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Dividend maximisation in an insurance process compounded by risky and non-risky investments.
No full textA Dissertation submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the Degree of Master of Science in Applied Mathematics of Makerere University.Shareholders of an insurance company would expect maximum dividends from their investment in insurance companies for decades. Therefore, there is a need for managers of insurance companies to pay out appealing dividends to shareholders without compromising the company’s longevity in business. The commonest dividend payment strategy is the so-called barrier strategy. In this dissertation, I seek to determine the optimal barrier level for the payment of optimal dividends to shareholders. To achieve this, I consider an insurance company whose basic surplus follows the Cram´er-Lundberg model perturbed by diffusion and is allowed to invest in a financial market governed by the Black-Scholes model. A second-order IDE for the expected present value of all future dividends paid out before ruin is derived. For exponentially distributed claim sizes, the IDE is converted into an ODE
with appropriate initial conditions. This is then converted into a system of first-order ODEs and solved using RK4. For claims that follow the Pareto distribution, the IDE is solved by replacing the derivatives with their finite difference approximations and the integral term approximated using the trapezoidal rule. The results obtained in this study are shown in Chapter 4. The optimal barrier levels have been computed for selected parameters that are commonly used in literature and the corresponding value function has also been determined. Graphs of the value function against initial capital have been drawn to confirm that the
computed optimal barrier is indeed the correct one. The effect of investment on dividends paid to shareholders has also been investigated. Results indicate that dividends increase with investments in assets with a high rate of return. This is true for both heavy and light-tailed claim distributions
Prevalence, associated factors and management of suspected adverse drug reactions among patients taking dolutegravir in Uganda
No full textA dissertation submitted to the Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of master of Science of pharmaceuticals and Health Supplies Management of Makerere University, KampalaIn 2018, Uganda introduced a newer first-line Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) medicines approved by the World Health Organization (WHO)-Dolutegravir (DTG). The ambitious roll-out of these HIV treatment strategies was not followed by equally aggressive pharmacovigilance systems in Uganda. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) related to ART have been associated with morbidity
and mortality in patients. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence, associated factors and describe the management of suspected adverse drug reactions among patients taking DTG-based regimens in Uganda. A cross-sectional study was conducted six health facilities in northern and western Uganda following ethical approval from Makerere University School of
Health Sciences Research and Ethics Committee. Between May and September 2022, 621 People Living with HIV (PLHIV) aged 18 years and older who had been on DTG regimens for at least a year were recruited into the study. Questionnaires and abstraction checklists were used for data collection. Factors associated with ADRs were assessed using logistic regression. The prevalence
of suspected ADR was 18% (109/621; 95% CI: 15% - 21%). The independent variables associated with suspected ADRs were history of allergies (OR=6.72, p<0.001, 95% CI [3.97 – 11.38), ability to take medicines in a good way (OR=4.99, p<0.001, 95% CI [3.19 – 7.82) and problems with DTG treatment (OR:44.98, p<0.001, 95% CI [25.42 – 79.58]). 61% (73/120) were reassured after
reporting ADR and 48% (54/113) reported that their ADR resolved. At least half 55% (143/261) did not have their baseline blood glucose screened at the time of initiation on DTG. The prevalence of suspected ADR in patients receiving dolutegravir-based ART was 18%, which is much lower than previously reported. The management of patients who experience suspected ADRs is
inadequate. The policy makers need to foster interventions for PLHIV taking DTG regimens aimed at increasing ADR detection and management
Malaria drug resistance and associated diagnostic failures in arriving refugee children at Adjumani and Kyangwali Reception Centres in Uganda
No full textMalaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), is one of the most important infections in African children and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among refugees in sub-Saharan Africa. Uganda is one of the largest refugee hosting countries in the world, and the largest in sub-Saharan Africa, with over 1.4 million refugees. Serious threats to malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa include recent reports that there’s resistance to artemisinins (Tukwasibwe et al., 2017); the backbones of first line combination therapies to treat malaria, and P. falciparum Histidine Rich Protein 2 (PfHRP) gene deletions mediating false negative rapid diagnostic tests for malaria (mRDTs), have emerged in East Africa (Nsobya et al., 2021). A retrospective study involving utilization of 211 Blood Slide (BS) positive stored Dried Blood Spots (DBS) samples and 10 mRDT negative samples from newly arriving children aged 6 months to 10 years was conducted at 2 refugee camps in Kyangwali (from eastern Congo) and Adjumani (from Southern Sudan) in 2022. Samples were then packaged appropriately and transported to the IDRC-National Malaria Reference Laboratory. Molecular Inversion Probe (MIPs) was then prepared, samples sequenced and analyzed for malaria drug resistance markers and HRP2/3 deletions The positivity rate for RDT was 36.5% (Adjumani) and 67.2% (Kyangwali) among the refugees. Prevalences of mutations associated with aminoquinoline resistance were much higher in Adjumani. Prevalences of mutations associated with high level sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine resistance were much higher in Kyangwali (61.0% and 48.1% for PfDHFR I164L and PfDHPS A581G, p-values 100 p/uL to be able to get meaningful results for analysis
The role of area language in children’s meaningful learning in early childhood development in selected schools in Kasubi
No full textThe study aimed at examining the role of Area Language in enhancing children’s meaningful learning. It was carried out using a qualitative case study design in Kasubi area in Kampala district. The study was guided by three objectives: to examine the role of Area Language in the children’s meaningful learning from peers, the role of Area Language in the children’s meaningful learning from teachers and the role of Area Language in the children’s meaningful learning from parents. The study was guided by the Socio-Cultural theory of Lev Vygotsky. The researcher used interview and observation methods to collect data from the teachers, preschool children, center heads and parents. The study involved four (4) teachers, two (2) center heads, fifteen (15) children and four (4) parents.
