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Identità e trasformazioni sociali nella dopomodernità: tra personale e sociale, maschile e femminile.
No full textIl punto di partenza di questo volume è il tema dell’identità, della sua definizione e della relazione tra l’individuo e la società. Emergono oggi, nella società contemporanea, caratterizzata da complessità, rischio ed incertezza, alcune domande essenziali sull’identità (chi sono io? chi sei tu?) e la risposta non può che collocarsi nella relazione tra l’individuo e il suo contesto e nella relazione con l’altro. Il tema della differenza, del riconoscimento, dell’alterità costituiscono gli assi portanti del dibattito teorico sull’argomento e mettono in luce come sia oggi più complesso districare i nodi della questione, perché le categorie di riferimento sono cambiate, e in parte continuano a modificarsi. Il rapporto tra identità personale e sociale, ovvero tra personalità e ruolo sociale, che ciascuno vive quotidianamente, esprime modalità di gestione emergenti. In particolare si sperimenta una crescente incertezza nel vivere la relazione tra natura e cultura (tra corpo e identità) e tra maschile e femminile (tra identità sessuale e identità di genere), che sempre più si svincola da percorsi pre-determinati. La mediazione sociale delle scelte e la definizione delle appartenenze e dei ruoli sociali appare più fluida, aprendo nuovi spazi emergenti di riflessività
Il verde come strumento di urbanizzazione\ud \ud \ud
No full text1. GLI SPAZI VERDI: PASSATO E FUTURO\ud
\ud
1.1. UNA PROSPETTIVA STORICA \ud
1.1.1. Dal giardino al parco pubblico\ud
Schede elementi verdi\ud
1.1.2. Il verde e la pianificazione\ud
Schede sistemi verdi \ud
\ud
1.2. NUOVI ORIENTAMENTI\ud
1.2.1. Le strategie dell’Unione europea: documenti programmatici e linee guida\ud
1.2.2. Pianificazione urbana strategica\ud
1.2.3. Piano strategico\ud
1.2.4. Reti di città\ud
\ud
\ud
2. IL SISTEMA NATURALE\ud
\ud
2.1 SPAZI VERDI URBANI\ud
2.1.1. Il ruolo\ud
2.1.2. La richiesta\ud
2.1.3. Caratteristiche per la fruizione da parte dei minori \ud
2.1.4. Gestione e manutenzione \ud
2.1.5. Sicurezza e accessibilità\ud
\ud
2.2. SPAZI VERDI PERIURBANI\ud
2.2.1. Questione\ud
2.2.2. Oltre le visioni settoriali \ud
2.2.3. Struttura morfologica\ud
2.2.4. Insularizzazione\ud
2.2.5. Componenti della qualità\ud
2.2.6. Fattori di pressione\ud
2.2.7. Connessioni \ud
\ud
2.3. UNA NUOVA PROSPETTIVA\ud
2.3.2. Forme di programmazione e coinvolgimento\ud
2.3.1. Pratiche partecipative \ud
2.3.3. Partenariati \ud
2.3.4. Risorse\ud
2.3.5. Government e governance \ud
\ud
\ud
3.CATALOGO VERDE\ud
\ud
3.1.1. Agricoltura \ud
3.1.2. Boschi\ud
3.1.3. Evoluzioni\ud
3.1.4. Interstizi\ud
3.1.5. Sistemi lineari\ud
3.1.6. Paesaggi\ud
3.1.7. Scarti\ud
\ud
4. IL VERDE COME STRUMENTO DI URBANIZZAZIONE\ud
\ud
4.1. INDIZI DI NUOVE ECOLOGIE TRA TERRITORIO E SOCIETÀ\ud
4.1.1. Rete verde come infrastruttura dell’ecosistema urbano\ud
4.1.2. Sostenibilità dei processi di urbanizzazione\ud
4.1.3. La nuova politica agricola comunitaria \ud
4.1.3. Pianificazione strategica del sistema degli spazi verdi\ud
4.1.3. Nuove opportunità\ud
\ud
4.2. AGROECOSISTEMI\ud
4.2.1. Nuove forme dell’agricoltura urbana \ud
4.2.2. Fattorie didattiche\ud
4.2.3. Orti urbani\ud
4.2.3. Dare forma allo spazio agricolo\ud
\ud
4.3. MOBILITÀ\ud
4.3.1 Percorsi pedonali\ud
4.3.2. Percorsi ciclabili\ud
4.3.3. Circuiti (schemi)\ud
\ud
4.4. TIPOLOGIE DI PARCHI\ud
4.4.1. naturale\ud
4.4.2. agricolo\ud
4.4.3. produttivo\ud
4.4.4. espositivo\ud
4.4.5. sportivo\u
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues
No full textPurine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides are constituents of fundamental structures of the cells. In\ud
fact, they are constituents of nucleic acids and their structure is present in several coenzymes involved in cellular reduction/oxidation processes, like nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide\ud
(FAD). Furthermore ATP is the source of energy that drive the cellular metabolic reactions. 3’-5’-cyclicadenosinemonophosphate (cAMP) acts as second messenger controlling the activation of metabolic pathways.\ud
The biological relevance of these molecules is also due to their extracellular activity performed through the\ud
