Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental
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MANEJO DE RESIDUOS DE FÁRMACOS: UNA BREVE REVISIÓN
Get PDFWater is a vehicle through which different types of waste are transported. It comes from different productive activities, in such a way that rivers, canals, lagoons and seas are contaminated with them. This has been a known situation in Mexico for the last 200 years. Nowadays we are generating new unregulated pollutants, present in reused or treated waters. The presence of drug residues represents a continuous entry into aquifers that causes health risks and negative effects on aquatic environments. Due to their chemical stability, these substances cannot be eliminated through the residual water treatment processes. This type of water is reused in the production of drinking water or irrigation water in agricultural areas, exposing human and animal health to toxicological effects by this type of chemical substances. A research was conducted for reports about the contamination of waste drugs in different types of water, residual, non-residual and agricultural soils, in an international and national scale, from 1984 to 2018. It was concluded that up to this moment there is no international or national norm, suitable for how the disposition of this type of waste should be made, in order to minimize adverse effects on the environment and human activities.El agua es el vehículo por el cual se transportan diversos tipos de desechos provenientes de diferentes actividades productivas, de tal forma que ríos, canales, lagunas y mares se contaminan con éstos. Esta situación se ha presentado en México desde hace más de 200 años, y en la actualidad se están generando nuevos contaminantes no reglamentados en las aguas de reúso o tratadas. En el caso de residuos de fármacos, su persistencia y entrada continua a mantos acuíferos originan efectos negativos sobre la vida y el ambiente acuático, debido a que no se eliminan totalmente en los procesos de tratamiento de aguas residuales a causa de su estabilidad química. Este tipo de agua se reutiliza para la producción de agua potable o el riego de zonas agrícolas, de manera que la salud humana y animal se encuentran expuestas a los efectos toxicológicos de este tipo de sustancias químicas. Se realizó la búsqueda de reportes acerca de la contaminación de residuos farmacológicos en diferentes tipos de agua —residual o no— y suelos agrícolas, tanto internacionales como nacionales, de 1984 a 2018. Se concluyó que no hay hasta hoy una normatividad nacional ni internacional idónea sobre la forma en que debe realizarse la eliminación de este tipo de desechos para al medio ambiente en la menor medida posible
BIOAVAILABLE AND TOTAL COPPER AND LEAD IN TERRIGENOUS SEDIMENTS IN THE INNER CONTINENTAL SHELF OFF VERACRUZ, SOUTHERN GULF OF MEXICO
Get PDFThe inner continental shelf adjacent to the city and port of Veracruz (ICSV) in the southern Gulf of Mexico, which is influenced by the Jamapa River, has been considered to be polluted. Moderate to high Cu and Pb concentrations have previously been reported in the shelf’s terrigenous sediments. These elements are derived from deposition of materials from mainland sources via river transport and may threaten marine life in the coastal area. Because Cu and Pb bioavailability has not been previously assessed in the region, the aim of this study was to determine (i) bioavailability and total concentrations of these elements in the terrigenous sediments of the ICSV, (ii) if concentrations of these elements in sediments are associated with distances from primary sources, and (iii) if concentrations differ during dry and rainy seasons. Bioavailable general average concentrations were 0.21 µg/g for Cu, and 0.24 µg/g for Pb, which accounted for 4.4-4.9 % of the total content. The bioavailable concentrations were higher during the rainy season, and in the fluvial plume of the Jamapa River. The total content of Cu and Pb was significantly associated with fine sediments and exhibited high concentrations in the new port facilities area. Hence, it is concluded that the Jamapa River is a primary source of trace metals to the ICSV. Finally, as concentrations of trace metals are lower than previous records for sediments in the southern Gulf of Mexico and lower than background levels and maximum permissible limits, the ICSV is presently not contaminated by Cu or Pb.The