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Effect of monetary policy on private investment in Uganda
No full textA research report submitted to the College of Business and Management Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a degree of Master of Economic Policy and Planning of Makerere UniversityThis study investigated the effect of monetary policy on private investment in Uganda using annual data for the period 1986 to 2022. The main approach used was the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) to test for both the long and short-run relationship between the variables.
In the long run, money supply had a positive and statistically significant effect on private investment, as evidenced by a coefficient of 25.583 (p = 0.046). In contrast, the bank rate demonstrates a significant negative influence, with a coefficient of -0.510 (p = 0.004). Additionally, domestic credit to the private sector is identified as a key determinant of private investment, with a positive coefficient of 1.935 (p = 0.000). In the short term, the second lag of private investment shows a significant negative relationship (coefficient = -1.543, p = 0.024). Conversely, the GDP growth rate (p = 0.018) and imports (p = 0.002) revealed strong positive correlations with private investment, indicating their supportive influences. Furthermore, the Error Correction Term (CointEq (-1)), correctly signed and significant, indicates that private investment adjusts toward its long-term equilibrium at a rate of 65.2% annually, highlighting the important role of monetary policy in shaping private investment trends over time. To enhance private investment in Uganda, policymakers should responsibly increase the money supply, lower bank rates to reduce borrowing costs, and improve domestic credit availability for businesses, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), through incentives and favourable lending terms
Dissemination of medical research findings among medical researchers in a tertiary institution in Uganda
No full textBackground: Dissemination of research findings is a key obligation for researchers. It increases access to evidence and the
ability to use and apply the evidence. Repackaging of research findings to inform policy and practice is not yet embraced in
many low-and-middle income countries that have under-resourced health care systems.
Objective: To determine the methods of communication of research findings by researchers at the Makerere University
College of Health Sciences as well as the facilitators and barriers faced while disseminating the findings.
Methods: This was a concurrent nested mixed-methods study among researchers. Key informant interviews and self-administered questionnaires were used. The collected Qualitative data was examined through thematic analysis. Quantitative
data were analysed with STATA version 15.0, analysing categorical variables using frequencies and percentages.
Results: Of 176 researchers involved in the quantitative survey, more than half (60%, n=106) were males and 40.9%(n=84/176)
were lecturers. The most used dissemination method was journal publications (71.6%, n=126) followed by presentations
in conferences/workshops (62.5%, n=110). Twelve researchers participated as key informant interviewees. Themes that
emerged included: benefits, facilitators and challenges faced in research communication.
Conclusions: Research findings are commonly disseminated through journals and conference presentations. However, researchers face challenges like financial constraints, time limitations, and misrepresentation of findings.The Government of Uganda through the Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund (MakRIF)
Access and utilisation of primary education services among children in Bidibidi Refugee Settlement, Yumbe District of Northwestern, Uganda
No full textA dissertation submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training in partial fulfilment for the requirement of the award of Masters of Arts Degree in Social Sector Planning and Management of Makerere UniversityThis study aimed to investigate the access and utilization of primary education as a service among refugee children in Bidibidi settlement, Yumbe district of north-western as well as explore their perceptions and experiences towards primary education services. To achieve these objectives, the study employed a mixed-methods approach, using both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The sample comprised of 150 refugee children from 6 schools in Bidibidi refugee settlement in Uganda, along with key stakeholders, including policy makers, service providers, implementers, and NGO representatives. Findings show that the number of refugee enrolled in primary schools within the settlement are higher as reported by all head teachers of the schools visited, refugee children reported that they felt safe at school, scholastic materials were provided by organisations to the refugee schools, schools in the settlement were reported to have conducive learning environment and children were able to progress from one level to another. However, challenges related to language barriers, absence of meals for learners while at school, long distances between schools and homes, inadequate infrastructure to serve large pupil populations, and financial constraints limiting refugee parents’ In conclusion, the government and partners have managed to achieve access as seen through the availability of primary schools within the settlement, refugee enrolment in schools, availability of learning infrastructure and presence of teachers. Despite these efforts, utilisation and quality are still lacking as a result of setbacks like long distances to school, absence of meals at school, high learner to teacher ratio, and inadequate learning infrastructure to accommodate learners’ population. The study recommends; increased infrastructure investment to match the growing population of refugee children, inclusive education policies to cater for the diverse refugee needs, integration of trauma-informed education approaches, investment in teacher training and recruitment to address the barriers of high learner to teacher ratios, engagement of refugee parents in income generating activities to boost their financial capacity and enable them support their children in schools and a meal provision plan for learners while at school