interaction with purinergic receptors. This receptor family is divided in two classes: P1 receptors, activated by\ud
adenosine, and P2 receptors, activated by purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.\ud
P1 receptors belong to G protein-coupled receptors superfamily and are divided in four subtypes A1, A2A, A2B,\ud
and A3 based on their different molecular structure, tissue distribution, and pharmacological profile.\ud
P2 receptors are activated by a range of naturally occurring extracellular nucleotides and consist of two families: G protein-coupled or “metabotropic” receptors, designated P2Y (P2Y1,2,4,6,11-14), and ligand-gated ion channels or “ionotropic” receptors, termed P2X (P2X1-7).\ud
The presence of ATP as a normal constituent of the extracellular environment suggests that functional alterations in extracellular levels of ATP and thus P2 receptor function or alteration in receptor number are associated with discrete disease states, and will provide the opportunity to develop novel therapeutic agents that act through P2 receptors. The therapeutic areas, in which P2 receptors are involved, currently of interest are pulmonary (P2Y2/P2Y4, Phase III), thrombosis (P2Y2, Phase III), pain (P2X3, preclinical), and bladder disfunction (P2X3, preclinical).\ud
The first part of the present work reports the synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted nucleotides as\ud
potential ligands of P2 receptors.\ud
Recently, our group published the synthesis of mono-, di- and triphosphate derivatives of 2-alkynyladenosines.\ud
These compounds, tested on human platelets, showed to induce or inhibit platelet aggregation, depending on the\ud
alkynyl chain present in 2-position, through the interaction with P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. With the aims at\ud
finding new P2 receptors ligands, and in order to evaluate the influence of alkyl groups in N6 position of\ud
adenosine nucleotides, we synthesized adenosine derivatives bearing a methyl or a cyclopentyl group in N6 combined or not with a chlorine atom in 2 position. Moreover, to evaluate the influence of the purine ring nitrogen atoms, 2-chloro-3-deazadenosine and its N6-methyl analogue were synthesized. In all cases mono-, di-, and triphosphate derivatives were prepared and tested on human platelets to assess their ability to modulate platelet aggregation through interaction with P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. Functional studies demonstrated that the presence of substituents in N6 position of adenine nucleotides do not favour the interaction with P2 platelet receptor. Anyway, the presence of N6 methyl group or substitution of the purine ring with 3-deazapurine is tolerated leading in some cases to nucleotides able to promote or inhibit platelet aggregation. In general, the diphosphate derivatives acted as promoters while the triphosphate ones inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP.\ud
Furthermore, on the base that the introduction of alkynyl chains in adenine nucleotides led to new P2 receptor\ud
ligands, and taking into account that natural modulatorss of some P2Y receptors are uridine nucleotides, we\ud
realized the synthesis of uridine derivatives in which the alkynyl chains were introduced in 5 position.\ud
The second part of the work, hence, 5-iodouridine was reacted with different 1-alkynes. The obtained 5-alkynyl\ud
uridines, together with 5-iodouridine itself, were phosphorylated to obtain the corresponding mono-, di- and\ud
triphosphate derivatives. The newly synthesized triphosphate nucleotides were tested on SH-SY5Y\ud
neuroblastoma cells stably transfected with P2Y4 receptor. Overexpression of the receptor in this cell line\ud
induces cellular differentiation and then cell death when treated with UTP, so this model has been used to\ud
investigate the interaction of our compounds with P2Y4 receptors. Preliminary results showed that the new\ud
uridine triphosphate derivatives induces cell death in the above mentioned in vitro model, and in the case of 5-\ud
iodoUTP, the effect seems to be due to the interaction with P2Y4 receptors.\ud