inner continental shelf adjacent to the city and port of Veracruz (ICSV) in the southern Gulf of Mexico, which is influenced by the Jamapa River, has been considered to be polluted. Moderate to high Cu and Pb concentrations have previously been reported in the shelf’s terrigenous sediments. These elements are derived from deposition of materials from mainland sources via river transport and may threaten marine life in the coastal area. Because Cu and Pb bioavailability has not been previously assessed in the region, the aim of this study was to determine (i) bioavailability and total concentrations of these elements in the terrigenous sediments of the ICSV, (ii) if concentrations of these elements in sediments are associated with distances from primary sources, and (iii) if concentrations differ during dry and rainy seasons. Bioavailable general average concentrations were 0.21 µg/g for Cu, and 0.24 µg/g for Pb, which accounted for 4.4-4.9 % of the total content. The bioavailable concentrations were higher during the rainy season, and in the fluvial plume of the Jamapa River. The total content of Cu and Pb was significantly associated with fine sediments and exhibited high concentrations in the new port facilities area. Hence, it is concluded that the Jamapa River is a primary source of trace metals to the ICSV. Finally, as concentrations of trace metals are lower than previous records for sediments in the southern Gulf of Mexico and lower than background levels and maximum permissible limits, the ICSV is presently not contaminated by Cu or Pb
RECICLAJE DE RESIDUOS PLÁSTICOS PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE AGREGADOS LIVIANOS
Get PDFProduction of lightweight aggregates is an alternative for recycling plastic waste. However, in the consulted scientific literature, a lack of data about physical and mechanical characteristics of these aggregates was detected. In this paper, eight samples of plastic particles from local industries (Mendoza, Argentina) were obtained and characterized, and their productive processes were presented. Argentinian requirements to consider the samples as lightweight aggregates were also studied, concluding that only two of them met the standards. However, modifications in recycling processes, classification by sizes or mixing between different samples, could make all of them useable.Una alternativa para el reciclaje de los residuos plásticos es la producción de agregados livianos, pero en la bibliografía consultada se detectó una carencia de datos sobre su caracterización física y mecánica. En este trabajo se obtuvieron ocho muestras de plásticos asimilables a agregados en industrias locales (Mendoza, Argentina), se caracterizaron y se presentaron sus procesos de obtención. También se estudiaron los requisitos normativos vigentes en Argentina para considerar las muestras como agregados livianos, concluyendo que sólo dos de ellas cumplieron los estándares exigidos. Sin embargo, leves modificaciones en los procesos de reciclaje, clasificación por tamaños o mezcla entre distintas muestras, permitiría utilizar todas ellas
IDENTIFICATION OF MINING RESIDUAL POLLUTANTS IN THE SONORA RIVER BASIN (NORTHWESTERN MEXICO) USING THERMOMAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS
Get PDFIn Cananea, Sonora (northwestern Mexico), occurred a spilling of 40 000 m³ of an acid solution coming from the Buenavista del Cobre mine, which reached some tributaries and the main water stream of the Sonora River basin. This study aims to evaluate magnetic properties as proxies to assess residual pollution in soils and sediments affected by this kind of events. Particularly, the study focused on the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility. Measurements of volume magnetic susceptibility vs temperatures were performed, heating samples to 700 ºC and cooling them back to room temperature. A strong increase (from three to six times the initial value) of magnetic susceptibility during heating was observed on precipitates of the acid solution dam, and on affected soils and sediments, starting at ~330 ºC, and reaching a maximum at ~430 ºC. An even stronger increase was observed during cooling. These increases are due to the transformation of iron bearing minerals (as jarosite, goethite and ferrihydrite) to ferrimagnetic iron oxides (as magnetite). Samples of non-affected soils and sediments did not exhibit this increase during heating, but a