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OCTOBER 28, 1918 AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE ORIGIN OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS OF THE CZECHS’ NEIGHBOURS
Full text linkOctober 28, 1918 represents one of the most important milestones of the Czech collective memory. Th e aim of the study is to capture the main traits of the explanatory refl ection of the events related to the formation of the fi rst Czechoslovak Republic in history textbooks of the selected neighbouring countries (Poland, Slovakia, Austria, and Hungary as a “historical neighbour”) and to compare them with the Czech approach, as well as mutually with each other focusing on the characteristics of educational texts which are typical for historical narration in each of the given countries. We focused in particular on the secondary school textbooks and a specifi c interpretation of the concrete themes which are accentuated in the national explanatory texts, on the one hand, or suppressed, on the other. Th e content analysis shows that there is an apparent eff ort for an objective approach, however, we can fi nd there also stereotypical views which the authors of textbooks oft en repeatedly adopt or derive from the same specialized publications. Th e objectivity of their elaboration could be achieved by the elimination of inaccuracies, the simplifying characteristics leaving aside some essential facets of the problem and by overcoming a one-sided view focused only on one situation or event and neglecting other essential historical information
CHANGES IN THE PICTURE OF ‘OCTOBER 28’ IN CZECH HISTORY TEXTBOOKS
Full text linkTh e study follows the changes in the picture of the circumstances surrounding the origin of the Czechoslovak Republic and the course of the day Oct 28, 1918 in Czech history textbooks from 1920-2013. Th e changes between the texts from the interwar years and those published aft er February 1948 are clear in the degree of att ention paid to the activities of the foreign resistance, the actions of its main representatives, deployment of the Czechoslovak legions, and the personalities of the domestic resistance. While in the older “Eurozone” works these themes were given widespread coverage, in the textbooks from the Socialist period certain facts were reduced to a minimum. Readers were deprived of the names of those who came to the head of the newly created ‘bourgeois’ state, since the ‘working people’ were identifi ed as the creators of independence. The textbooks of the last twenty-fi ve years are marked by the objectivity and balance of the information and themes covered in them; in addition they adopt a multi-perspective approach. Th e empirical research confi rms that since Oct 28, 1918 was the beginning of the evaluated period of Czech history, so the most signifi cant of the creators of our independence hold a dominant place in the Czech national memory. The signifi cance of the national holiday by which we commemorate the birth of the independent state is not given the importance it had in the fi rst twenty years of the existence of the CSR. However, we see as encouraging the fi nding that many young people emphasize the need to remember the democratic tradition of our past, as well as the personalities who belong to it
”JAN KILIŃSKI. HISTORIA I PAMIĘĆ” PRACA ZBIOROWA POD RED. VIOLETTY JULKOWSKIEJ, POZNAŃ-TRZEMESZNO 2015
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LAND, HISTORY AND IMAGINATION, OR REMARKS ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE NEW PATRIOTISM
Full text linkArticle will address the issue of changes in national identity in Poland in the 20th and 21st centuries. Issue will be considered with the importance of territory in the sense of man’s national identity – this will apply to territories which became a part of the Polish state aft er World War II: in particular, the lower Silesia. Th e main problem will be, therefore, the presence in the common consciousness concepts describing nationality in relation to the category of territory. Area of empirical research will be artefacts of mass culture – and specifi cally Polish popular literature resulting in the mentioned time
BETWEEN THE MEMORY OF HERITAGE AND THE HERITAGE OF MEMORY. THE SEARCH FOR CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITIES
Full text linkTh is paper introduces into the topic of memory and heritage, history and culture. Each of these four categories can be used to organise this topic, remaining within a system of necessary dependence
OCTOBER 28, 1918. REWRITING OR OVERLAYERING OF CZECH HISTORICAL MEMORY?
