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Iudex dicitur iustitia animata: l'habitus del giudice in età moderna
No full textIl presente lavoro ha come scopo mostrare che la separazione tra regole tecniche e regole di comportamento nell’ufficio del giudice sia frutto di una precisa discontinuità storica.\ud
In età moderna l’habitus del giudice, inteso come fascio di norme comportamentali ritenute doverose, è rappresento da un fondamento oggettivo in grado di orientare le scelte pratiche senza che si possa per questo indicare una regola o una legge positiva esplicita. Dopo uno sguardo alle radici medievali dell’habitus, sono tratteggiati taluni dei principali doveri del giudice così come emergono dall’azione disciplinante della dottrina giuridica, dalle pratiche giudiziarie e dai testi teologici sulle virtù del buon giudice. L’ultima parte dell’elaborato analizza, invece, i segni della crisi del modello “Iudex iustitia animata” e il processo di emersione delle regole disciplinari e deontologiche. \u
Attività della missione archeologica dell’Università degli Studi di Macerata ad Hadrianopolis e nella valle del Drino (Albania): relazione preliminare anno 2007.
No full textThe application of mass spectrometry to food analysis
No full textMass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the molecular masses of individual compounds and atoms precisely by converting them into charged ions. For over 100 years, it has played a pivotal role in a variety of scientific disciplines. With a small beginning in the late nineteenth century as a tool to detect cathode rays, mass spectrometry currently has become an integral part of proteomics and drug development process. Several diverse fields, such as physics, chemistry, medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutical science, geology, nuclear science, archeology, petroleum industry, forensic science, and environmental science, have benefited from this highly sensitive and specific instrumental technique. In my thesis, Mass Spectrometry has been applied in food chemistry fields for the analysis of toxic compounds and contaminants, for nutraceutics and for the characterization of foodstuff to be applied for production areas and traceability. In the first part, high resolution mass spectrometry (LTQ-Orbitrap) has been used for the structural characterization and quantification of toxic compounds (glycoalkaloids and aglycons) in potato, tomato and potato upper soil. The second part of the study has been related to the analysis of lentils by using two different mass analyzers: TOF and single quadrupole. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS with TOF mass spectrometer) was used in this study to obtain protein fingerprints of seven different lentil varieties, to characterize their differences and similarities. With single quadrupole, we developed a new analytical procedure for quantification of the content of two cholesterol lowering compounds, soyasaponin I and VI, in various cultivars of Italian lentils, by SPE-HPLC-MS. The third part of the study the analysis of ink photoinitiators in policoupled carton packaging and in contained food beverages. A new analytical method that uses gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was developed for the analysis of five photoinitiators. Different mass analyzers were used for the quantification of 40 real samples,which resulted more or less contaminated. LC-APPI/MS/MS was used to confirm the obtained results on benzophenone contamination, showing the importance both of the ionization source and of the tandem mass spectrometry in the analysis of trace contaminants. Finally, a comparison of the performance characteristic of the used mass spectrometers was reported.\u
Fabrication and characterization of electrospray deposited organic semiconductors towards photovoltaic applications
No full textIn this thesis, the structural tunability of organic semiconductors deposited by an alternative\ud
electrospray polymer thin film deposition method was systematically investigated using spectroscopy and microscopy experimental techniques, such as Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Optical Absorption, X-ray Diffraction, Photoelectron\ud
Spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Infra-red Spectroscopy. The aim was to study the molecular conformation and assembly of the polymer films as a function of the growth parameters. Organic Photovoltaic devices were fabricated and characterized. We started\ud
with the investigation of conventionally prepared poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films, which resulted in the enhancement of photo-response for the thin films mechanically rubbed. Different structural conformations of P3HT thin films deposited by electrospray method were obtained starting from different solution concentrations and flow rate conditions. The flat-on configuration of P3HT back bone (from higher concentration) showed good diode behaviour as compared to edge-on configuration of P3HT back bone (from lower concentration). The bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OPVs fabricated from an active layer of blended P3HT and Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with optimized growth parameters by electrospray method exhibited better performance, when deposited from solvents with higher boiling point. Moreover by considering the multilayer thin film deposition advantage of electrospray method, the first trilayer BHJ OPVs model(P3HT/P3HT:PCBM/PCBM) was introduced and showed higher efficiency than single layer BHJ (P3HT:PCBM) devices. In addition to the above, in order to further examine the\ud
