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Anti-Mafia Policies in Italy: The Need for Collaborative Governance and Transition of the Policy Actors from Isolation to Coalition
No full textThis paper focuses on the struggle of anti-mafia movements in Italy. This study has found that there is still lack of consistency in classification of anti-mafia policies. Moreover, there is neither unity among the policy actors nor active cooperation among multiple actors while designing anti-mafia policies. Therefore, this paper first aims to simplify an explanation of the policy actors by following an actor-based approach in order to classify the actors as direct (state) and indirect (nonstate) actors; then, it traces the direction of the policies from top to down and from bottom to top and determines the dimension of the policies as being at the macro and/or micro level. Second, this paper suggests that there should be collaboration that binds all actors legally in order to avoid multiple actors clashing and steer them from isolation to cooperation so as to take advantage of optimum point in anti-mafia policies. Finally, it is stressed that the building of cooperation should be through the “3 C” cycle - cohesion, consolidation, and commitment - in order to make effective and reflexive policies
Culture socializzative, identità e differenze di genere: approcci disciplinari a confronto.
No full textIl volume sviluppa la riflessione, all’interno delle scienze umane e sociali, sulle nuove possibilità teoriche e interpretative della socializzazione all’identità di genere nei percorsi educativi. La costruzione dell’identità di genere, coinvolta in un processo di riconfigurazione dei percorsi sociali e personali, esprime un risvolto critico che apre nuovi possibili spazi di disagio e difficoltà, soprattutto nell’esperienza delle giovani generazioni. Si evidenzia un bisogno di educazione "emergente", nel duplice significato di attuale e di impellente, che impone alla generazione adulta l’obbligo etico di impegnarsi nuovamente nella relazione educativa laddove, per svariati motivi, avesse dismesso i panni della generazione educante
Ricerca universitaria e pubblica amministrazione: “istituzioni capacitanti” per una nuova architettura.
No full textBacterial symbiosis in mosquitoes: from basic research to mosquito borne diseases control
No full textCritical phenomena in spherical gravitational collapse
Get PDFIn general relativity, critical collapse is a phenomenon for which in dependence of the choice of some parameter of initial data, the resulting spacetimes can be regular or singular and so the evolution could finish in dispersal or in a formation of a black hole/naked singularity, respectively. Moreover, in the second case, it was found the power-law scale for the black hole masses. These phenomena in gravitational collapse were first found by Choptuik in numerical simulation of spherically symmetric massless scalar field. In the present thesis the study of these example have been extended to a wider class of models. The collapsing time and the bouncing time, in order to understand if the collapse or the bouncing happens in a finite time, have been analysed and we have proved that it is so. Moreover we have observed that also at the end of supercritical evolution the singularity is naked and so the singularity is not covered
Evoluzione tettonica plio-quaternaria della Sicilia nord-occidentale: implicazioni sismotettoniche nel margine\ud Tirrenico meridionale
No full textThe aim of this study is the reconstruction of the Plio-Quatenary tectonic evolution of the hinge zone between the northern Sicilian orogen, with a moderate thickened crust, and Southern Tyrrhenian margin, characterized by crustal thinning, to constrain a seismotectonic evolutionary model of non coaxial deformation in a simple shear regime, of the southern Tyrrhenian area.\ud
The research has been carried out through a multidisciplinary approach in which the new morphotectonic, geological and structural data, acquired also in the emerged\ud
and submerged sectors, have been integrated and interpreted in light of seismological and statistical ones.\ud
The studied area is located on the western sector of the Northern Sicily and its Tyrrhenian off-shore that are part of the Sicilian Maghrebides, an W–E trending southverging\ud
thrust belt, showing an axial depression in north-eastern Sicily, where the southern sector of the Calabrian arc (Peloritani Mts.) overthrust both the Sicilidi units\ud
(Nebrodi Mts.) and the most external units of the chain (Panormide, Imerese, Trapanese and Saccense), these latter characterizing the research area.\ud
The architecture of the Sicilian thrust belt is the result of a multiple-phase tectonic history from Late Oligocene-Early Miocene to Present, characterized by compressional,\ud
extensional, and transcurrent events. The first compressional phase, responsible of the thrust belt building, is represented by fold associations, in places cleavage and foliation, thrust and contractional faults. All these features shortened the original paleotectonic\ud
domains by flat-ramp, duplex, enveloping, and breaching geometries. In the late Miocene the activation of low-angle north-striking extensional faults produced a general stretching of the belt by the re-orientation and inversion of pre-existing structures. Since Early Pliocene a brittle phase produced a complicated grid of highangle\ud
