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    La interpretación en el derecho tributario

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    Tax controversies in part are originated by the different interpretations of the tax regulations between tax administration and taxpayers, so the issue of the interpretation of the tax regulations is of academic interest for this reason we have resorted to the doctrine and from a practical point of view to the resolutions of the Tax Court and the judgments of the Supreme Court. This article begins showing what tax controversies mean in numbers; then referring to the a priori approach of the interpreter, known as general interpretation criteria; also we will discuss the methods of interpretation; after we will see the apothegms of interpretation, which are topical arguments of fairly general acceptance; finalizing the article with the analogy, the excessive interpretation of the rule and the interpretation of the tax relief.Las controversias fiscales impugnadas se originan en parte en las distintas interpretaciones de las normas tributarias que aplican la Administración Fiscal y los contribuyentes, de ahí que este tema sea de interés académico. Para abordarlo, se ha recurrido a la doctrina y, desde un punto de vista práctico, a las resoluciones del Tribunal Fiscal y a las sentencias de casación del Poder Judicial. Este artículo comienza mostrando lo que significan en números las controversias tributarias; luego trata la interpretación de la norma tributaria, con referencia a la aproximación apriorística del intérprete, que es lo que se conoce como criterios generales de interpretación. A continuación, el artículo se ocupa de los métodos de interpretación; seguidamente se verán los apotegmas de interpretación, que son argumentos jurídicos aceptados a los cuales el intérprete recurre. El artículo finaliza con la analogía, la interpretación excesiva de la norma y la interpretación de la desgravación tributaria

    The impact of rating classifications on stock prices of Brazilian companies

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    Purpose. This paper aims to identify if there is an impact of the rating announcements issued by the agencies on the returns of the stocks of Brazilian companies listed on Brasil Bolsa Balcão, from August 2002 to August 2018, identifying which types of announcement (upgrade, downgrade or the same initial classification) cause variations in prices around the date of disclosure of the rating. Design/methodology/approach. The event study methodology was applied to verify the market reaction around the announcement dates in a 21-day event window (−10, +10). The market model was used to calculate the abnormal returns (ARs), and subsequently, the accumulated ARs. Findings. The hypotheses tests allowed to verify that the accumulated ARs are different, before and after the three types of rating announcements (upgrades, downgrades and the same classification); in upgrades, the mean of accumulated ARs increases in the days before the event, while in downgrades, this increase occurs after the event. This paper concluded that the rating announcements have an impact on the return of stock of the Brazilian market and that the market reaction occurs most of the time before the event happens, which indicates that the market can anticipate the information contained in the changes in credit ratings. Practical implications. The results have considerable implications for portfolio managers, institutional investors and traders. It facilitates investment decision-making in the face of rating classification announcements. Market participants can pay more attention to their investment strategies and asset allocation during periods of risk rating announcements. Additionally, traders can understand the form of investment strategy for superior earnings. Originality/value. The importance of the study is related to the fact that the results may explain the causes of specific movements in the Brazilian financial market related to a source of information that may or may not be able to influence the decisions of the financial agents that operate in this market. The justification is centred on the idea that, for investors who somehow react to the announcements, it is relevant to understand the impact of rating classifications on companies, as access to such information allows for more conscious decision-making. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEFAS-08-2019-019

    Stucchi López Raygada, Pierino, José Bezada Alencastre y Óscar García Tipismana (comps.). Manual de derecho del consumo aplicado a los servicios bancarios. Lima: Palestra, 2021

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    The Manual of consumer law applied to banking services is a modern and pedagogical work on the subject of consumer rights in their different aspects. and pedagogical work on the subject of consumer rights in their relations with the banking market. relations with the banking market. The reader will note with interest that its main objective is to provide a clear and detailed understanding - thanks to the precision with which it has been written - of the banking activity in its relations with the banking market. the banking activity in its relationship with the client within the financial system, and the with the client within the financial system, as well as the protection that should be provided to the consumer. protection that must be provided to the consumer.El Manual de derecho del consumo aplicado a los servicios bancarios es una obra moderna y pedagógica sobre el tema de los derechos del consumidor en sus relaciones con el mercado bancario. El lector observará con interés que su objetivo principal es dar a conocer de manera clara y detallada —gracias a la precisión con la que ha sido redactado— la actividad bancaria en su relación con el cliente dentro del sistema financiero, así como la protección que se le debe brindar al consumidor

