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A Platform for Authoring Interactive Web Audio Learning Objects
No full textInternational audienceTechnology has radically changed educational systems and teaching strategies over the last decades. The use of inter- active applications for training and exams has become in- creasingly common. Even audio and music production edu- cation benefits from Learning Management Systems (LMS), and teachers can utilize quizzes with listening tests to assess students’ progress. Several commercial applications support the learning process, often including testing features. An area that has been less explored is educators’ need for custom, interactive content targeted at local curricula. A valid result typically requires audio programming skills and a considerable amount of time. Recent open-source tech- nologies, such as WebAudioXML (WAXML) and Web Audio Modules (WAM), aim to simplify the development of web- based audio applications, making them potential candidates for building Web Audio Learning Objects (WALO). This study presents a design study in which a WALO is built with WAXML, WAM, and p5.js. Three sound and music technology experts evaluated it through a workshop and a semi-structured interview. The results reveal several strengths of the technology, as well as limitations and challenges that need to be addressed in future iterations of the design process. The informants asked for a graphical tool for building a WALO and more detailed settings for the student challenges. They also em- phasize the great benefit of a tool such as this for a creative and explorative learning environment
Creating Collaborative and immersive Modular Audio Installations with WAM Jam Party
No full textInternational audienceWAM Jam Party is a collaborative real-timeWebXR-based platform that allows users to create interactive 3D musical installations using WAM (Web Audio Modules) plugins. Building on previous work presented in the early phases of the project, this article presents substantial improvements focused on the affordance, usability, and expressive potential of the system, rather than its fundamental synchronization mechanisms, which remain unchanged and have been covered in previous publications. A 3D GUI editor has been introduced, enabling users to design and add interactive 3D graphical interfaces to existing 2D WAM plugins without the need to access or modify their source code. These 3D graphical interfaces offer custom representations-such as a synthesizer visualized as a 3D physical keyboard with knobs, sliders, textures, and labels, or a physics-modeled guitar shaped like a real guitar body and neck. In addition, a new "3D Plugin Shop" interface replaces traditional user interface menus, providing a more intuitive and immersive workflow for identifying, selecting and assembling audio components within the 3D scene. The underlying architecture has also been refactored to support script integration and dynamic code injection into plugin graphical interfaces, enabling complex behaviors such as realtime visual modulation of parameters using 3D orbiter animations or sequencer views with piano roll interaction. These improvements have been evaluated through structured user testing sessions involving developers, musicians, sound designers, and XR creators. Results indicate increased engagement, improved affordance of the provided plugins, faster learning curves, and a more exploratory approach to building audio graphs in immersive environments. This article provides insights into the design of collaborative audio applications in spatial contexts and offers design guidelines for web-based XR audio and music tools.</div
Simultaneous Taxonomic and Sex Identification of Bos and Bison Teeth Using Low-Invasive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
No full textInternational audienceDifferentiating between the genera Bos and Bison from fossil bones and teeth can be difficult and even impossible due to taphonomic deterioration, which can also muddle the identification of the sex of the animal. Both are key issues for paleobiological and paleoecological studies, as the two species are generally considered having quite similar spatial distributions but distinct ecological preferences and likely similar social behaviors with males separated from female groups during most of the year. However, identifications are usually limited to “Bos/Bison” and “Sex indeterminate”, which severely limits interpretations. Here, we propose minimally invasive methods with mass spectrometry for the simultaneous taxonomic and sex distinction of Bos and Bison teeth, with application on Middle Pleistocene large bovid teeth from the Lazaret cave. The results obtained show that enamelin, COL1A3, and α-2-glycoprotein allow for taxonomic differentiation between Bos and Bison, while AMELX/Y sequences of the same samples allow for sex identification. Both were successfully performed on the 160–120 ky archeological teeth, without affecting the specimen. This study highlights the potential of proteomics for simultaneous taxonomic and sex determination for other modern or fossil samples, including rare or precious materials, using low-invasive high-resolution mass spectrometry. It opens up unprecedented avenues for paleobiological studies as well as cultural and natural heritage and will widely participate to strengthen our knowledge of past animal and human communities