The findings of the study show that the use of Area Language in the teaching of children enables them to learn from colleagues as it enables the children to participate in peer-peer group discussions, debates, brain storming sessions and also to participate in the general class discussions, that children can correct their colleagues by giving stronger suggestions. It also enables teachers to be agents of meaningful learning as they can thoroughly explain difficult concepts with ease, have dialogues with the children and allow them to share what they know, they invite children to participate in discussions, debates and group work, they start loving their classes so much because the learners are also interested in what they are studying as they finish work in the shortest time possible and they are left with much time to rest. Because the children have unlimited freedom to speak in Area language with their parents, they learn a lot from them, lessons that are so crucial in the child’s life and even when the child grows, this knowledge got from parents in AL has a durable impact as the children cannot forget it even when they grow which makes parents effective teachers of their children.
However, the study recommends that there should be translanguaging, the relevant Area Languages and English should be taught as compulsory subjects to the children. The exams should be set in the Area Language and also in English for the very questions. There should be effective teacher training in the teacher training institutions. Therefore, the study showed that Area Language enhances children’s meaningful learning as it enables them to learn from peers, teachers and parents
Ultimate ruin probabilities in the stochastic dual risk model compounded by investment income
No full textA Dissertation submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Master of Science in Applied Mathematics of Makerere UniversityThe ultimate ruin probability is a central problem in the operation of financial businesses
since it can be used as a tool to manage and check the solvency levels of a company. This
dissertation calculates the probability of a company that invests in both risk-free and risky
assets. The company’s surplus is modelled by a stochastic dual risk process which takes
into account a constant rate of expenses and random gains that occur occasionally. The
surplus is invested in a risk-less asset such as a treasury bond and a risky asset such as a
market index which is modelled by geometric Brownian motion.
Anumerical solution for a second-order integro-differential equation (IDE) is obtained using
a combination of the Finite Difference Method (FDM) and the Trapezoidal Rule for the
derivative and integral terms, respectively. The accuracy of the results obtained is tested
against a similar equation with a known exact solution. The ultimate ruin probabilities are
obtained by solving a system of linear algebraic equations which result from the combination
of the two methods for chosen parameters. The numerical examples provided for both light
and heavy gain distributions further reinforce the accuracy and reliability of this approach.
The study demonstrates that investments are crucial in maintaining a positive surplus
for a long time as they reduce the probability of ruin. Investing in riskless assets such
as bonds can guarantee a company’s survival indefinitely, as an increase in the force of
interest lowers ruin probabilities. This probability indicates a higher risk, not bankruptcy or
mismanagement, as volatility in the investment model increases the ruin probabilities and
the overall risk. When the probability of ultimate ruin is high, it is imperative for company
managers to take assertive measures to mitigate the risk. In this regard, investing has been
proven to be a significant and effective strategy, as demonstrated by this study
Pure braids and group actions from 3-fold flops.
No full textA Dissertation Submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training in Full Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics of Makerere University.The first part of this thesis gives a new, simplified presentation of the classical pure braid group.The generators are given by the squares of the longest elements over connected subgraphs, andwe prove that the only relations are either commutators or certain palindromic length 5 box relations. This presentation is motivated by twist functors in algebraic geometry, but the proof
is entirely Coxeter-theoretic. We also prove that the analogous set does not generate for all Coxeter arrangements, which in particular answers a question of Donovan and Wemyss.
The second part of this thesis calculates restricted roots associated to an ADE Dynkin graph together with a choice J of vertices in , with || |J| = 3. The restricted roots correspond to hyperplanes in the intersection arrangement inside R3. We then classify these intersection arrangements via mutation classes for each J, and there are precisely 10 hyperplane arrangements inside R3. In particular, this part of the thesis extends Iyama & Wemyss (2020) by giving finite classifications of hyperplanes when || |J| > 2.