decrease at ~550 ºC related to (titano)magnetite Curie temperature, and they presented lower κ values during cooling. The transformation of these iron-bearing minerals (commonly occurring in mine wastes and acid drainage) marked by a strong κ increase during heating, can be used as an indicator of the presence of residual pollution.In Cananea, Sonora (northwestern Mexico), occurred a spilling of 40 000 m³ of an acid solution coming from the Buenavista del Cobre mine, which reached some tributaries and the main water stream of the Sonora River basin. This study aims to evaluate magnetic properties as proxies to assess residual pollution in soils and sediments affected by this kind of events. Particularly, the study focused on the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility. Measurements of volume magnetic susceptibility vs temperatures were performed, heating samples to 700 ºC and cooling them back to room temperature. A strong increase (from three to six times the initial value) of magnetic susceptibility during heating was observed on precipitates of the acid solution dam, and on affected soils and sediments, starting at ~330 ºC, and reaching a maximum at ~430 ºC. An even stronger increase was observed during cooling. These increases are due to the transformation of iron bearing minerals (as jarosite, goethite and ferrihydrite) to ferrimagnetic iron oxides (as magnetite). Samples of non-affected soils and sediments did not exhibit this increase during heating, but a decrease at ~550 ºC related to (titano)magnetite Curie temperature, and they presented lower κ values during cooling. The transformation of these iron-bearing minerals (commonly occurring in mine wastes and acid drainage) marked by a strong κ increase during heating, can be used as an indicator of the presence of residual pollution
EFICACIA DEL PERMANGANATO POTÁSICO EN LA DEGRADACIÓN DE CIANURO Y TIOCIANATO EN AGUAS RESIDUALES MINERAS
Get PDFThis work was focused on evaluating the viability of potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent for the simultaneous degradation of cyanides and thiocyanates from an acid mine wastewater. Data has confirmed the effectiveness of permanganate solutions for the oxidation of cyanides, with removal efficiencies between 95-100 %, in waters with an initial concentration of cyanides of 312 mg/L and thiocyanates of 314 mg/L. In contrast, the chemical oxidation of thiocyanates with permanganate was less efficient, with overall yields below 50 % for the highest oxidant concentrations assayed. Furthermore, the studies from synthetic water confirmed that the partial oxidation of thiocyanates using permanganate results in the release of a residual amount of cyanides that remains in the treated water. For this reason, the simultaneous oxidation of cyanides and thiocyanates in not complete for any of the studied industrial wastewaters, finding not negligible residual concentrations of both cyanide and thiocyanate, after the reaction with permanganate. This makes it necessary to consider further treatments of the wastewater for a full removal of the cyanide species.El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la viabilidad del uso de permanganato de potasio como método eficaz para la degradación de aguas residuales procedentes del sector de la minería aurífera que contienen cianuros y tiocianatos. Para ello se llevó a cabo la degradación simultánea de ambas especies cianuradas en aguas industriales. Los resultados indican que el permanganato de potasio es un agente oxidante eficaz para la eliminación de cianuro de aguas residuales de la minería aurífera. Se lograron porcentajes de eliminación de cianuro entre 95 y 100 %, en aguas con una concentración inicial de cianuros de 312 mg/L y de tiocianatos de 314 mg/L. En cambio, la eficiencia de degradación de tiocianatos es mucho menor, con porcentajes de eliminación inferiores al 50 % para altas concentraciones de oxidante. Los estudios oxidativos en aguas sintéticas mostraron que la oxidación parcial de tiocianatos da lugar a la liberación de cianuros en el agua. Por este motivo, la oxidación simultánea de cianuros y tiocianatos en las aguas residuales estudiadas no es completa, encontrándose concentraciones residuales, no despreciables, de ambas especies cianuradas, tras la reacción con el permanganato. Esto hace necesario aplicar otros métodos de oxidación para la eliminación total de las especies cianuradas.