strike-slip faults, consisting of two different systems: the first, NW-SE to W–E trending, right-lateral, and the second, N–S to NE-SW trending, left-lateral. The strike\ud
slip tectonic is the results of non coaxial strain related to an W–E trending right-lateral regional shear zone, extended for about 300 km from Ustica-Eolie alignment to the\ud
“Pantelleria Rift”. This tectonic regime is still active as demonstrate the shallow crustal seismicity affecting the southern Tyrrhenian area.\ud
In order to better define the neotectonic pattern, after a general morphotectonic characterization, three key areas have been selected to carried out detailed morphostructural and structural analysis, which are: 1) The S. Vito lo Capo Peninsula, in the north-western sector of the studied area, where the neotectonic pattern is well exposed, also involving the Olocenic continental and marine deposits. 2) The area of M.te Kumeta ridge, in the southern sector of the Palermo Mountains, where the brittle and ductile strain partitioning has been reconstructed in detail. 3) The off-shore area, north from Palermo and Tapani, where the structural setting has been inferred from morpho-bathymetric and geological maps of the Southern Tyrrhenian basin. Moreover, in this last area a new seismological study has been carried out using published and new\ud
data on the southern Tyrrhenian seismicity, particularly on a portion of the Palermo 2002 Seismic sequence.\ud
On-land the morphostructural, structural and seismological analysis allowed to recognize and characterize brittle and ductile neotectonic geometries, as high-angle, enechêlon,\ud
net- and strike-slip fault systems, with associated fold systems, superimposed on inherited geometries connected to the previous Miocenic and late-Miocenic compressional and extensional tectonic phases.\ud
The reconstructed deformational pattern characterizes also emerged and submerged sectors, where the inferred neotectonic pattern shows a well coherence of the geometrical and dimensional characteristics of the on-shore one. This is represented by a complicated brittle grid of multiple overstepping high angle strike-slip faults, NWSE\ud
to W-E trending, right lateral, and a N-S to NE-SW trending, left lateral system faults producing, at every scale, associated minor order synthetic and antithetic riedel shear systems. The major strike-slip systems inducing also block and en-echélon fold axis clockwise rotations, in overstepping tranpressional areas.\ud
The recognized geometries both in the emerged and submerged areas seem to control the genesis and evolution of main morphostructures represented by tectonic depressions filled by plio-pleistocenic clastic deposits, coinciding with releasing zones, and interposed morphostructural highs in the restraining ones.\ud
The inversion of the stress on the acquired structural data, highlights a regional stress field characterized by a principal suborizontal maximum compressional axis,\ud
oriented about NW-SE, inducing a non coaxial deformation, in which is possible to justify all the recognized brittle and ductile structures.\ud
The collected data on the shallow crustal seismicity occurred in the southern Tyrrhenian area in the last 25 years, highlight a seismogenic band mainly located\ud
between 10 and 35 km depth, clustered around high-angle dipping planes well fitting the orientation of the outcropping fault systems. The focal mechanisms showing\ud
transpressional, compressional, transtensional and estensional kinematics, are the results of the mechanical heterogeneity of the rock volumes related to the polyphasic\ud
tectonic evolution of the area.\ud
The new seismological study has been carried out on a part of 2002 seismic sequence, using a database obtained by the integration of data recorded by the stations of the National Seismic Network with those recorded, in four months, from 7 three -components stations of a temporary network installed by INGV. In particular, about 40\ud
seismic events, recorded by more than 40 seismic stations, occurred between September and December 2002, have been relocated using a procedure based on the HYPODD program, and an eight layers velocity model optimized relocating some thousands events of the southern Tyrrhenian. The focal mechanisms of such events have been determined using FPFIT code.\ud
The relocation of the hypocentres constrains the seismogenic volume responsible of the 2002 seismic sequence, between 5 and 20 Km depth. The new focal mechanisms shows, a mainly transcurrent kinematic for the mainshock, and globally an extreme variability of both kinematic and geometries of the seismogenic structures, supporting the mechanical complexity of seismogenic volume.\ud
The analysis of the new focal mechanisms, taking into account geological and mechanical constrains, shows that in the siesmogenic volume, the possible rupture surfaces correspond to minor order fault systems recognized in on-land studied area, or, in places, to inherited geometries (ramp-flat thrusts or low angle normal faults) as result\ud
of strain accomodation.\ud
