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    Breaking through Microbial Defenses─Organic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Neoteric Strategy in Bacterial Biofilms, Persister, and Fungal Control

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    International audienceThis study explores the adaptation of organic acid-based deep eutectic solvents (OA-DESs) as effective antimicrobial agents. Having already demonstrated their efficacy against planktonic bacteria in our previous research, herein we investigate their impact on more complex microbial forms, including biofilms, persister cells, and fungi (both human pathogenic and phytopathogenic). Our experiments revealed that OA-DESs effectively eradicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli in the biofilms, inducing significant morphological changes. A three-log-unit reduction was observed for most OA-DESs at concentrations below 1% (v/v), a remarkable achievement for this class of materials. Additionally, with only one exception, OA-DESs did not promote persister cells formation, underscoring their potential for complete eradication of biofilm-enveloped bacteria. In another part of our study, OA-DESs were compared to conventional DESs against Candida albicans, Candida auris, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Results showed that while individual DES components exhibited minimal activity, their combination effectively inhibited fungal growth and induced substantial morphological changes. Lastly, OA-DESs were tested against the phytopathogens Zymoseptoria tritici and Venturia inaequalis. Though their activity was less pronounced compared to pathogenic strains, most OA-DESs inhibited the growth of both fungi at the highest tested concentrations. Despite the broad scope of this investigation, we believe this work provides valuable insights into the potential of DESs as antimicrobial agents, offering a strong foundation for future research and innovation in this field

    The Conferences on Asian (Japanese) Religion and Law in Paris: 1873 and 1900

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    International audienceThis presentation examines two landmark international conferences held in Paris— the 1873 Congress on the Science of Religion and the 1900 Congress on Comparative Law—as critical moments in the global intellectual reception of Japan’s legal and religious identity. Although separated by nearly three decades and guided by distinct disciplinary agendas, both conferences reveal how Japanese tradition was framed, interpreted, and positioned within Western scholarly discourse. Following the notorious hoax of Georges Psalmanazar, the 1873 congress on comparative studies of Asian religion, led by French Orientalist Léon de Rosny, represented a rare attempt to articulate Japanese religion as a paradigmatic case for Asia through Japanese categories, even if mediated by Western linguistic frameworks. However, the very conceptualization remains questionable. Notably, the Japanese term shūkyō—now commonly translated as “religion”—was a legal neologism born out of diplomatic necessity, created in response to mid-nineteenth century treaty demands from the United States. Its formation, influenced by Japanese reformers such as Fukuzawa Yukichi and Mori Arinori, exemplifies how legal reasoning shaped modern Japanese religious identity. In contrast, the 1900 legal congress, organized by the prestigious Société de Législation Comparée, treated Japanese law in a limited way, recognizing it primarily as a successful recipient of Western legal rules governing commercial relations. Japan was represented by statesman Kamei Eizaburō, who remained rather in the background during the congress. Since this event, French and later German functionalist scholars of comparative jurisprudence, including Esmein, Zweigert, and Kötz, acknowledged Japan’s codification efforts while simultaneously essentializing its legal culture by invoking an alleged reluctance toward litigation—a claim later flatly rejected by John Owen Haley. By juxtaposing these two events, the presentation argues that the Paris conferences reveal divergent understandings of law and religion in Japan—one emphasizing translation and dialogical exchange, the other privileging normative legal transplantation. Together, they illuminate the entangled trajectories of legal modernity, comparative scholarship, and the discursive construction of non-Western modernities

    Breaking Barriers: Case Studies of Success

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    International audienceDespite overwhelming challenges, youth in the MENA region are leading transformative initiatives across various vital domains, overcoming adversity, and shaping pathways for a more equitable and sustainable future. In this chapter we focus on youth-led initiatives in the MENA region that stand apart from traditional non-governmental organizations (NGOs). While some of these initiatives may have evolved into NGOs over time, many remain distinct, context-specific, and deeply localized efforts. Often self-financed, these initiatives reflect the resourcefulness and resilience of young people navigating challenging circumstances. Their trajectories vary widely - some have proliferated and sustained their activities over several years, while others have struggled to find the opportunity to flourish further. Despite these differences, many of these initiatives have become success stories, creating a lasting impact that extends beyond their immediate communities and inspiring broader societal change

    L’obligation d’auditionner l’enfant discernant avant de procéder à son placement à l’ASE (brève de l'arrêt Cass. civ. 1re, 2 juill. 2025, n° 23-22.491)

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    International audienc

    Caractérisation d'un environnement industriel 4.0 pour la localisation par interférométrie

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    International audienceCaractérisation d'un environnement industriel 4.0 pour la localisation par interférométri

    Clarifications sur l’audition de l’enfant dans la procédure d’assistance éducative (commentaire de l’arrêt Cass., 1re civ., 12 juin 2025, n° 22-23-646)

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    International audienceEn matière d’assistance éducative, lorsque le mineur n’a pas été entendu par le juge des enfants en première instance, la cour d’appel est tenue de procéder à son audition, sauf à constater que l’intéressé n’est pas capable de discernement ; cette audition prend la forme d’un entretien individuel avec l’enfant. Si le mineur a déjà été auditionné en première instance, la cour d’appel a la possibilité de l’entendre de nouveau si elle l’estime nécessaire et est tenue de le faire s’il en a fait la demande, après avoir été informé de son droit

    Droit de visite en espace de rencontre et compétences respectives du juge aux affaires familiales et du juge des enfants (commentaire de l’arrêt Cass., 1re civ., 26 mars 2025, n° 23-14.660)

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    International audienceLorsque le juge aux affaires familiales décide que le droit de visite d’un parent à l’égard de son enfant s’exercera en espace de rencontre qu’il désigne, il est tenu de préciser la durée et la périodicité de la mesure et d’indiquer la durée des rencontres. Il ne peut s’en remettre aux modalités fixées par le juge des enfants ayant ordonné le placement de l’enfant dans le cadre d’une mesure d’assistance éducative

    Durées du droit de visite parental en présence d’un tiers et office du juge des enfants (commentaire de l’arrêt Cass., 1re civ., 15 janvier 2025, n° 22-22.631)

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    International audienceDans le cadre d’une procédure d’assistance éducative, lorsque l’enfant a été confié, le juge des enfants peut, par une décision spécialement motivée, imposer que le droit de visite parental s’exercera en présence d’un tiers. Il doit alors fixer la fréquence des visites sauf à ce que, sous son contrôle, les conditions d’exercice du droit de visite soient laissées à une détermination conjointe entre le(s) parent(s) et la personne, le service ou l’établissement à qui l’enfant a été confié

    Audition tardive de l’enfant en matière familiale : une note en délibéré peut être accompagnée de pièces justificatives (commentaire de l’arrêt Cass., 1re civ., 18 décembre 2024, n° 24-16.113)

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    International audienceLorsque l’enfant demande à être entendu en matière familiale, le juge est tenu d’ordonner cette audition, même après la clôture des débats, puis d’en rendre compte aux parties dans le respect du contradictoire. Il peut autoriser les parties à produire une note en délibéré pour faire part de leurs observations sur l’audition. Cette note en délibéré peut être accompagnée de pièces justifiant ce qu’elle énonce, à condition que les parties soient en mesure d’en débattre contradictoirement

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