RESPUESTA DE LA GLADIOLA A LA APLICACIÓN DE BIOFERTILIZANTES Y ABONO ORGÁNICO
Get PDFGladiola is one of the main ornamental crops in Mexico; however, excess chemical fertilizers are used in its production, which can cause health problems and environmental pollution. Organic fertilizers and biofertilizers increase the efficiency of chemical synthesis fertilizers, increase crop productivity, improve soil quality, preserve human health and preserve the environment. In the sustainable context, the use of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers in ornamentals is a viable alternative because it is friendly with men and environment. To analyze the effects of Bacillus subtilis, Glomus fasciculatum, organic and inorganic fertilization and their interactions on the productivity of corms and flower spike in gladiola (Gladiolus grandiflorus) red sheep variety, a field experiment was established under temporary conditions in the Toluca Valley. Twelve treatments were evaluated as a result of the combination of Glomus fasciculatum (Am), Bacillus subtilis (Ab), Glomus fasciculatum + Bacillus subtilis (Am + b), organic fertilizer (Bv) and inorganic fertilizer (Bi). G. fasciculatum + B. subtilis + organic fertilizer significantly favored the floral stem diameter as well as the stem dry weight; also, the corm diameter increased 27 %, and its weight 100 %; they also affected the number of cornels in 77 % and their weight in 90 %. These results show the advantages of the combined use of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers in gladiola.La gladiola es uno de los principales cultivos ornamentales de México, en cuya producción se usan fertilizantes químicos excesivos que pueden ocasionar problemas de salud y contaminación ambiental. Los abonos orgánicos y los biofertilizantes aumentan la eficiencia de los fertilizantes de síntesis química, incrementan la productividad de los cultivos, mejoran la calidad del suelo, preservan la salud humana y conservan el ambiente. En el contexto sostenible, el uso de biofertilizantes y abonos orgánicos en ornamentales es una alternativa viable porque es amigable con el hombre y el ambiente. Para analizar los efectos de Bacillus subtilis, Glomus fasciculatum, fertilización orgánica e inorgánica, y sus interacciones con la productividad de cormos y espiga floral en gladiola (Gladiolus grandiflorus) variedad Borrega roja, se estableció este trabajo a cielo abierto en condiciones de temporal en el Valle de Toluca. Se evaluaron 12 tratamientos producto de la combinación de Glomus fasciculatum (Am), Bacillus subtilis (Ab), Glomus fasciculatum + Bacillus subtilis (Am+b), abono orgánico (Bv) y fertilizante inorgánico (Bi). G. fasciculatum + B. subtilis + abono orgánico favorecieron significativamente el diámetro del tallo floral y su peso seco, además de incrementar en 27 % el diámetro del cormo y en 100 % su peso; también afectaron el número de cormillos en el 77 % y su peso en el 90 %. Estos resultados evidencian las ventajas del uso combinado de biofertilizantes y fertilizantes orgánicos en gladiola
CLASIFICACIÓN Y AFECTACIÓN POR RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS EN LA CIUDAD DE LA PLATA, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA
Get PDFThe generation of urban solid waste is one of the mayor problems today. Firstly, because the volume and composition of waste has been increased and modified by the new style of consumption (organic, paper and glass waste reduced and plastic waste increased) and secondly, because it is a social problem, a product of the economic situation of current neoliberal models. This paper was carried out in the city of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, where landfills of difficult eradication (large scale landfills) and easy eradication (medium and small scale landfills) have been analyzed. As a result, it was determined that the affected population is 46010 inhabitants, of which 46 per cent belong to landfills in floodable areas and 32.45 per cent to landfills in precarious settlements. In the case of landfills that are difficult to eradicate, those that imperiously compromise public health, it was observed that they promote the proliferation of polluting vectors - aquifers and terrestrial, as well as skin and respiratory diseases in children and older adults. The origin thereof, usually caused by system failure comprehensive infrastructure and then, being illegal landfills of public and private use. In this sense, their identification and characterization, as well as the quantity of population and affected area, would allow determining actions for eventual mitigation and / or eradication as part of a