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Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Particles in Exhaled Breath Condensate via Engineered Face Masks
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC), defined asthe condensed water vapor fraction from exhaled breath, rep-resents a largely untapped diagnostic medium for lung-relateddiseases. This study features a novel non-invasive approach forthe collection of EBC using engineered face masks. We reportfindings from a small-scale clinical study involving both healthyindividuals and patients infected with COVID-19, comparedagainst the gold standard of nasopharyngeal swab-based poly-merase chain reaction (PCR) testing.Methods: The study population comprised 30 hospitalizedindividuals with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 30individuals without an infection. EBC samples were collectedwithin a clinical trial of COVID-19-infected and non-infectedpatients and analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative (RT-q) PCR. Results were compared directly with those obtainedfrom nasopharyngeal swabs collected from the same individu-als. Cycle threshold (Ct) values were determined by amplifica-tion of both ORF1a/b and the E-gene.Results: From 30 hospitalized patients, all nasopharyn-geal samples yielded Ct values < 40 for both targeted genes,indicating active SARS-CoV-2 infection. In EBC samples, 22 ofthese 30 patients (73%) had Ct values < 40 in both ORF1a/b andE-gene, while 3 patients had Ct values < 40 in either ORF1a/bor the E-gene. The remaining 5 patients tested negative forSARS-CoV-2 infection in EBC by RT- qPCR in both targets. The30 EBC samples from non-infected participants were all identi-fied as negative, indicating a 100% specificity.Conclusions: EBC has been validated as an alternative,non-invasive biological sampling method for laboratory-basedtesting for a COVID-19 infection. Although Ct values fromnasopharyngeal samples were generally lower, EBC still demon-strated detectable viral concentrations ranging from 1.2 × 10 4–5× 108 viral particles mL –1 after just 5 min of breathing into the facemask. The results of this study encourage the use of the face maskas non-invasive sampling method for lung-related diseases.Conflict of Interest statement: Authors J.D. and S. W.were employed by the company DiagMetrics. Author Q.P. was employed by the company e-DiagMetrics. The remainingauthors declare that the research was conducted in the absenceof any commercial or financial relationships that could be con-strued as a potential conflict of interest.References1. Dörfler H, Daniels J, Wadekar S, Pagneux Q, Ladage D,Greiner G, et al. Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 ViralParticles in Exhaled Breath Condensate via EngineeredFace Masks. LabMed. 2024;1(1):22–32
Techniques d’optimisation pour la planification des livraisons de marchandises et de la logistique urbaine dans les villes intelligentes à l’aide des systèmes de transport intelligents coopératifs (C-ITS)
No full textThe continuous growth of e-commerce and the increasing demand for fast deliveries have placed significant pressure on last mile logistics, which represents the most costly and environmentally impactful stage of the supply chain.This thesis addresses the challenges of urban last mile delivery by combining three complementary approaches: the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce emissions and noise; the use of parcel lockers to mitigate failed deliveries and improve efficiency; and the application of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) to enable real-time communication and traffic-aware decision-making.From a methodological perspective, the work introduces novel formulations and solution techniques for advanced vehicle routing problems.First, the Covering Delivery Problem with EVs and parcel lockers (eCDP) is defined, modeled as a mixed-integer linear program, and solved using a tailored Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS).Second, the Energy-Minimizing Capacitated Covering VRP (EMCCVRP) is developed, with both skewed and standard General VNS heuristics proposed to minimize energy consumption while ensuring service coverage.As a final step, a dynamic charging assignment framework is designed and implemented using the SUMO simulation environment and TraCI interface, testing strategies such as closest-station, minimum round trip, and VNS-based minimum waiting time.The results demonstrate that combining optimization models with microscopic traffic simulation yields significant improvements in delivery efficiency, energy consumption, and congestion management.The proposed framework provides practical insights for sustainable urban logistics and contributes to bridging the gap between theoretical optimization models and real-world intelligent transport applications.La croissance continue du commerce électronique et la demande croissante de livraisons rapides exercent une forte pression sur la logistique du dernier kilomètre, qui représente l’étape la plus coûteuse et la plus impactante sur le plan environnemental de la chaîne d’approvisionnement.Cette thèse aborde les défis liés à la livraison urbaine du dernier kilomètre en combinant trois approches complémentaires : l’intégration de véhicules électriques (VE) pour réduire les émissions et le bruit ; l’utilisation de consignes automatiques de colis afin de limiter les échecs de livraison et d’améliorer l’efficacité ; et l’application des Systèmes de Transport Intelligents Coopératifs (C-ITS) pour permettre une communication en temps réel et une prise de décision tenant compte de l’état du trafic.D’un point de vue méthodologique, ce travail introduit de nouvelles formulations et techniques de résolution pour des problèmes avancés de routage de véhicules.Premièrement, le problème de livraison de couverture avec VE et consignes automatiques (eCDP) est défini, modélisé sous forme de programme linéaire en nombres entiers mixtes, et résolu à l’aide d’une recherche à voisinage variable (VNS) adaptée.Deuxièmement, le problème de routage de véhicules capacitaires de couverture minimisant l’énergie (EMCCVRP) est