La cooperazione transfrontaliera nelle Alpi meridionali. Un approcio di scienza administrativa
No full textInternational audienceCross-border cooperation in the Southern Alps continues to face challenges in its implementation. Political and administrative science analyses reveal a significant discrepancy between the theoretical objectives pursued by legal frameworks and the outcomes achieved in practice. Although French law already provides the necessaryflexibility for cross-border cooperation, numerous administrative obstacles persist, necessitating a re-evaluation of public action on both sides of the border.La coopération transfrontalière peine encore à se concrétiser dans les Alpes du Sud. Dans ce contexte, la science administrative montre un déphasage entre les buts théoriques recherchés par le droit et ceux atteints en pratique. Le droit français offre déjà la souplesse nécessaire à la coopération transfrontalière. Mais il existe un certain nombre d’irritants administratifs, qui impliquent de repenser l’action publique de part et d’autre de la frontière
Galaxy cluster temperature maps from joint X-ray and SZ maps with The Three Hundred hydrodynamical simulations
No full textInternational audienceGalaxy clusters can be used as powerful cosmological probes, provided one can obtain accurate mass estimates, which requires a precise knowledge of the underlying astrophysics of galaxy clusters. For these purposes, spatially resolved measurements of the thermodynamic properties of intra-cluster medium (ICM), such as density and temperature, are necessary. In particular, temperature estimates are traditionally obtained through spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy. Such measurements suffer from their sensitivity to the chosen energy calibration, may exhibit inherent biases, and are especially hard to perform at high redshift as they require deep observations. In recent years however, millimetre wavelength data with high spatial resolution, comparable to the one of current X-ray telescopes, have begun to be available. This has enabled the implementation of new methods to infer and map the cluster temperature in individual clusters, using the combination of density maps from X-ray data and pressure maps from millimetre data. In this paper, we present the first systematic validation of this approach on a large sample of synthetic clusters generated in The Three Hundred hydrodynamical simulations. We show that we are able to recover theoretical estimates of the temperature, namely the mass-weighted and spectroscopic-like temperatures, within biases of the order of in the best cases, up to in average, with scatters of the order of . To prepare the application of this approach to observed data, we discuss the modelling of the effective length , a key quantity necessary for the combination of X-ray and SZ projected data. In particular we provide templates calibrated on simulations for this quantity, and investigate their impact in the recovery of the temperature map, compared to other standard models
A Greedy Constructive Heuristic for Executing Cloud-based Workflows with Data Confidentiality Restrictions
No full textInternational audienceOver the past decade, many scientific experiments have shifted from on-premise environments to the cloud. While clouds offer flexibility, scalability, and costeffectiveness, security, and confidentiality remain an issue. This is particularly true when experiments are modeled as workflows and executed using cloud-based workflow systems. These systems typically use multiple virtual machines (VMs) and shared cloud storage to execute the workflow and store the files generated during workflow execution. If these files are accessed by malicious users, they could reveal sensitive information about the workflow's results or structure. To mitigate these risks, data dispersion and techniques such as encryption can be employed, but they need to be carefully integrated into the workflow scheduling process. For example, dispersing data to storage far from the processing VM may increase workflow makespan and costs. In this manuscript, we propose CYCLOPS, an approach designed to execute workflows efficiently in clouds while addressing data confidentiality requirements. CYCLOPS incorporates a mathematical model and a Greedy Constructive Heuristic to optimize workflow scheduling. We evaluated the approach using both synthetic and real-world workflows. The results demonstrate that CYCLOPS enhances workflow execution efficiency while ensuring that data confidentiality is maintained
Les formes de l’engagement public des tiers-lieux culturels en faveur de la transition socio-écologique : de la promesse à la déclinaison d’actions
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Testing the use of southern France and Cyprus mouflons as a reference to reconstruct birth season in sheep from oxygen isotope analysis in teeth