In order to better characterize the seismogenic volume, the Coulomb stress changes related to the main event of the sequence have been also calculated. This study shows that the first events of the sequence develop into the stress increasing areas, supposing as the possible seismogenic structure, a subvertical N-S trending faults, 10 kilometres extended, activated with a left-lateral kinematic. This inferred seismogenic structure could represent a second order fault system activate in a seismogenic volume, orientate along a principal NE-SW axis, coinciding\ud
with a restraining band, in which the geometric characters show the occurrence of a simple shear deformational style, according to the seismotectonic model of non coaxial deformation.\ud
\ud
La tematica affrontata nel percorso di approfondimento compiuto negli anni 2008-2010 attraverso questo Dottorato in Scienze della terra, prende spunto dall’osservazione\ud
che alcuni elementi acquisiti nel corso del lungo iter di studio che va avanti da diversi anni, relativamente a tematiche inizialmente relative alle relazioni tra evoluzione morfologica e assetto strutturale di alcune porzioni dell’area siciliana, non sempre trovavano una coerente e logica collocazione in un quadro generale gia' modellizzato.\ud
La necessita' di analizzare gli elementi legati all’evoluzione tettonica piu' recente dell’area siciliana, si configura per il fatto che la Sicilia si colloca in corrispondenza di un’area che viene considerata tra quelle sismicamente piu' “attive” dell’intero Mediterraneo, essendo stata la stessa in tempi “recenti” interessata da una intensa attivita' tettonica alla quale si associano elevati livelli di sismicita', tra i maggiori registrati nell’intera area centro-mediterranea.\ud
L’area che e' stata studiata nel presente lavoro di tesi riguarda la porzione occidentale della Sicilia settentrionale ed il suo antistante off-shore. Questi elementi si collocano in corrispondenza di un settore crostale che da un punto di vista geodinamico assume una notevole importanza per la comprensione dell’evoluzione dell’intera areasud tirrenica, costituendo essi una “zona di cerniera” in assottigliamento che raccorda il bacino tirrenico, caratterizzato da processi di oceanizzazione, e la porzione emersa della catena siciliana, costituita invece da una spessa crosta continentale.\ud
Nell’ultimo decennio si e' assistito al fiorire di ricerche a carattere multidisciplinare, che hanno riguardato proprio l’area in studio, tendenti all’elaborazione di modelli sismotettonici vincolati sia a dati geologico-strutturali sia a quelli geologico-geofisici; i modelli elaborati, tuttavia, non sempre sono risultati congruenti tra loro.\ud
Lo scopo del presente studio e' quello di acquisire elementi utili per la ricostruzione dell’evoluzione tettonica plio-quaternaria dell’area sud tirrenica, con\ud
particolare riferimento alla Sicilia occidentale ed al suo antistante off-shore, a supporto di un modello sismotettonico che sia coerente con i dati geologico-strutturali rilevati sul campo e con i dati derivati dall’analisi sismologica.\ud
Occorre subito precisare che per tutte le considerazioni relative al periodo Quaternario si fa riferimento alla tradizionale impostazione secondo la quale il limite tra il Pliocene ed il Quaternario viene posto in corrispondenza della base del Pleistocene a circa 1.8 Ma, nel Calabriano, secondo la proposta INQUA del 1982 successivamente ratificata nel 2004 dall’ IUGS.\ud
Per portare avanti la ricerca e' stato utilizzato un approccio multisciplinare condotto attraverso l’acquisizione di dati geologico-strutturali, successivamente integrati con dati derivati dall’approfondimento degli aspetti geofisici ed in particolare quelli sismologici. Tali dati sono stati interpretati alla luce di studi morfotettonici e, per\ud
alcune valutazioni, anche attraverso l’utilizzo di analisi statistiche.\ud
· Le analisi di tipo geologico-strutturale rappresentano in uno studio come quello che e' stato condotto, l’elemento fondamentale per il riconoscimento e la caratterizzazione di strutture neotettoniche, eventualmente sismogeniche, a partire dalle osservazioni di campagna, oltre che per una\ud
serie di deduzioni relative all’interpretazione dell’evoluzione “recente” dell’area. Il rilevamento di campagna, effettuato in dettaglio in aree “chiave” ritenute di particolare importanza nel quadro regionale, infatti,\ud
ha consentito l’individuazione di strutture tettoniche, consentendo la discriminazione di strutture primarie e secondarie; inoltre, ha fornito gli elementi base per potere valutare la reciproca compatibilità tra strutture di\ud
ordine diverso e, nel complesso, la loro coerenza rispetto ad un campo di stress regionale.\ud
· L’approccio morfotettonico si e' reso necessario partendo dal presupposto che le deformazioni crostali recenti trovano la loro espressione in superficie essenzialmente attraverso la definizione della morfologia dei luoghi, contribuendo alla elaborazione del rilievo attraverso la produzione e/o la modificazione delle sue forme. E’ sembrato importante, in un’ottica di ricostruzione dell’evoluzione “recente” dell’area siciliana, non\ud
trascurare i segnali morfologici la cui valutazione talvolta e' risultata fondamentale per l’individuazione di strutture di recente attivita'.\ud