développé, avec des heuristiques de type General VNS standard et biaisé, afin de réduire la consommation énergétique tout en garantissant la couverture du service.Troisièmement, un cadre dynamique d’affectation de recharge est conçu et implémenté à l’aide de l’environnement de simulation SUMO et de l’interface TraCI, en testant des stratégies telles que la station la plus proche, le temps de trajet aller-retour minimal, et une approche VNS visant à minimiser le temps d’attente.Les résultats démontrent que la combinaison de modèles d’optimisation et de simulation microscopique du trafic permet des améliorations significatives en termes d’efficacité de livraison, de consommation d’énergie et de gestion de la congestion.Le cadre proposé fournit des perspectives concrètes pour une logistique urbaine durable et contribue à réduire l’écart entre les modèles théoriques d’optimisation et les applications réelles de transport intelligent
Low-Profile Quad-Band AMC-Backed Antenna for Gain Enhancement
No full textInternational audienceThe article details the design and performance of a compact, quad-band antenna that uses an artificial magnetic conductor to significantly enhance its gain for wireless applications. Topics include the antenna's structure and operating principle, the critical role of parametric studies in optimizing its performance; and the substantial gain improvements achieved across its four frequency bands
Experimental demonstration of tunable spectral flow of elastic localized modes
No full textInternational audienceWe experimentally demonstrate the tunability of a topological defect mode and its spectral flow within the bandgap of a periodic structure made of beams and cylindrical masses and hosting a topological bandgap in its frequency spectrum. A defect is introduced by incorporating a pair of piezoelectric plates into a single unit cell of the lattice, giving rise to a localized mode inside the bandgap. We experimentally observe this mode and its spectral flow in the bandgap by altering the elastic modulus of the piezoelectric plates using negative capacitance shunt circuits. Further, through finite element simulations and experiments, we show that the spectral flow can be tuned by modulating the mass of the defect cell alone. This work introduces additional degrees of freedom in the design of elastic wave-based devices for applications in acoustic logic, waveguiding, and energy harvesting
Violences en institution sociale : une recherche-action entre utilité pragmatique et réflexion critique sur les politiques sociales
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Transformer des savoirs expérientiels de l’exclusion et de l’engagement en compétences professionnelles dans le champ du travail social
No full textInternational audienceEntre 2020 et 2023, 78 adultes ayant connu l’exclusion et la précarité et étant engagé.e.s dans des mouvements associatifs ont intégré une formation pré-qualifiante aux métiers du social de 15 mois, dans le cadre du projet expérimental OSEE (Osons les Savoirs de l’Expérience de l’Exclusion). Porté par ATD Quart-Monde, OSEE avait pour double objectif de convertir les savoirs expérientiels de ces personnes en compétences professionnelles et de faire bouger les lignes et les rapports de domination au sein de l’intervention sociale en intégrant des personnes ayant l’expérience de la vulnérabilité. Entre apprentissage transformateur et construction d’une écologie plus juste des savoirs sur la pauvreté en travail social, comment ce dispositif de formation expérimentale a-t-il favorisé la transformation de savoirs expérientiels des participant.e.s en compétences professionnelles
Impact of MVDC Link Integration in Distribution Networks: A CIGRE Benchmark-based Approach
No full textInternational audienceIn recent years, the power generation and demand paradigm has evolved, driven by the increasing integration of distributed energy resources and renewable technologies. While these advancements introduce new functionalities to conventional electrical infrastructure, they also strain the system, exposing its limitations. In this context, Medium Voltage Direct Current (MVDC) technology is emerging as a promising solution, offering advantages in efficiency, scalability, and flexibility. This paper investigates the integration of an MVDC link within an existing distribution system, assessing its potential to address key grid challenges such as load balancing, cable loss reduction, and enhanced transmission efficiency
Terahertz Far-Field Measurements of a Meta-Atom Composed of Concentric Disk and Ring
No full textInternational audienceResonance behavior of a single meta-atom composed of concentric disk and ring with inter-bridges embedded in a free-standing metal film was investigated experimentally and numerically. The meta-atom was integrated either in square or in circular aperture aiming to exhibit transparency at the resonant frequency of about 0.35 THz. Transmission of the samples were characterized in far-field considering diffraction effects caused by a sub-wavelength structure dimensions being much smaller than the beam diameter of incident radiation used. These findings have broader implications for understanding mutual coupling, anapole states, and other resonant phenomena in meta-surfaces, opening avenues for advanced applications in THz science and technology
Integrated Optoelectronic Mixer with a Micromachined Silicon Coplanar Probe for Wideband On-Wafer Testing of Millimeter-Wave and THz Components
No full textInternational audienceWe present the design and fabrication of a wideband signal analysis probe system for on-wafer testing millimeter-wave and THz electronic components. This probe system is based on the development of an optoelectronic mixer based on a low-temperature-grown GaAs microcavity photoconductor integrated with a micromachined silicon coplanar probe. The ultra-pure and ultra-stable optical beat necessary for this type of application will be achieved by optical filtering of two optical lines from a frequency comb generated by a titanium-doped sapphire laser with a repetition rate of 10 GHz and a power of 1 mW per line