The third part of the work was carried out at the “Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry” of the Rega Institute of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium); in particular, analogues of purines and pyrimidines nucleotides were synthesized and studied as constituents of nucleic acids.\ud
Universal nucleobases have attracted attention due to their potential utility in the design of oligonucleotide\ud
primers or hybridization probes where the identity of one or more bases in the target sequence are unknown, or\ud
when ambiguities still remain due to polymorphic or species-dependent sequence differences. Over the last years, different surrogate bases have been evaluated as universal or degenerate nucleosides, which either cannot associate through hydrogen bonding but provide a polarized stackable heterocycle, like 5-nitroindazole and 4-\ud
nitroimidazole, or allow a flexible hydrogen bonding pattern mimicking natural bases, like the azole\ud
carboxamide derivatives. On the other hand, duplex stability of nucleic acids can be increased by the\ud
modifications of the carbohydrate moiety, like in constrained hexitol nucleic acids. Therefore, it was performed the synthesis of nucleoside analogues bearing 5-nitroindazole, 4-nitroimidazole or 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide as the base moiety linked to 1,5-anhydro-3-deoxy-D-glucitol as the sugar part. Following incorporation into several oligodeoxynucleotide sequences, their base pairing and discriminatory properties have been evaluated.\ud
All modifications destabilized the double helix upon a single incorporation; 5-nitroindazole congener was the\ud
least destabilizing and showed the lowest spread in Tm values and therefore is behaving almost like a true\ud
ambiguous nucleoside analogue
Control of structural conformation and electronic properties of organic semiconductors thin films
No full textA comparative study of different organic semiconductors, using spectroscopy and microscopy experimental techniques has been performed in order to investigate the morphological and the electronic structure of those systems. The molecules that have been studied are: pentacene (Pn), poly(3-hexyl)thiophene (P3HT) and melanin. The aim was to verify the presence of analogies and differences on the films characteristics as a function of the complexity of each organic semiconductor. It was found that with the increase of the molecular weight, a decrease in the control of morphology and structural conformation occurs independently from the experimental growth conditions. On the contrary, the characteristics of molecular film grown using small molecular weight molecules seems to be strongly effected by the substrate choice
CANCER IMMUNE TOLERANCE, IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE AND IMMUNOEDITING: USE OF A STABILIZED TUMOURIGENIC CELL LINE FROM HER-2/neu TRANSGENIC MICE AS TUMOUR DORMANCY MODEL
No full textThe capacity of immune system to control and shape cancer, that is, cancer immunoediting, is the result of three processes, which function either independently or in sequence: elimination (cancer immunosurveillance, in which immune system functions as an extrinsic tumour suppressor in naive hosts); equilibrium (expansion of transformed cells is held in check by immune system); and escape (tumour cell variants with dampened immunogenicity or with the capacity to attenuate immune responses grow into clinically apparent cancers).\ud
The current belief about treating cancer is that tumour cells need to be eradicated as quickly as possible, so as to halt tumour growth and spread, and to prevent or delay the death of the patient, but considering cancer as a fatal disease is not always appropriate.\ud
In this study we used a cell line model, BB1 cells, to explain latency or dormancy of the tumour. This cell line was isolated from mammary carcinoma of transgenic FVB/neuT mice and it showed its tumorigenicity when inoculated in syngeneic FVB/neuT mice. \ud
Herein we use a murine model (FVB wild type mice) where BB1 tumour cells were injected subcutaneously into the backs of the animal and then monitored for tumour development.\ud
The results of this study show the capacity of immune system to destroy and shape cancer and also to control cancer for long time periods by a process called “equilibrium”.\ud