The last part of this thesis constructs derived autoequivalences associated to an algebraic flopping contraction X ! Xcon, where X is quasi-projective with only mild singularities. These functors are constructed naturally using bimodule cones, and we prove these cones are locally two-sided tilting complexes by using local-global properties and a key commutative diagram. The main result is that these autoequivalences combine to give an action of the fundamental group of an associated infinite hyperplane arrangement on the derived category of X. This generalises and simplifies Donovan & Wemyss (2019b), by finally removing reliance on subgroups, and it also lifts many other results from the complete local setting.Graduate Research Assistantships in Developing Countries (GRAID), International Mathematical Union (IMU) Breakout Graduate Fellowship and ERC Consolidator Grant 101001227 (MMiMMa
Exploring the causal effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels on the risk of type 1 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study
No full textResearch articleThe burden of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is vast and as of 2021, an estimated 8.4 million people were living with the disease worldwide. Predictably, this number could increase to 17.4 million people by 2040. Despite nearly a century of insulin therapy for the anagement of hyperglycemia in T1D, no therapies exist to treat its underlying etiopathology. Adequate dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3) has been reported in observational studies and Randomized Controlled Trials to be associated with reduced risk of developing T1D but results have been inconclusive. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to explore the relationship between ω-3
intake and T1D. We performed a two-sample MR analysis using single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with ω-3 levels in a sample of 114,999 Europeans and their effects on T1D from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of 24,840 European participants. A main MR analysis using the Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was conducted and validated using MR-Egger, Weighted median, and Weighted mode methods. Sensitivity analyses excluding potentially pleiotropic single nucleotide olymorphisms were also performed. Main MR analysis using the IVW method showed no evidence of a causal relationship between ω-3 levels and T1D risk (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.56–1.51, p = 0.745). MR-Egger and Weighted mode methods showed similar results while Weighted median showed a marginally significant association (OR: 1.15, CI: 1.00–1.32, p = 0.048). Sensitivity analysis revealed heterogeneity in the main analysis MR estimates (IVW Q > 100, p < 0.0001) and no directional pleiotropy (Egger intercept: −0.032, p = 0.261). Our study found limited evidence of a causal association between ω-3 and T1D, with only a marginally significant association observed in one of the four MR methods. This challenges the proposition that ω- 3-rich diets are of substantial benefit for the prevention and management of T1D
Exploring the frontiers of GMOs, bios, and biotechnology: advancements, ethical considerations, and global implications
No full textA bookExploring the Frontiers of GMOs, Bios, and Biotechnology: Advancements, Ethical Considerations, and Global Implications" by Israel Y.K. Lubogo provides a comprehensive overview of the significant developments, ethical debates, and global ramifications associated with genetic modification and biotechnology. This book examines the latest advancements in agricultural and medical biotechnology, highlighting improvements in crop traits, sustainable farming practices, gene therapy, biopharmaceuticals, and personalized medicine. Ethical considerations are thoroughly explored, addressing health and safety concerns, socio-economic disparities, and moral questions about genetic manipulation and animal welfare. The global implications section analyzes diverse regulatory frameworks and their impact on international trade, as well as the role of public perception and cultural values in shaping the acceptance of GMOs. Aimed at scientists, policymakers, students, and informed readers, this book encourages balanced and informed discussions on the responsible development and utilization of biotechnology. By providing a nuanced perspective, Lubogo's work is an essential resource for understanding the complexities and potential of modern biotechnology
Practices and challenges of solid waste management in Kinawataka slum, Kampala city.
No full textA dissertation submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology of Makerere UniversityThis study examined the practices and challenges of solid waste management in the Kinawataka slum. The study focused on methods and strategies of solid waste generation, SWM practices adopted, and constraints and copying strategies faced in the management of solid waste at the household level. The theory of planned behavior was used because it argued behavior changes based on the attitudes and beliefs of a society. A positive influence on behavior actions ultimately leads to corresponding changes in adoption of best SWM practices. The study adopted a mixed methods research approach where by quantitative data was collected first and analyzed and then qualitative data was collected to further contextualize the quantitative findings. Data was collected from 187 respondents in Kinawataka slum. While analyzing data the study used SPSS for quantitative and thematic approaches for qualitative data. The study results suggest there is an increased generation of SW in the wet season and daily. The study results further indicate that the dominant solid waste that is produced year-round is domestic. The study results further indicate that households majorly generated, stored, and disposed of solid waste, and little was done around collection, transportation, and recycling. Illegal and indiscriminate dumping characterized most of the households as per the study findings. The study findings show that households majorly attributed poor disposal practices to the distance to the disposal site. The study shows that there was no SW collection point within Kinawataka slum. The study indicated multiple challenges and coping strategies in SWM such as lack of money, illegal dumping, and lack of knowledge among others. The study therefore recommends that households should interest themselves in sensitization programs to acquire knowledge, especially around the benefits of proper waste segregation at a household level, and also the government to set up a processing plant close to or within Kinawataka slum where agents put in place SW at a fee from househol
Data set
No full textThis is a raw dataset for a manuscript yet to be published leading to the PhD in Mechanical Engineering of Makerere University.N/