    Ethnic diverse and financing choices affecting of business survival: a case study of New Zealand small- and medium-sized enterprises

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    Purpose. This paper aims to investigate how ethnic diversity and finance options impact the survival of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach. This study incorporates survey data and secondary data from the public domain. The surveys were conducted across six sectors of the economy categorised into four main ethnic groups involving six nationalities. This study adopts regression analysis using Probit, Logit and linear probability. Findings. The financing choices of the entrepreneurs were consistent with pecking-order theory. The evidence suggests that information asymmetries are prevalent in New Zealand, as SMEs’ owners perceive significant risk from expanding businesses internationally. There is no relationship between ethnicity bias and the survival of firms. Originality/value. This study provides a contribution to the literature on factors relating to business survival and guides the policymakers to use the benefits of potential factors to increase the survival rate of SMEs. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEFAS-11-2019-027

    Problemas que plantea la descentralización productiva: los contratos para obra o servicio específico y la causa objetiva de contratación

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    Through this research work, it is intended to show that the institution of productive decentralization of the company is often used as an objective cause of hiring for a specific work or specific service, thereby making the employment relationship of the workers precariously, for which a normative precision is necessaryMediante el presente trabajo de investigación, se pretende demostrar que muchas veces se utiliza la institución de la descentralización productiva de la empresa como causa objetiva de la contratación por obra determinada o servicio específico, precarizando por este medio la relación laboral de los trabajadores. Por ello es necesaria una precisión normativa

    Portfolio performance under tracking error and benchmark volatility constraints

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    Purpose. Using a portfolio comprising liquid global stocks and bonds, this study aims to limit absolute risk to that of a standardised benchmark and determine whether this has a significant impact on expected return in both high volatility period (HV) and low volatility period (LV). Design/methodology/approach. Using a traditional benchmark comprising 40% equity and 60% bonds, a constant tracking error (TE) frontier was constructed and implemented. Portfolio performance for different TE constraints and different economic periods (expansion and contraction) was explored. Findings. Results indicate that during HV, replicating benchmark portfolio risk produces portfolios that outperform both the maximum return (MR) portfolio and the benchmark. MR portfolios outperform those with the same risk as that of the benchmark in LV. The MR portfolio weights assets to obtain the highest return on the TE frontier. During HV, the benchmark replicated risk portfolio obtained a higher absolute risk value than that of the MR portfolio because of an inefficient benchmark. In HV, the benchmark replicated risk portfolio favoured intermediate maturity treasury bills. Originality/value. There is a dearth of literature exploring the performance of active portfolios subject to TE constraints. This work addresses this gap and demonstrates, for the first time, the relative portfolio performance of several standard portfolio choices on the frontier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEFAS-06-2019-009

    El derecho digital y de las nuevas tecnologías: su importancia en el gobierno y en la empresa

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    Digital Law and New Technologies has incidence and importance in the automated and global society, where the technological rhythm allows everyone in the world to use the new information and communication technologies. We proceed to the analysis of the different areas of application between Law and Technology: people, legal act, internet marriage, conciliation by electronic means, law of digital signatures and certificates, promotion of broadband, computer crimes. Likewise, the Digital Government Law and the Digital Government Law and the Digital transformation of the Judiciary are analyzed. The Digital Approach and Corporate Law section deals with the protection of personal data, teleworking, the tax impact of digital service and consumer protection in Electronic Commerce. The conclusions highlight the importance and significance of the discipline.El derecho digital y de las nuevas tecnologías tiene incidencia e importancia en la sociedad automatizada y global, donde el ritmo tecnológico permite a personas de todo el mundo utilizar las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones. En este trabajo se analizan los distintos ámbitos de aplicación e interrelación entre el derecho y la tecnología: personas, acto jurídico, matrimonio por Internet, conciliación por medios electrónicos, ley de firmas y certificados digitales, promoción de banda ancha, delitos informáticos. Asimismo, se analiza la Ley de Gobierno Digital y la transformación digital del Poder Judicial. En el acápite «El enfoque digital y el derecho corporativo» se trata la protección de datos personales, el teletrabajo, la afectación tributaria de los servicios digitales y la protección al consumidor en el comercio electrónico. En las conclusiones se resalta la importancia y trascendencia de la disciplina