Full text linkOctober 28, 1918 is the Czech Republic state holiday whose historical memory is a combination of Czech, Czechoslovak, and Central European 20th century history. On this date in Prague, the Czechoslovak Republic was proclaimed, and its fi rst law was passed. Th e events in Prague were part of the complex and long-lasting fall of the Habsburg monarchy and the creation of its successor states, in which national, state-forming, and ideological (e.g. Bolshevist) aspects were interwoven. Accordingly, we can speak of Czech, Slovak, (Czecho)-German, Hungarian, Polish and Rusinian October 28s. As the only state holiday (with an interruption in the period of the Nazi occupation), it was intended to act as the chief connecting and uniting holiday for the CSR state identifi cation; it was to strengthen ‘Czechoslovakism’. Its annual celebrations were associated with a series of rituals not only for the Czechs themselves but, over time and to varying degrees, also for the other nationalities living in the CSR: primarily the Slovaks and the Rusinians were seen to truly accept the ceremonial day. Th e Nazi occupying power was successful only insofar as it forced October 28, 1918 into private crypto-commemoration, while naturally it was celebrated by the resistance movement. Th e Communist regime tried to ‘rewrite’ October 28 in the spirit of social revolution, treating it as the precursor of its political victory aft er 1945 and in particular aft er 1948. It was to be commemorated as the Nationalization Day (of key industries in 1945) in direct relation with the liberation of the CSR by the Soviet Army (alone!) in 1945. Finally, the Communists att empted to force it out of the collective memory through its offi cial non-observance as a remembrance of 1918, and by designating it, in 1975-1988, as a signifi cant, but still a working, day. However, the memory of the Establishment of the Republic refused to be suppressed, as was evidenced in a particularly strong manner in the demonstrations of 1968, 1988 and, crucially, of 1989. All att empts at ‘rewriting’ this holiday in the spirit of ideologies failed in the end, although during the 1938/39 to 1989/92 period spontaneous public celebrations were successfully repressed to a signifi cant degree by means of the political manipulation of Czech/Czechoslovak history
FORMING OF THE MEMORY OF ANDREJ HLINKA IN THE CATHOLIC ENVIRONMENT UP TO 1938
Full text linkTh e anchoring of Andrej Hlinka in the consciousness of the Slovak society went through a number of changes. In the period of the existence of Austro-Hungary, the time of increasing Magyarization, Hlinka, as a result of the tragedy in Černova, he became a symbol of the struggle of the Slovaks for national freedom. Hlinka gained the aureole of a martyr fi ghting for the right of the Slovak nation for its separate existence. Aft er the foundation of the Czechoslovak Republic, Hlinka became the leader and Father of the Slovak nation, fi ghting for a greater freedom of the Slovak nation, this time in the form of autonomy within the new state. In the 1930s it was primarily his followers who nurtured the cult of Hlinka’s person, which fl ourished at the time of his seventieth birthday celebrations. Hlinka was at the time perceived as the greatest living Slovak and the man who had the greatest merit in reforming the Slovaks into a modern nation
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE POLISH-GERMAN-CZECH BORDER AREA IN 1938-1945 IN THE LOCAL COLLECTIVE MEMORY AND SOCIAL AWARENESS OF THE INHABITANTS OF BIELAWA AND THE OWL MOUNTAINS AREA
Full text linkTh e local community of Bielawa and the areas in the region of the Owl Mountains is an interesting object for studies of sites of memory represented in local consciousness. Like most of similar communities on the so-called Recovered Territories, it started to form aft er 1945 on “raw roots” aft er the German inhabitants of the area were removed. Th ey were replaced with people moved from the former eastern provinces of the Second Republic, among others from Kołomyja, but also from regions of central Poland. Also Poles returning from Germany, France and Romania sett led there. Th e area taken over by new sett lers had not been a cultural desert. The remains of material culture, mainly German, and the traditions of weaving and textile industry, reaching back to the Middle Ages, formed a huge potential for creating a vision of local cultural heritage for the newly forming community. Th ey also brought, however, their own notions of cultural heritage to the new area and, in addition, became subject to political pressure of recognising its “Piast” character as the “Recovered Territories”. Th e present research is an att empt to fi nd out to what extent that potential was utilised by new sett lers, who were carriers of various regional (or even national) cultures, for their creation of visions of the future, as well as how the dynamics of those transformations evolved
