidative/antioxidant changes at blood lead concentrations below 5 μg/dL.Muchos estudios se han enfocado a los efectos tóxicos a la salud de las bajas concentraciones de plomo en sangre en poblaciones crónicamente expuestas a ambientes contaminados por este metal; sin embargo, pocos han examinado el estrés oxidativo en seres humanos en tales condiciones. Estudiamos una población crónicamente expuesta a residuos de minería que presenta bajas concentraciones de plomo en sangre, alta actividad de δ-ALAD y niveles altos de lipoperoxidación. Un análisis de agrupamiento de medias k reveló dos grupos basados en la capacidad antioxidante total (TAC, por su sigla en inglés), y las actividades de superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y catalasa (CAT). Estos grupos fueron identificados como de alta o baja actividad. Las TAC, SOD y CAT bajas se asociaron con mayores concentraciones de plomo en sangre. La SOD baja se asoció además con mayor lipoperoxidación. Los resultados sugieren que el estrés oxidativo puede conducir a daño oxidativo en poblaciones crónicamente expuestas a plomo, incluso cuando tienen bajas concentraciones de dicho metal en sangre. Esto indica que, si bien los cambios fisiopatológicos no son evidentes con pequeñas variaciones de la concentración de plomo en sangre, la exposición crónica podría causar cambios en el sistema oxidativo/antioxidante a concentraciones por debajo de 5 μg/dL
Análisis comparativo del manejo de la cama de pollo en relación con sus características intrínsecas y las emisiones generadas: posibles efectos en la salud de los trabajadores
Get PDFOne of the most voluminous wastes from fattening broilers is poultry litter (PL). This material can be reused for new breeding or as fertilizer; however, due to its high microbial load, it must be previously treated. At the same time, the poultry integration system forces the majority of employees to live in the vicinity of the farms. The objective of this work was to comparatively analyze two PL management alternatives (i.e., with self-heating [SH] treatment or without treatment [control]) in relation to the intrinsic characteristics of the substrate (physical, chemical, and microbiological) and the emissions generated (SO2, NO2, H2S, suspended particulate matter < 2.5 microns [PM2.5], and NH3) during both processes, identifying possible effects on the health of workers. Although there were no differences in the physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics in both management conditions (SH and control), the SH litter generated a greater release of H2S, which could cause respiratory alterations due to occupational exposure, while it produced a decrease in the release of NO2 and SO2 compared to the control litter. The maximum concentrations of NH3 were recorded in poor ventilation conditions for both treatments. The average measured concentrations of all pollutants, except H2S and PM2.5, exceed the limits recommended by regional (i.e., Entre Ríos, Argentina) and national (Argentina) authorities for the prevention of respiratory symptoms and/or diseases.Uno de los residuos más voluminosos del engorde de pollos parrilleros es la cama de pollo (CP). Este material puede ser reutilizado para una nueva crianza o como fertilizante; sin embargo, debido a la alta carga microbiana, debe ser tratado previamente. A su vez, el sistema de integración avícola obliga a la mayoría de los empleados a vivir en las inmediaciones de las granjas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar comparativamente dos alternativas de manejo de la CP (i.e., con tratamiento por autocalentamiento [AC] o sin tratamiento [testigo]) en relación con las características intrínsecas del sustrato (físicas, químicas y microbiológicas) y las emisiones generadas (SO2, NO2, H2S, partículas suspendidas < 2.5 micras de diámetro [PS2.5] y NH3) durante ambos procesos, identificando posibles efectos en la salud de los trabajadores. Si bien no hubo diferencias en las características físicas y químicas y microbiológicas en ambas condiciones de manejo (AC y testigo), las camas con AC generaron mayor liberación de H2S, pudiendo provocar alteraciones respiratorias por exposición laboral, en tanto que produjeron una disminución en la liberación de NO2 y SO2 en comparación con las camas testigo. Las mayores concentraciones de NH3 se registraron en condiciones de escasa ventilación para ambos tratamientos. Las concentraciones promedio medidas de todos los contaminantes, exceptuando H2S y PS, están por encima de los límites recomendados por la normativa a nivel provincial (i.e., Entre Ríos, Argentina) y nacional (República Argentina) para la prevención de sintomatología y/o enfermedades respiratorias
Characterization of the waste dump at La Soterraña mine (Spain): Foundation for a sustainable restoration plan