Occurrence of naked neck and frizzle indigenous chicken genotypes and performance of their crosses with kuroiler
No full textA thesis submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training for the award of the Degree of Master of Science in Animal Science of Makerere UniversityThe aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Frizzle and Naked Neck genotypes in indigenous chicken populations and the performance of their crosses with Kuroiler. A questionnaire was administered to 121 farming households that were purposively selected. Information about the demographic characteristics, flock structure, perceptions about the Frizzle and Naked Neck genotypes and factors affecting their willingness to rear those chickens was collected and analysed using both descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. The genotypic frequency of each genotype was determined using the Hardy Weinberg principle. To evaluate the performance of crosses, Kuroiler cocks were mated with Naked Neck, Frizzle and normal feathered females (control) to produce Kuroiler x Naked Neck (KuNa), Kuroiler x Frizzle (KuFr) and Kuroiler x Normal feathered (KuNo) crosses. Similarly, mating within each of the indigenous genotypes generated progeny that were used as controls. The resultant chicks were managed under an intensive system until the on-set of lay and egg production monitored for a period of 15 days. Growth characteristics (body weight gain), feed intake, feed utilization efficiency (FCR), egg production efficiency were determined for the different genotypes. Growth data were subjected to Gompertz and Logistic models to estimate mature weight growth rate and age at maximum growth rate of the different genotypes. Growth performance and egg production data were subjected to analysis of variance. Results from the survey showed that the proportion of Frizzled (5.5%) and Naked Necks (14.4%) were much lower than Normal feathered chicken (94.4%) in the indigenous chicken population. The calculated gene frequencies were 0.94, 0.0009 and 0.0591 for Normal feathers (NoNo), homozygous Frizzle (FrFr) and heterozygous Frizzle (Frfr) respectively and 0.86, 0.0049 and 0.1351 for Normal neck (nana), homozygous (NaNa) and heterozygous (Nana) Naked Neck genotypes respectively. Although majority of farmers (79.8%) expressed willingness to rear Frizzle chicken, only 38.8% had ever reared them and of the 85.5% that expressed willingness to rear Naked Neck, 67.8% had ever reared them. Rarity and difficulty to multiply, association with use in cultural traditions such as witchcraft, being male and limited demand were reported to negatively affect raring and perhaps abundance of Naked Neck and Frizzle genotypes. In addition, lack of total dominance of the frizzled and Naked Neck genes, low fertility of the eggs, low hatchability of eggs and high chick mortality was observed in during the study. Crosses of Kuroiler with all indigenous chickens genotypes performed significantly (p<0.05) better than the indigenous chickens in terms of weight gain, feed conversion and in all egg production efficiency parameters, but crosses with Naked Neck genes were superior in growth (p<0.05) while those with Frizzle genes were superior in egg production (p<0.05). For all parameters measured, including age at first egg, Normal feathered chickens, weather indigenous or crossed with Kuroiler, performed the least (p<0.05). The Gompertz model provided more realistic growth parameter estimates compared to the logistic model. This study provides evidence that Frizzle and Naked Neck genotypes populations are very low among the indigenous chicken population in the study areas and their low prevalence is attributed to their rarity, gender preference, use in cultural traditions , and low survivability as well as lack of dominance of these genes over normal feathered chickens. Kuroiler can be used to further improve the growth and egg production of Frizzle feathered and Naked Neck indigenous chicken genotypes. Because majority of the farmers are willing to rear both Frizzle and Naked Neck chickens and performance of crosses, it is recommended that sensitization of farmers, focusing on social-cultural negative perceptions and promoting positive attributes as well as conservation and breeding programs that utilize Kuroiler should be promoted
Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among female nurses in private healthcare facilities in Jinja City
No full textA research thesis submitted to the School of Medicine in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Science in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics of Makerere University.Introduction:
Hypertension affects 1.3 billion people globally and is predicted to rise to 1.56 billion by 2025, influenced by urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary shifts. Despite being essential to Uganda's healthcare system, female nurses in private healthcare facilities in Jinja face an elevated risk of hypertension due to their demanding roles.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among female nurses in private healthcare facilities in Jinja City.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 female nurses in private healthcare facilities in Jinja City using simple random sampling. Data was collected using the WHO stepwise questionnaire. Modified Poisson regression was used to assess factors associated with hypertension. Categorical data was summarized as frequencies and percentages and presented in tables.