compatibility of electrospray method, the chemical and physical properties of a complex bio-polymer, melanin, were better controlled as compared to conventional deposition\ud
process, thereby providing a prospective outlook for its application for devices in the future technologies
Crystallization kinetics in Stromboli magma
No full textShoshonitic basalt composition (PST9) has been studied to investigate the kinetics of crystallisation and implications for magma dynamics at Stromboli volcano. A series of decompression experiments over a range of\ud
pressure (100 - 5 MPa) at constant temperature (1075°C) show that plagioclase is stable at 50 MPa or less under water saturated conditions.\ud
Moreover, these experiments show that plagioclase An content decreases with decreasing P(H2O) reaching the same composition, as the natural plagioclase in Sromboli scoria and that the bulk crystal fraction increases as the experimental conditions tend to lower pressure, associated with water exsolution. Nucleation density increase for lower undercooling whereas for higher decompression the nucleation is almost constant. Growth rate (G+) is\ud
observed to increase with undercooling, although at long time (16 hrs), growth rates approach constant values. The values of G+ vary from 10-9 to 10-10 cm/sec for pressure from 50 to 25 MPa, while at pressure from 10 to 5 MPa\ud
growth rates are from 10-6 to 10-7 cm/sec (slower in long duration experiments).\ud
A series of dissolution experiments at atmospheric pressure and over a range of temperature has been done both for plagioclase (plg) and clinopyroxene (cpx) (temperature range of 1220 - 1240°C and 1140 - 1240°C respectively for plg and cpx). Dissolution rate (G-) for plagioclase (10-7 cm/sec) tends to be slightly higher at higher temperature in the range of 1220 - 1240°C and appears to be time independent for the experimental durations investigated (10 - 30 hrs). For clinopyroxene, we have observed higher\ud
dissolution rates (G-) (5 - 6*10-6 cm/sec) at the highest temperatures, whereas the dissolution rates decrease to 1 - 2*10 -6 for longer experimental times.\ud
These trends could be related to development of a diffusion limited boundary layer adjacent to the dissolution crystal.\ud
By comparison of the experimental data on plagioclase composition, growth rates, nucleation density (Nv), nucleation rate (Jm) and dissolution in Stromboli shoshonitic basalt, it is possible to place the scoria reservoirs in the upper part (from 500 m. to the surface) of volcanic conduit. Furthermore, The results from this work combined with observations on natural samples will\ud
help to improve our knowledge of the magma plumbing system and of interactions between resident magma and new magma and in general the dynamics of volcanic activity of Stromboli and the time scale of magmatic processes
Archivi istituzionali e Open Access nel contesto italiano\ud ed internazionale
Get PDFDa molto tempo si dibatte nel mondo accademico e scientifico quale possa essere la soluzione migliore per diffondere la conoscenza sviluppando al contempo una nuova modalita' di comunicazione e garantendo un processo di valutazione che riconosca il merito e l’originalita' dei contributi. Da cio' ha avuto origine dunque il movimento Open Access, che ha cambiato profondamente le prospettive alla base del processo creativo proprio delle ricerche accademiche finanziate con risorse pubbliche e destinate a modificare la societa', orientando in tal modo il progresso scientifico e tecnologico a favore di una crescita sociale ed economica collettiva.\ud
L’Open Access o Accesso Aperto e' un movimento internazionale che incoraggia gli studiosi e gli scienziati a pubblicare liberamente in rete il risultato dei propri studi, provocando dunque un aumento della disseminazione scientifica e modificando i processi di valutazione e di finanziamento propri dei meccanismi universitari.\ud
L’Accesso Aperto si sviluppa nell’ambiente digitale, riguarda soltanto l’editoria scientifica e di ricerca, ma ha il vantaggio di massimizzare l’impatto dei prodotti della ricerca, aumentando la produttivita' degli studiosi e velocizzando il processo di conoscenza, che sta alla base dell’evoluzione della nostra societa'.\ud
Il movimento ha avuto una eco notevole nel mondo accademico ed editoriale, tanto da modificare strutture mentali, posizioni ideologiche, modelli economici, organizzazioni pubbliche e private, comunita' di operatori della conoscenza, meccanismi di finanziamento pubblico e privato; con il medesimo spirito innovativo erano nati da qualche tempo i primi archivi disciplinari o istituzionali, che avevano proprio lo scopo di disseminare i risultati delle ricerche scientifiche rendendoli liberamente accessibili a tutti tramite il web: il movimento Open Access, pur avendo in se' posizioni dottrinali diverse, dava una consapevolezza compiuta e definitiva ad un processo in itinere e ad una proposta di migliore comunicazione della conoscenza.\ud
In Italia Open Access e Archivi Aperti o Istituzionali hanno trovato una sintesi ottimale, soprattutto per il forte coinvolgimento della comunita' bibliotecaria accademica, che ha cercato di cooptare tutti gli attori del processo sia pure in una situazione di scetticismo e di sostanziale disinteresse; a distanza di alcuni anni dal sorgere del fenomeno si cominciano tuttavia a vedere i primi notevoli risultati di un’azione di advocacy forte e consapevole di quanto siano numerose le sue implicazioni e di quanto cio' influisca sulla nuove competenze necessarie a bibliotecari e archivisti
Riflessioni e strumenti per l’orientamento scolastico e universitario.