Get PDFTo assess the needs and condition of the waste dump at La Soterraña, researchers carry out a soil characterization. Previous data indicate widespread metal(loid) contamination throughout the area, which was once a mining site. The waste dump remains unrestored, barren of vegetation, and its material is classified as spolic technosol. In the laboratory, the soil of the waste dump undergoes various treatments to reveal its physical and chemical properties. The findings show a significant imbalance compared to healthy soil, with alarming levels of arsenic and mercury. The total concentrations of As reach 910 mg/kg, far exceeding all generic reference levels established for this area. Similarly, the total concentrations of Hg are 15 mg/kg, once again surpassing the established generic reference levels for the region. These conditions pose serious risks, including the spread of contaminants that endanger human health and ecosystems, and the inability to sustain vegetation due to nutrient deficiency, lack of structure, low organic matter, and contamination by As and Hg. The study outlines potential restoration phases to address these critical issues.To assess the needs and condition of the waste dump at La Soterraña, researchers carry out a soil characterization. Previous data indicate widespread metal(loid) contamination throughout the area, which was once a mining site. The waste dump remains unrestored, barren of vegetation, and its material is classified as spolic technosol. In the laboratory, the soil of the waste dump undergoes various treatments to reveal its physical and chemical properties. The findings show a significant imbalance compared to healthy soil, with alarming levels of arsenic and mercury. The total concentrations of As reach 910 mg/kg, far exceeding all generic reference levels established for this area. Similarly, the total concentrations of Hg are 15 mg/kg, once again surpassing the established generic reference levels for the region. These conditions pose serious risks, including the spread of contaminants that endanger human health and ecosystems, and the inability to sustain vegetation due to nutrient deficiency, lack of structure, low organic matter, and contamination by As and Hg. The study outlines potential restoration phases to address these critical issues
Presence of caffeine in the karst lake Punta Laguna of the Yucatán Peninsula and its environmental risk
Get PDFCaffeine is known to be a chemical indicator of anthropogenic contamination in water bodies because it is highly soluble and persistent. As such, caffeine is an excellent water quality marker and tool in environmental impact assessments. Our goal was to quantify the caffeine in water from the Yucatán karstic groundwater and determine its environmental impact on indigenous aquatic biota. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection was used to quantify the caffeine content in water. Acute toxicity tests were performed in six zooplankton rotifer- and ostracod-strain groups native to the Yucatán peninsula that were cultured in our laboratory. In addition, the risk posed by caffeine in water on aquatic biota was determined, using risk assessment of the environmental concentration of caffeine in water (MEC) and the predictive values of toxicity (PNEC) obtained from our acute toxicity study. High concentrations of caffeine were found in the water. The most sensitive species to caffeine exposure was Diaphanocypris meridiana (ostracod), with an LC50 value of 288.383 mg/L, and the most tolerant organism was Lecane cornuta (rotifer) with an LC50 value of 3694.611 mg/L. Caffeine contamination of groundwater into aquatic ecosystems suggested, could have others active pharmaceuticals, hazardous substances, and personal care products. The presence of caffeine in Punta Laguna ranges between 1.79 and 3.93 mg/L, which represents a low to moderate risk for rotifers and a high risk for ostracods.Caffeine is known to be a chemical indicator of anthropogenic contamination in water bodies because it is highly soluble and persistent. As such, caffeine is an excellent water quality marker and tool in environmental impact assessments. Our goal was to quantify the caffeine in water from the Yucatán karstic groundwater and determine its environmental impact on indigenous aquatic biota. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection was used to quantify the caffeine content in water. Acute toxicity tests were performed in six zooplankton rotifer- and ostracod-strain groups native to the Yucatán peninsula that were cultured in our laboratory. In addition, the risk posed by caffeine in water on aquatic biota was determined, using risk assessment of the environmental concentration of caffeine in water (MEC) and the predictive values of toxicity (PNEC) obtained from our acute toxicity study. High concentrations of caffeine were found in the water. The most sensitive species to caffeine exposure was Diaphanocypris meridiana (ostracod), with an LC50 value of 288.383 mg/L, and the most tolerant organism was Lecane cornuta (rotifer) with an LC50 value of 3694.611 mg/L. Caffeine contamination of groundwater into aquatic ecosystems suggested, could have others active pharmaceuticals, hazardous substances, and personal care products. The presence of caffeine in Punta Laguna ranges between 1.79 and 3.93 mg/L, which represents a low to moderate risk for rotifers and a high risk for ostracods
Concentración total y geodisponible de elementos potencialmente tóxicos en los sedimentos del río Españita, San Luis Potosí, México. Bases para el derecho a un ambiente sano