Results:
The overall prevalence was 20.3% (95% CI: 16.4-24.8). Factors associated with hypertension were being above 30 years old (aPR: 3.215, 95% CI: 1.033-10.009), having an unhealthy diet (aPR: 1.453, 95% CI: 1.069-1.976), and consuming alcohol (aPR: 2.187, 95% CI: 1.057-4.525).
Conclusions:
One in every five female nurses in Jinja City was hypertensive, which is a lower prevalence compared to the general population in Uganda. Being 30 years and above, having an unhealthy diet and consuming alcohol were significantly associated with hypertension. Female nurses should screen regularly for hypertension risk, reduce on alcohol use and eat healthy diets
An electronic risk assessment tool for mitigating money laundering and terrorism financing in virtual assets
No full textA project report submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Science in Information Systems of Makerere University.Money laundering and terrorism financing remain significant challenges in Uganda, despite the presence of the National Strategy for combating them (2020/21 – 2024/25). These issues persist due to limited capabilities in detecting and mitigating the prevalent risks associated with money laundering and terrorism financing in Virtual Assets (VAs) activities and the operations of Virtual Assets Service Providers (VASPs). The primary aim of the study was to develop a Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing (ML/TF) risk assessment tool tailored for virtual assets activities and the operations of virtual assets service providers within Uganda's Financial Sector. The specific objectives were to investigate factors associated with money laundering and terrorism financing in order to determine the requirements for developing a Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing (ML/TF) risk assessment tool, design, implement, test and validate the electronic risk assessment tool. The study adhered to the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), ensuring a structured approach throughout the project. Initially, requirements elicitation was conducted through the utilization of questionnaires and interviews, aimed at gathering pertinent data from Heads of Directorates at the Financial Intelligence Authority (FIA) and virtual assets service providers within Kampala Central Business District (KCBD). The collected data played a crucial role in informing the requirements analysis and design phases, ensuring alignment with industry needs and regulatory standards. Requirements analysis and system modeling were conducted using Unified Modeling Language (UML). Therefore, UML models such as use case diagrams, activity diagrams and class diagrams were employed to represent the tool's functions, activity flow and structure. The electronic risk assessment tool was developed using Streamlit, a Python-based framework for building dynamic applications. For data visualization and analysis, the researcher utilized tools such as Matplotlib, Pandas, and NumPy, which are compatible with Streamlit. The database used was PostgreSQL, a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) designed to emphasize scalability and compliance with technical standards, capable of handling various workloads and complex data processing tasks. Google Colab served as the environment for testing and training the dataset for a machine learning model whose purpose was to generate the recommended mitigating measures for the identified money laundering and terrorism financing risks. Additionally, load testing for the tool was conducted using Locust, an open-source load testing tool. The developed risk assessment tool has defined elements against which data on the virtual assets and virtual assets service provider’s threats and vulnerabilities is captured in order to compute the money laundering and terrorism financing risk. The computed risk guides the generating of recommended mitigating measures. The recommended mitigating measures form the action plan that is used to combat money laundering and terrorism financing risks in virtual assets activities and the operations of virtual assets service providers
Assessing the impact of issuance of certificates of customary ownership (CCOs) to the tenure security of the beneficiaries (customary land owners) : a case study of Kasese District
No full textA research report submitted to the College of Engineering Art, Design and Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of a Degree of Master of Science in Land Management of Makerere University.This study assessed whether the issuance of Certificates of Customary Ownership has improved the tenure security of the customary land owners in Kasese district. The study was anchored on three objectives which included; investigating the effect of Certificates of Customary Ownership on access to credit by holders, the effect of Certificates of Customary Ownership on the level boundary disputes in the communities and the effect of Certificates of Customary Ownership on land transactions on customary land. The study considered a cross-sectional survey research design considering both quantitative and qualitative research approach. Data was collected from 106 participants where 90 were CCO holders that used questionnaires and 16 were other direct stakeholders that were interviewed. The study findings revealed that people utilize their land with