No full textIl processo che conduce il giovane all’autonomia può essere considerato uno dei compiti di sviluppo più complessi che l’individuo compie durante il ciclo di vita, almeno nel nostro sistema socio-culturale. La possibilità che il giovane sviluppi una sua autonomia di pensiero coinvolge infatti le relazioni familiari e si articola interessando la scuola, le relazioni con i pari e l’intero sistema di rapporti sociali. La complessità delle vicende che conducono all’autonomia implica un orientamento inteso come processo legato al supporto nella ricerca di un proprio Sé. Il sostegno alla scelta di una scuola superiore o di un percorso universitario non riguarda perciò solo l’indirizzo verso l’acquisizione di contenuti di apprendimento o la costruzione di competenze professionali. Tenendo conto di tale responsabilità della scuola e dell’Università nei confronti del giovane, abbiamo pensato a un agile strumento di lavoro per gli insegnanti in generale, e più in particolare per quelli che si occupano dell’orientamento scolastico e professionale
IL DIRITTO DELLA CONCORRENZA, CON PARTICOLARE RIGUARDO AL TRASPORTO AEREO
No full textABSTRACT\ud
The thesis deals with the application of competition laws in the field of air transport within the Italian-Community legal system. The work addresses particularly one issue which currently hinders a further development of competition laws in this sector, namely the subject of slot allocation. In fact, within infrastructure issues, slot and gate scarcities, which are also seen as ‘non commercial’ entry barriers, represent the most obvious physical barrier to entry, as without a slot and a gate, an airline cannot operate. \ud
The thesis is divided into four parts. In the first part of the work, it has been analyzed the deregulation and liberalization process, both in EU and in US. It has been pointed out that slot allocation is a means by which governments intervene in the air transport sector regulating it, but in a way very different from the past, when flag carriers dominated the market. Moreover, competition issues have been analyzed internationally, especially under the ICAO and IATA umbrella. \ud
In the second part of the thesis, the ratio and the legal nature have been addressed deeply. It has been backed up the idea that slots are natural resources which belong to States, which in turn exert their sovereignty over them. Slots are complex goods, and they relate to the time, from one hand, and to the air space, from the other hand. This is why slots are considered public goods, hence they are not tradable in the marketplace as a private good. Neither air carriers nor others (whoever they are) could claim property rights over slots, which according to Regulation No. 95/93 are “permissions” allocated by a public authority, namely the so-called airport Coordinator. Then, the air traffic airport coordination has been studied, taking into account the threefold classification of congested airports: coordinated, not coordinated and facilitated. In terms of airport congestion, a very important difference we did is that between traffic rights and airport slots. In this regard, in January 2010 the Italian Constitutional Court clarified that the two profiles have to be kept separated, because they refer to different aspect of airport congestion. A different stance is taken by ICAO and some States (especially African ones), which have pointed out the linkage between traffic rights and airport slots. Furthermore, the legal nature of the airport Coordinator has been addressed. According to our research, it seems to be a private entity responsible for public functions. \ud
In the third part of the work, the slot allocation and the slot mobility have been dealt with. Particularly, the slot allocation is an administrative process under which slots are allocated as permissions by a Coordinator. Consequently, slots may be freely exchanged or transferred, but not traded or sold, because of the public nature of the good “slot”, and in light of both Community and international Regulations in this subject. It has been criticized a recent Communication issued by the European Commission which de facto introduced arbitrarily the secondary trading in the European legal system. \ud
The last part of the thesis is devoted to the Italian, Community and international public controls in the slot allocation system. In Italy, the Minister of Transportation together with ENAC (Ente Nazionale Aviazione Civile) carry out administrative controls over the activities and duties of the Italian Coordinator (Assoclearance). As concerns judicial reviews, administrative and civil Courts have jurisdiction in the field of slot allocation according to the nature of breaking. In the European Union, the European Commission is tasked of controlling - under an administrative point of view - the Member States’ entities appointed to allocate slots. The judicial review is carried out by the European Court of Justice and by the European Court of Human Rights. Internationally, dispute settlement mechanisms are worked out at IATA and ICAO. These lust mechanisms are not binding for airlines and States respectively, so they have little effectiveness. \ud
The conclusion is that the slot allocation system should remain of administrative nature, because in those systems where market mechanisms have been developed (such as in the US) competition issues have not been solved; rather, much more problems have been created as incumbent airlines are reluctant to sell slots to their competitors. It is suggested to reinforce the application of the use-it-or-lose it rule in order to enable new air carriers to have access to the market. In this way, competition might be fostered in the European legal system and the aims of Regulation no. 95/93 attained. \ud
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