L’utilizzo di queste due metodologie basate su differenti approcci, ha rappresentato il punto di partenza per portare avanti lo studio per l’individuazione di strutture attive, attraverso l’integrazione di diversi tipi d’indagini, compiute a scala diversa. Si e' passati, infatti, dall’interpretazione d’immagini da satellite, a scala regionale, con successiva analisi dei dati in ambiente GIS, attraverso il supporto di un Modello Digitale del Terreno (DEM) ad alta risoluzione, all’analisi di foto aeree e di carte topografiche a varia scala, fino ad arrivare all’analisi del singolo affioramento, condotta a scala metrica.\ud
E’ stata condotta anche l’analisi dell’abbondante sismicita' che caratterizza l’area in studio, partendo ovviamente dall’acquisizione dei dati registrati dalle stazioni dell’INGV e pubblicati nei numerosi cataloghi.\ud
La conoscenza dei dati sismici e sismologici costituisce un elemento fondamentale per l’identificazione e caratterizzazione delle strutture simicamente attive. Sono stati utilizzati dati relativi alla sismicita' storica derivati dai cataloghi, ma sono stati anche analizzati numerosi dati sismologici, anche inediti, relativi alla\ud
sismicita' piu' recente per alcune valutazioni relative alle implicazioni sismotettoniche.\ud
Per ricostruire il significato di alcune delle strutture individuate e il ruolo che queste assumono nell’evoluzione recente dell’area sud tirrenica, infine, con l’ausilio di\ud
alcuni ricercatori del Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare dell’Università di Palermo e della Sezione di Geologia della Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologia dell’Università di Camerino, e' stato condotto uno studio specifico sulle piu' recenti sequenze sismiche che hanno interessato l’area in studio.\ud
Si fa particolare riferimento alla sequenza sismica che nel settembre 2002 ha interessato l’area sud-tirrenica; tale sequenza sismica a partire da un mainshock di M5.6 si e' protratta con fasi di maggiore e minore intensità fino a novembre 2002.\ud
Gli eventi registrati dalle numerose reti locali sono stati rilocalizzati e i dati sismologici ricalcolati e reinterpretati e infine confrontati con lo stato di stress indotto dal mainshock della sequenza, acquisendo cosi' interessanti spunti di discussione
Evaluation of ventricular function by X-Strain™ in dogs with mitral regurgitation
No full textThe aim of echocardiography is to perform the study of the cardiac function, through the evaluation of alterations of anatomy, contractility and flow. The ultrasound techniques used until now to reveal possible alterations of myocardial contractility, such as b-mode, m-mode and Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) haven’t allowed to obtain complete evaluations. In 2002, Buckberg, analyzing the cardiac structure, demonstrated a complex movement of the heart, determined by the particular helical disposition of\ud
the myocardial bundles. The motion is composed by three different components: radial, longitudinal and of torsion. The TDI is dependent from the angle Doppler of incidence, therefore it allows to estimates only movements parallel to the ultrasound beam.\ud
Recently, the application of Speckle Tracking , being independent from the angle Doppler, has permitted to improve the study of the cardiac motion.\ud
X-StrainTM is a new ultrasound tool by ESAOTE, based on Feature Tracking, that is able to perform the evaluation of the ventricular performance. The aims of this study are to verify the possible application of X-StrainTM in 18 dogs affected by mitral regurgitation, to verify the relationship between ventricular indexes (ejection fraction, shortening fraction, and left atrium diameter- aorta diameter ratio) obtained through traditional techniques (B-MODE, M-MODE), X-StrainTM and the\ud
severeness of heart failure in dogs with mitral regurgitation (ISACHC classification), and to verify if X-StrainTM indexes (radial strain and strain rate, endocardial and epicardial circumferential strain and strain rate, radial and rotational displacement of endocardium and epicardium) could have a prognostic value and allow an easier therapeutic control of the patient\ud
during the follow-up. The dogs have been evaluated twice (T0 and T1), and the data have been subjected to a statistical analysis.\ud
It has been demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the radial strain and strain rate and the ejection an shortening fractions.\ud
Besides, to the increase of the radial strain and strain rate, corresponds an improvement of the clinical conditions. The radial strain seems to be less sensible to the volume overload caused by the mitral regurgitation. The\ud
endocardial and the epicardial circumferential strain and strain rate have the same trend at T0 and T1. This condition suggests that the motion of torsion could be not influenced by the volume overload. Besides, it has been possible to consider the follow-up of four dogs treated with inotropic medicines, and it has been possible to note their improvement of ventricular contraction.\ud
The results therefore, suggest the possibility to use X-StrainTM as a valid ultrasound method in dog to complete the cardiac study, and in particular, to reveal alteration of regional and global myocardial contractility, and to\ud
evaluate the complex motion of torsion of heart. It would be interesting to perform a study in a bigger sample of dogs, to obtain physiological data and to verify the eventual different effect of the treatment. X-StrainTM\ud
could allow to check the follow-up of dogs, to choose the right therapy