CCOs as collateral security to secure loans from financial institutions, with a high success rate observed in loan applications unlike before. The presence of CCOs was later associated with a decrease in boundary disputes, attributed to the adjudication process during application for CCOs and the clarity and documentation they provide regarding land ownership. CCOs facilitate formal land transactions by providing documented evidence of ownership, thereby promoting land markets. Based on the study’s findings, it is recommended that Policymakers should explore options such as fee waivers for low-income individuals and simplifying the application process to ensure affordability and inclusivity and reduce delays in the issuance process. There is need to integrate CCOs into the National Land Information Systems to ensure their visibility and accessibility to land users and stakeholders. Lastly, Procedures to handle subsequent transactions on CCOs such as Caveats, mortgages, subdivisions, transfers need to be put in place for CCOs to realize their full potential
Examining the effect of workplace environment on the well-being of academic staff at Makerere University
No full textA Dissertation submitted to the directorate of research and graduate training in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational management of Makerere UniversityThis study examined the effect of the workplace environment on academic staff well-being at Makerere University. It was prompted by persistent ill-being among university academic staff since reports noted that these were stressed due to institutional challenges despite the institution's effort to improve the workplace environment. Using a pragmatist world view through a mixed- methods approach and basing on stratified proportionate random and purposive sampling, 382 academic staff and heads who were reached. Self-administered questionnaires and interviews were administered hence collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data was analyzed descriptively and with inferential statistics multiple linear regression techniques. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic and content analysis inductively, and later both sets were converged to generate summaries of findings. Quantitatively, results show that; the workplace climate supervisory relationship, and peer group interaction combined stood at R2 =0.281 which implied that these contributed 28.1% of the change in academic staff well-being at Makerere University.This means that 71.9 % of well-being of staff is accounted for by other factors not within this study. Specifically, workplace climate (0.358, p= 0.00) was significant while supervisory relationships (0.066, p =0.158) and peer group interaction (-0.061, p = 0.126) were not significant. The qualitative findings revealed that workplace climate is very important in terms of work pleasure rewarding jobs and development opportunities contribute greatly to well-being. Since this was also found to be significant in quantitative results, it needs to be emphasized in order to enhance well-being at Makerere University. I therefore recommend that management should improve on the well-being of academic staff by; prioritizing work-life balance through effective workload management and utilizes available resources; managers of institutions of higher learning should come up with training and development programs that
target academic staff development needs; and managers of higher education Institutions should strengthen interpersonal relationships through social support platforms, and foster a culture of open communication and feedback. (Keywords: Workplace environment, well-being, workplace climate, supervisory relationships, peer group interaction)Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund (MAKRIF
Antimicrobial stewardship practices and quality of antibacterial use in children under five and women in labour with obstetric risk factors in selected health facilities in Uganda
No full textA thesis submitted to the directorate of research and graduate training in fulfillment of the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University.Introduction
Bacterial infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Ugandan hospitalised children under the age of five. Disparities exist in using antibacterial agents to treat bacterial infections at various health facilities in Uganda, resulting in various clinical outcomes that may be appropriate or inappropriate, compromising the quality of antibacterial usage in children under the age of five. The World Health Organisation and Ministry of Health have recommended implementing multifaceted interventions like (Medicine and Therapeutic committees (MTCs) and antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) to improve the quality of antibacterial use from birth to five years if child survival is to be achieved in health facilities low and middle-income countries. However, the extent of implementation of the multifaceted intervention) has remained undetermined amidst practices of off-label antibacterial use and inappropriate intrapartum antibacterial prophylaxis (IAP) during maternal labour in different health facilities in Uganda. Nevertheless, there is little evidence about the impact of these variables on the use of antibacterial medication in children under the age of five.