comprehensive urban planning plan.La generación de residuos sólidos urbanos representa una de las mayores problemáticas de la actualidad. En primer lugar, porque el volumen y la composición de la basura se ha incrementado y modificado por el nuevo estilo de consumo (se redujo el desecho orgánico, de papel y vidrio y aumentó el de plástico) y, en segundo lugar, por ser una problemática social, producto de la situación económica de los modelos neoliberales actuales. Este trabajo fue realizado en la ciudad de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, en donde se han analizado basurales de difícil erradicación (basurales de gran escala) y de fácil erradicación (basurales de escala media y pequeña). Como resultado se determinó que la población afectada es de 46010 habitantes, de los cuales el 46 % pertenece a basurales en áreas inundables y el 32.45 % a basurales en asentamientos precarios. En el caso de los basurales de difícil erradicación, aquellos que comprometen imperiosamente la salud pública, se observó que los mismos promueven la proliferación de vectores contaminantes -acuíferos y terrestres, así como enfermedades cutáneas y respiratorias en niños y adultos mayores. El origen de los mismos, generalmente se produce por la falla en el sistema de infraestructura integral y luego, por ser vertederos ilegales de uso público y privado. En tal sentido, la identificación y caracterización de los mismos, así como la cantidad de población y superficie afectada, permitiría determinar acciones para una eventual mitigación y/o erradicación como parte de un plan de ordenamiento urbano integral
CARBONO DE LA BIOMASA MICROBIANA, RESPIRACIÓN BASAL Y CINÉTICA DEL CARBONO DE DOS SUELOS EROSIONADOS ENMENDADOS CON BIOSÓLIDOS
Get PDFThe objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of three doses of biosolids (0, 25 and 40 t/ha) to soils eroded by mining extraction and water erosion, on the microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration and kinetics of mineralized carbon at 7, 30, 180 and 360 days after incorporating the biosolids. The results showed an increase in the basal respiration and the metabolic coefficient at 7 and 360 days in both soils, respectively, after the addition of 40 t/ha of biosolids. In the soils eroded by mining extraction, the microbial biomass carbon was higher in the control treatment (M0, 0 t/ha of biosolids) after 30 days of the incorporation, while for the soil with water erosion the highest content occured in H25 (25 t/ha of biosolids) during the first seven days. Finally, the addition of biosolids favored the kinetics of carbon mineralization (Cm) so that the treatments with biosolids presented higher values with respect to the control soil.El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la incorporación de tres dosis de biosólidos (0, 25 y 40 t/ha) a suelos erosionados por extracción minera y erosión hídrica, sobre el carbono de la biomasa microbiana, la respiración basal y la cinética del carbono mineralizado a los 7, 30, 180 y 360 días después de dicha incorporación. Los resultados mostraron aumento de la respiración basal y el coeficiente metabólico en ambos suelos a los 7 y 360 días, respectivamente, después de la adición de 40 t/ha de biosólidos. En suelos erosionados por extracción minera el carbono de la biomasa microbiana fue mayor en el tratamiento control (M0,0 t/ha de biosólido) después de 30 días de la incorporación, mientras que en el suelo con erosión hídrica el mayor contenido se presentó en H25 (25 t/ha de biosólido) durante los primeros 7 días. Finalmente, la adición de biosólidos favoreció la cinética de mineralización del carbono (Cm) de manera que los suelos tratados presentaron valores más altos respecto al control
DIGESTIÓN ANAEROBIA DE RESIDUALES SÓLIDOS DEL BENEFICIO HÚMEDO DEL CAFÉ
Get PDFThe wet coffee processing generates solid coffee wastes, such as pulp and husk. The organic matter content of these residuals is in the range of 90.5 ± 1.69 % on a dry basis, which explains the high pollutant load they contribute to the environment. The present paper evaluates the biomethane potential and the effect of the organic loading rates (OLR) over the biodegradation of fresh pulp (Pc I), pulp after a period of frozen storage (Pc II), and dry coffee husk (Cs). The assays were developed at mesophilic temperature (37 ± 1ºC) under batch and semicontinuous regimen. The fresh coffee pulp had a methane yield of 259.80 ± 15 NmL CH4/g VS. Semicontinuous operation demonstrated that a better performance is achieved when the lower OLR was applied (0.2 g VS/L d). It is not recommended to operate at OLR higher than 0.5 g VS/L d.En la etapa de despulpe del