Get PDFThe industrial activity that has predominated in San Luis Potosí has negatively impacted the health of the water bodies surrounding the industrial zone, such as the Españita River. The ecological condition of rivers is related to water quality, habitat, diversity, and abundance of aquatic organisms, as well as ecological processes and hydrology, but also to the health of the people who live nearby. The objective of this research was to determine the physical and chemical parameters (temperature, pH, total organic carbon, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, oxidation reduction potential) and the total and geoavailable concentration of potentially toxic elements (heavy metals and metalloids) in sediment samples from the Españita River in San Luis Potosí. Mexico, with the purpose of verifying compliance with the right to a healthy environment. The samples were collected and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results reveal that the lower sectors of the Españita River are severely contaminated with potentially toxic elements in accordance with the limits established by official Mexican and international standards, especially geoavailable Pb (0.69-0.97 mg/L), Cd (0.08-0.09 mg/L), and As (0.01-0.04 mg/L), which represents an imminent risk to the health of the ecosystem and the people living in the areas surrounding the river.La actividad industrial que ha predominado en San Luis Potosí ha impactado negativamente la salud de los cuerpos de agua aledaños a la zona industrial, como el río Españita. La condición ecológica de los ríos está relacionada con la calidad del agua, el hábitat, la diversidad y abundancia de organismos acuáticos, los procesos ecológicos y la hidrología, pero también con la salud de las personas que habitan en la proximidad. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar los parámetros físicos y químicos (temperatura, pH, carbono orgánico total, sólidos disueltos totales, conductividad eléctrica, potencial de oxidación reducción) y la concentración total y geodisponible de elementos potencialmente tóxicos (metales pesados y metaloides) en muestras de sedimentos del río Españita, San Luis Potosí, México, con la finalidad de verificar el cumplimiento del derecho a un ambiente sano. Las muestras fueron recolectadas y analizadas por espectroscopia de emisión atómica con plasma de acoplamiento inductivo (ICP-OES). Los resultados revelan que los sectores más bajos del río Españita están gravemente contaminados con elementos potencialmente tóxicos de acuerdo con los valores de las normas oficiales mexicanas e internacionales. En especial, se encuentran geodisponibles Pb (0.69-0.97 mg/L), Cd (0.08-0.09 mg/L) y As (0.01-0.04 mg/L), situación que representa un riesgo inminente para la salud del ecosistema y las personas que viven en las zonas aledañas al río
Inventory and environmental compliance assessment of final waste disposal sites of Zacatecas, Mexico
Get PDFIn Mexico, the final disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is primarily performed in open-air or clandestine dumps; therefore, landfill siting and construction must consider territorial issues and the legal framework to minimize negative impacts on human health and the environment. However, the lack of a record and adequate and comprehensive waste management by governmental authorities makes it difficult to get precise data related to the amount and composition of the MSW disposed of, available land area, suitable locations, and control of biogas and leachates in final waste disposal sites (FWDS). This work aimed to conduct an inventory of FWDS in the state of Zacatecas, Mexico, and to assess their environmental compliance in terms of site category, location restrictions, and operating conditions, based on the guidelines currently in force in the Mexican Official Standard NOM-083-SEMARNAT-2003. The methodology consisted of fieldwork for collecting information on the amount of MSW, a record of site location and delimited area, and an assessment of location restrictions and operating conditions using geographical information systems (GIS) and a checklist. Results showed an inventory of 53 FWDS operating in the 58 municipalities of Zacatecas, of which 86.8% not comply with location restrictions, impacting both human health and the environment. All FWDS were classified as uncontrolled sites since they operate without leachate and biogas control. Therefore, this study provides information on what FWDS must be regulated by governmental authorities, prioritizing those that operate improperly and have an impact on human health and the environment.En México, la disposición final de los residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU) se realiza principalmente en tiraderos a cielo abierto. Sin embargo, la falta de un registro y una gestión integral adecuada de los residuos por parte de las autoridades gubernamentales dificulta la obtención de datos precisos relacionados con la cantidad y composición de los RSU eliminados, superficie disponible, ubicación adecuada y control de biogás y lixiviados en los sitios de disposición final de residuos (SDFR). El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo realizar un inventario de los SDFR en Zacatecas, México, evaluando su cumplimiento ambiental respecto a restricciones de ubicación, categoría del sitio y condiciones de operación con base en los lineamientos vigentes en la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-083-SEMARNAT-2003. La metodología consistió en trabajo de campo para recopilar información sobre la cantidad de RSU, registro de la ubicación del sitio y área delimitada, y evaluación de las restricciones de ubicación y condiciones de operación mediante sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) y lista de cotejo. Los resultados mostraron un inventario de 53 SDFR que operan en los 58 municipios de Zacatecas, de los cuales 86.8% no cumplen las restricciones de ubicación. Todos los SDFR fueron clasificados como sitios no controlados, ya que operan sin control de lixiviados y biogás. Por lo tanto, este estudio aporta información sobre cuáles SDFR deben ser regularizados por las autoridades gubernamentales, priorizando aquellos que operan de manera inadecuada y generan impactos en la salud humana y al ambiente