Aim
The study aimed to investigate antimicrobial stewardship practices and the quality of antibacterial use in children under five and women in labour with obstetric risk factors in selected health facilities in Uganda.
Methods
Sub-study I was an explanatory sequential mixed-method study conducted from August 2019 to February 2020 in a two-stage approach to determine the structure and functional role of MTCs in supporting optimal antibacterial use in selected health facilities. Sub-study II was conducted in three parts to determine antimicrobial stewardship practices to optimise antibacterial use in selected health facilities in Uganda. It was a cross-sectional study conducted using an interviewer-administered questionnaire among healthcare providers in selected health facilities in Uganda from October 2019 to February 2020. Sub-study III was a concurrent mixed-method design to investigate the extent of off-label antibacterial use among hospitalised children with suspected bacterial infections from May to October 2019 in seven tertiary hospitals in Uganda. Lastly, Sub-study IV was a cross-sectional study conducted to examine the extent of maternal intrapartum antibacterial exposure among women in labour with obstetric risk factors in selected health facilities in Uganda from May to October 2019. A retrospective review of medical records for one year (2018 to 2019) was conducted in seven tertiary hospitals.
Results
In this study, MTCs were more established in tertiary health facilities (RRH (n=10) and PNFPs (n=3) than in general hospitals (n=3). The most notable structure in the 16 MTCs that supported optimising antibacterial use included a membership ranging from 7 to 14 (median 10), and the mean (standard deviation) of subcommittees was 4 (+ 1.03) with the most frequent subcommittees as supply chain and logistics (14/16, 88%), antimicrobial stewardship (13/16, 81%), and infection control (12/16,75%) subcommittees. The most frequent activities supporting optimising antibacterial use included evaluating and selecting an antibacterials list (n=14, 88%) and conducting an antimicrobial stewardship activities list (n=15, 94) (substudy I). Of the 582 healthcare providers interviewed, 87% acknowledged the importance of antibacterial resistance in their hospitals, and 92% acknowledged its importance nationally. Furthermore, 91% of healthcare providers agreed that antibacterial resistance impacted their choices of antibacterial agents, while 85% agreed that it affected patients' clinical outcomes. The three top-ranked causes of antibacterial resistance, as determined by the relative importance index (RII) analysis, were prescribing an antibacterial when not needed (RII=0.879) and poor adherence of patients to prescribed antibacterial courses (RII=0.865), prescribing the wrong antibacterial (RII=0.833). Only 11% of healthcare providers had a high perception that their hospitals had effectively adopted hospital policy action to combat antibacterial resistance. The most perceived adopted policy actions were standard treatment guidelines, infection prevention and control, and distribution of high-quality antibacterials. Furthermore, within the 32 health facilities, 58% (340/582) of the healthcare providers had a high AMS attitude level. The AMS attitude levels were significantly associated with the sex of the female (aOR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.47–0.92, P < 0.016), as well as with having a degree of bachelor's (aOR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.24–2.63, P < 0.002) and master's degree (aOR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.13–3.75, P < 0.018). Pharmacists among all interviewed healthcare providers had the highest mean AMS attitude scores. Conversely, 46% ( 261 / 582) of the healthcare providers had fair AMS practices. Medical officers had the highest mean AMS practice scores compared to other healthcare providers. Healthcare providers in western Uganda were significantly less likely to score high AMS practices (aOR: 0.52, 95% CI 0.34–0.79, P < 0.002). Lastly, despite the limited adoption of ASP (n=14, 44%), 30 of 32 healthcare institutions used at least one AMS strategy to support optimal antibacterial use. The core AMS strategy that was most implemented to optimise antibacterial use was preauthorization and approval, while combinational therapy was the most implemented supplemental AMS strategy (Substudy II). In the seven tertiary institutions, 88% (CI 86% to 89%) of 968 children under five had used off-label antibacterials. The age groups with the highest rates of off-label antibacterial use were newborns (94%; 97/103), hospitalised children (91%; 381/421), and those receiving ampicillin (91%; 384/420). The most common factors influencing off-label antibacterial usage were healthcare providers, hospitals and drug-related drivers (Sub-study III). The prevalence of inappropriate maternal intrapartum antibacterial prophylaxis exposure was 54.9% (95% Cl 51.5-58.1). The most frequent reason for inappropriate maternal intrapartum antibacterial prophylaxis was inappropriate timing of IAP (n=589, 67.5%), inappropriate dosing (618/873, 70.8%), and inappropriate antibacterial agent (n=479, 54.9%). Factors associated with inappropriate maternal intrapartum antibacterial exposure were mothers delivering from PNFP (PR 1.59 (95% CI 1.40-1.82), mothers being divorced or separated (PR1.38 ( 95% CI 1.11-1.71), mothers not referred to a health facility (PR 1.24(95% CI 1.08-1.42), mothers admitted before labour (PR 1.26(95% CI 1.06-1.36), mothers with no reported peripartum fever (PR 0.54( 95% CI 0.46-0.64) (Sub-study IV).