beneficio húmedo de café se generan residuales sólidos constituidos fundamentalmente por cáscara y pulpa. Debido a que el contenido de materia orgánica que presentan en su composición se encuentra en el intervalo del 90.5 ± 1.69 % en base seca, estos aportan una elevada carga contaminante al medio en que son vertidos. Esta característica también otorga a dichos residuales potencialidades como fuente de carbono para el proceso de digestión anaerobia. En el presente trabajo se determinó el potencial de biometano y el efecto del incremento de la carga orgánica volumétrica al tratar pulpa de café fresca (Pc I) tras un periodo de almacenamiento congelada (Pc II) y cáscara de café secada naturalmente (Cs). Los ensayos se desarrollaron a temperatura mesofílica (37 ± 1 ºC), en régimen discontinuo y semicontinuo. La pulpa de café fresca presentó un rendimiento de metano de 259.80 ± 15 NmL CH4/g SV. Los ensayos semicontinuos se evaluaron en términos de rendimiento y productividad de metano. Al implementar diferentes estrategias de alimentación, variando las cargas orgánicas volumétricas iniciales en los sistemas, se constató que los mejores resultados se reflejan con la menor carga aplicada (0.2 g SV/L d). No se recomienda la operación de sistemas anaerobios para el tratamiento de residuos sólidos cafetaleros a cargas superiores a 0.5 g SV/L d
INFLUENCIA DE LOS CATALIZADORES EN LA OZONIZACIÓN DE AGUA RESIDUAL SINTÉTICA
Get PDFIn order to evaluate the influence of catalysts on the oxidative capacity of ozone in a synthetic effluent with initial concentration of 8.9 ± 2.2 mg Pt Co/L to true color, 2.9 ± 0.5 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) to turbidity and 322.3 ± 40.0 mg/L to chemical oxygen demand (COD), conventional ozonation was compared to catalytic ozonation with activated carbon (Fe3+ and Mn2+), which has shown to enhance the degradation of refractory organic compounds in water. Amount of ozone applied varied between 2.07 and 7.15 gO3/h, with a contact time of ozone bubbles to the synthetic effluent of up to 60 min. The concentration of the parameters were fitted to first order kinetic models and the kinetic increases with the amount of ozone applied. The ozonation catalyzed by activated carbon, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were compared with conventional ozonation. When 7.15 gO3/h was applied, the ozonation catalyzed by activated carbon increased true color, turbidity and COD removal by 9.1, 33.7 and 21.9 %, respectively in basic pH; in acid pH by 0, 6.5 and 47.7 %, respectively; and in uncorrected pH, by 0, 17.0 and 37.3 %, respectively. This is due to the capacity of the catalyst to accelerate the decomposition of ozone into more reactive species and to adsorb organic compounds. The presence of Fe3+ increased COD removal by 21.7 % in acid pH, while Mn2+ as catalyst increased the true color and COD removal by 3.3 and 14.0 %, respectively in acid pH. Under studied conditions, these catalysts are recommended for purification of domestic and industrial sewage.Se evalúa la influencia de catalizadores de carbón activado (Fe3+ y Mn2+) en la capacidad oxidativa del ozono en agua residual sintética con concentraciones iniciales de 8.9 ± 2.2 mg Pt Co/L para color verdadero, 2.9 ± 0.5 unidades de turbidez nefelométricas (NTU, por sus siglas en inglés) para turbiedad y 322.3 ± 40.0 mg/L para demanda química de oxígeno (DQO). La dosis de ozono varió de 2.07 a 7.15 gO3/h, en tanto que el tiempo de contacto de las burbujas de ozono con el efluente sintético fue de hasta 60 min. La constante cinética de la remoción de los contaminantes tiene una tendencia de primer orden y aumenta con la dosis de ozono. En comparación con la ozonización convencional, la ozonización aplicada de 7.15 gO3/h catalizada con carbón activado tuvo un porcentaje adicional de remoción para color verdadero, turbiedad y DQO de 9.1, 33.7 y 21.9 %, respectivamente, en el pH básico; 0, 6.5 y 47.7 %, respectivamente, en el pH ácido, y 0, 17.0 y 37.3 %, respectivamente, en el pH no corregido. Esto se debe a la capacidad del carbón activado para acelerar la descomposición del ozono en especies más reactivas y en compuestos orgánicos solubles. La presencia de Fe3+ en el pH ácido ocasionó un porcentaje adicional de remoción para DQO de 21.7 %. Y la presencia de Mn2+ en el pH ácido provocó un porcentaje adicional de remoción para color verdadero y DQO de 3.3 y 14.0 %, respectivamente, también en comparación con la ozonización convencional. En las configuraciones experimentales estudiadas, se recomiendan los catalizadores en el incremento de depuración de aguas residuales domésticas e industriales con alta carga orgánica biodegradable