Furthermore, we showed that “equilibrium” is a component of cancer immunoediting because tumour cells in equilibrium are highly immunogenic, whereas those that spontaneously exit equilibrium condition and become growing tumours have attenuated immunogenicity. These results place this process temporally between elimination and escape.\u
Bacteria associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs): characterization and antibiotic resistance profile\ud
No full textUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are a growing public health concern, especially in hospital environments. The reason lies in the fact that the main etiological agents of these diseases are developing multidrug resistance due to the extensive use of antibiotic drugs, leading to the emergence and spread of epidemilogically important microorganisms, like methicillin-(-oxicillin) resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The increasing prevalence and widespread distribution of such pathogens is documented by surveillance programs and international data bases.\ud
In particular, Staphylococcus aureus resistance has grown to a worldwide emergency, and the search for alternative therapeutic remedies has become extremely urgent. Learning from nature is an increasingly common practice in science in general, and has recently given rise to a specific branch of medicine. One of the most promising novelties in the fight against bacteria in general, and resistant bacteria in particular, is represented by antimicrobial peptides, natural substances produced by several organisms\ud
of both the animal and plant kingdoms. Before these substances can be used as cures to human infections, however, microbiological and molecular studies are still necessary, to allow for a greater understanding of their functioning.\ud
This study aimed at testing the antimicrobial activity of six AMPs against a number of pathogens isolated from patients with bacteriuria, in particular Staphylococcus spp, as well as to identify and determine the antimicrobial resistance status of UTI-causing bacteria in a population of hospital inpatients and outpatients in Italy. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were further characterized using Multi Locus sequence Typing (MLST).\ud
The experimentation of innovative solutions deriving from an integrated approach seems to be the only way to contain the pandemic of multidrug resistance and to develop\ud
a cure for one of the main public health problems today.\u
Diritto, politica e realtà sociale nell’epoca della globalizzazione: atti del XXIII Congresso nazionale della Società italiana di Filosofia giuridica e politica. Macerata, 2-5 ottobre 2002
No full textAtti del XXIII Congresso nazionale della Società italiana di Filosofia giuridica e politica. Macerata, 2-5 ottobre 2002
MASD Modello di analisi delle situazioni didattiche: in formato ipertestuale.
No full textIl MASD (Modello di Analisi delle Situazioni Didattiche) è uno strumento che si basa su alcuni concetti della teoria delle situazioni didattiche e della teoria della trasposizione didattica, applicata inizialmente alla didattica della matematica e in seguito alle altre discipline. La padronanza del modello permette di gestire e controllare consapevolmente le attività di insegnamento e di apprendimento
Natura del verbale di conciliazione e razionalità costituzionale
No full textL’autotutela diviene nella fase di risoluzione delle controversie punto di emersione dell’autonomia negoziale. La conciliazione ha sua causa nel perfezionamento dell’accordo tra litiganti alla presenza del magistrato in funzione di conciliatore. Dunque, saranno qualificabili come accordi transattivi tutti quelli che hanno formazione esterna al processo. La natura negoziale del verbale di conciliazione determina all’uopo l’esperibilità delle azioni contrattuali. L’effetto esecutivo del verbale di conciliazione è da ricondurre all’art. 474, n. 2, c.p.c. L’accordo di conciliazione determina cessazione della materia del contendere, cui fa séguito una riflessa conclusione del processo civile. Ciò è confortato dall’esame comparatistico italo-spagnolo. Ad analoghe conclusioni si perviene in materia di accertamento dei crediti da lavoro a norma del D.lgs. 124/04