Conclusion
The implementation of multifaceted interventions (MTCs and antimicrobial stewardship programmes) to support optimal antibacterial use in children under five and women in labour with obstetric risk factors is still low in Uganda. MTC structures were more developed in tertiary hospitals than in general hospitals, they supported the formulary management and establishment of antimicrobial stewardship practices. Despite health facilities' low implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programmes, they adopted preauthorization and approval as a core AMS technique to optimise antibacterials in children underfive. Most healthcare providers have a high antimicrobial stewardship attitude and fair practice scores, and few perceived their hospitals to be effective in adopting policy actions to support the establishment of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in health facilities in Uganda. The low implementation of multifaceted interventions has not rendered improvement in the quality of antibacterial use in hospitalised children under five and women in labour with obstetric risk factors. The high prevalence of off-label antibacterial administration in children under five, along with high inappropriate maternal intrapartum antibacterial prophylaxis exposure among women in labour with obstetric risk factors, indicatied a low improvement in the quality of antibacterial use in children under five and women in labour.Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) , Funding codes (Sida PI0010)
Diversity, composition and population structure of vegetation in Palabek settlement and adjacent areas in Lamwo District Uganda
No full textResearch Dissertation submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training in partial fulfilment of award of a Masters of Science Degree in Botany (Natural Resources Ecology and Conservation) of Makerere University.Refugees in Lamwo district, Uganda, were settled at Palabek settlement since 2017, interacting with and partly depending on the natural resources for survival. The study assessed the pattern of change in plant species diversity, composition, density and population structure of tree species.
Six line transects were established radiating from the center of the settlement outwards to the north, east, south, west north east and south west upon which nested sample plots were laid. Five line transects were 8km each and one line transect was 3km due to difficulties accessing the area. The settlement area was in 4km radius and 4km buffer was considered for the areas outside the settlement and due to their closeness to the settlement. Systematic sampling was adopted in the study to ensure an even spread of the sample plots throughout the study area.
A Pearson correlation was used to analysis the relationship between the study variable and the distance from the settlement outwards, Shannon-Weiner diversity index was used to calculate the diversity of the plant life forms and PCA used to determine species associated with settlement.
A total of 255 plant species belonging to 181 genera and 43 families were recorded during the study. The diversity index was 3.6, 3.0 and 2.7 for shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants respectively.
The study findings revealed that species diversity of trees, shrubs and herbs generally increased from the settlement outwards although the increase was not statistically significant with increase in sampling effort. The population structure of the trees in the sampled plant community exhibited a reverse J-shaped distribution, three tree species of conservation concern were found to be threatened in the study area.
Therefore, planning for sustainable harvesting of wood products is of paramount importance to safeguard the vegetation in the study area from loss. Encouraging practices like Agroforestry, establishment of woodlots, energy saving technologies use will help save the vegetation from degradation in Palabek settlement and surrounding areas