    Las marcas y los elementos de la personalidad: aspectos relevantes para la protección de la identidad y el prestigio de personas naturales

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    Many distinctive signs of products and services offered in the market are made up of terms that reproduce elements of identification of natural persons. In some cases, it is noted that the purchase decision is determined by the message that is assumed with the identification of the person. This study aims to develop the legally relevant aspects from the standpoint of trademark law that allow for settling possible conflicts based on a sign made up of an element associated with the identity or prestige of a third party.Muchos signos distintivos de productos y servicios que se ofrecen en el mercado están constituidos por términos que reproducen elementos de identificación de personas naturales. En algunos casos, se advierte que la decisión de compra es determinada por el mensaje que se asume con la identificación de la persona. Con este estudio se pretende desarrollar los aspectos jurídicamente relevantes desde la óptica del derecho de marcas que permitan solucionar posibles conflictos a partir de un signo constituido por un elemento asociado con la identidad o el prestigio de un tercero

    Ferrajoli, Luigi. Iura Paria: los fundamentos de la democracia constitucional. (Edición de Dario Ippolito y Fabrizio Mastromartino; traducción de Andrea Greppi). Madrid: Trotta, 2020

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    Es de conocimiento prácticamente universal el origen etimológico e histórico griego del concepto de democracia; asimismo, se entiende su evolución, que ha devenido en una forma de gobierno calificada positivamente y que implica separación y sujeción de poderes al derecho. No sucede lo mismo, sin embargo, con la ecuación semántica de «democracia constitucional», que parece denominar una especie dentro de un género, una especificación lingüística con relevancia jurídica. Como señalan en el prefacio los editores del libro, la historia registra que los orígenes de la constitución son antiguos, pero su descubrimiento como herramienta de control jurisdiccional es reciente. Aun así, se advierte que tradicionalmente se ha entendido la democracia como un método que asegura la consecución de los objetivos de la voluntad de las mayorías. Y es precisamente esta concepción formalista de la constitución la que el profesor Ferrajoli pone en entredicho, disecciona, compara y argumenta con magistral precisión en este texto académico.Es de conocimiento prácticamente universal el origen etimológico e histórico griego del concepto de democracia; asimismo, se entiende su evolución, que ha devenido en una forma de gobierno calificada positivamente y que implica separación y sujeción de poderes al derecho. No sucede lo mismo, sin embargo, con la ecuación semántica de «democracia constitucional», que parece denominar una especie dentro de un género, una especificación lingüística con relevancia jurídica. Como señalan en el prefacio los editores del libro, la historia registra que los orígenes de la constitución son antiguos, pero su descubrimiento como herramienta de control jurisdiccional es reciente. Aun así, se advierte que tradicionalmente se ha entendido la democracia como un método que asegura la consecución de los objetivos de la voluntad de las mayorías. Y es precisamente esta concepción formalista de la constitución la que el profesor Ferrajoli pone en entredicho, disecciona, compara y argumenta con magistral precisión en este texto académico

    La responsabilidad del empleador por accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades ocupacionales: retrospectiva y futuro

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    The recent trend in labor jurisprudence passes liability to the employer in the event of an accident at work or occupational disease. This violates the theory of contractual civil liability, applicable to the employment relationship, which requires fraud, gross negligence or at least slight negligence for the generation of the employer’s duty to compensate the employee. In this paper we legally analyze how employer responsibility has evolved and critically approach the current criteria, formulating some proposals for future change.La reciente tendencia de la jurisprudencia laboral pasa por responsabilizar al empleador ante un accidente de trabajo o una enfermedad profesional. Ello infringe la teoría de la responsabilidad civil contractual, aplicable a la relación jurídica laboral, la cual exige dolo, culpa grave o, al menos, culpa leve para la generación del deber de indemnizar a cargo del empleador. En este trabajo se analiza jurídicamente cómo ha evolucionado la responsabilidad del empleador y se aborda críticamente el criterio vigente formulando algunas propuestas de cambio

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