No full textInternational audienceReconstructing past sheep birth seasons relies on oxygen isotope analysis in dental enamel, using modern reference datasets with known birth seasons for comparison. However, the comparability of dental growth calendar between modern and ancient sheep remains uncertain. The current mouflons in Europe, descended from Neolithic domestic sheep that later became feral in Corsica, Sardinia, and Cyprus, are amongst the closest living relatives of Neolithic sheep. Their suitability as references for the estimation of the birth season was explored by analysing the third molar of individuals from two populations giving birth in the spring: Cyprus mouflons (n = 7) and Mediterranean mouflons from southern France (n = 10). Results from oxygen isotope analysis of dental enamel reflect environmental and management differences (e.g., wild vs. captive conditions, local climate and seasonal temperature fluctuations). Isotopic sequence modelling indicated a good agreement between the Mediterranean mouflons from southern France and previously published western European sheep references. However, a radical shift in the record of the δ 18 O values of the seasonal cycle between the Cyprus mouflon and the sheep references has been observed. This divergence suggests distinct dental growth calendars between the Cyprus mouflons and the remaining Ovis included in the study, which may be attributed to a different genetic lineage, reduced genetic diversity in Cyprus mouflons due to one or more founder events-potentially leading to the expression of traits not present or rarely present in the source population-and/or long-term isolation resulting in phylogenetic drift.These findings suggest that Mediterranean mouflons from southern France are as suitable as modern sheep breeds as references for reconstructing past birth seasons in Western Europe. In contrast, the use of the Cyprus mouflons as a reference requires further investigation, both in the context of Cyprus and more broadly across the Near East
Lysosomal dysfunction and inflammatory sterol metabolism in pulmonary arterial hypertension
No full textInternational audienceVascular inflammation regulates endothelial pathophenotypes, particularly in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Dysregulated lysosomal activity and cholesterol metabolism activate pathogenic inflammation, but their relevance to PAH is unclear. Nuclear receptor coactivator 7 (NCOA7) deficiency in endothelium produced an oxysterol and bile acid signature through lysosomal dysregulation, promoting endothelial pathophenotypes. This oxysterol signature overlapped with a plasma metabolite signature associated with human PAH mortality. Mice deficient for endothelial Ncoa7 or exposed to an inflammatory bile acid developed worsened PAH. Genetic predisposition to NCOA7 deficiency was driven by single-nucleotide polymorphism rs11154337, which alters endothelial immunoactivation and is associated with human PAH mortality. An NCOA7-activating agent reversed endothelial immunoactivation and rodent PAH. Thus, we established a genetic and metabolic paradigm that links lysosomal biology and oxysterol processes to endothelial inflammation and PAH.INTRODUCTION: Vascular inflammation regulates endothelial cell (EC) pathophenotypes, particularly in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Dysregulation of lysosomal activity and cholesterol metabolism causes inflammation, but their relevance to PAH is unclear.RATIONALE: Lysosomal acidification depends on vacuolar H + adenosine triphosphatases (V-ATPases). Nuclear receptor coactivator 7 (NCOA7) binds to V-ATPases to control lysosomal function and is up-regulated in human ECs under proinflammatory stimuli and in PAH lung tissue. However, a mechanism that connects NCOA7 to vascular disease remains undefined.RESULTS: In pulmonary arterial ECs and in PAH, cytokine induction of NCOA7 preserved lysosomal acidification and served as a homeostatic brake to constrain inflammation. Conversely, NCOA7 deficiency promoted lysosomal dysfunction and production of pro-inflammatory oxysterols and bile acids that immunoactivated ECs. Mice deficient for endothelial Ncoa7 or exposed to the bile acid 7α-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid displayed worsened EC immunoactivation and more severe PAH. In humans, an unbiased, metabolome-wide association study (n = 2756 PAH patients) identified a plasma signature of the same NCOA7-dependent oxysterols and bile acids that was associated with PAH mortality (P < 1.1 × 10−6). Supporting a genetic predisposition to NCOA7 deficiency in genome-edited, inducible pluripotent stem cell–derived ECs, the intronic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11154337 in NCOA7 regulated NCOA7 expression, lysosomal acidification, oxysterol and bile acid production, and EC immunoactivation. SNP rs11154337 was associated with PAH severity through 6-min walk distance and mortality in discovery [n = 93 patients, P = 0.009; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.34–0.86)] and validation [n = 630 patients, P = 2 × 10−4; HR = 0.49, 95% CI (0.34–0.71)] cohorts. Using computational modeling of small-molecule binding to NCOA7, we synthesized an activator of NCOA7 that promoted lysosomal activity, abrogated oxysterol generation, prevented EC immunoactivation, and reversed rodent PAH.CONCLUSION: We established a genetic and metabolic paradigm that links lysosomal biology and oxysterol and bile acid processes to EC inflammation and PAH, thus carrying implications for diagnostic and therapeutic development
