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The Identity of the EU Legal Order as a “Shield” for Judicial Independence in the (Polish) Rule of Law Crisis
Get PDFIn its recent case law the CJEU stated that the values contained in Article 2 TEU define the “very identity of the European Union as a common legal order”. The CJEU made also some further important statements on the perception and the functioning of Article 2 TEU values in the European legal space. This working paper takes a closer look at how the CJEU has used the value of rule of law in Art. 2 TEU to build a “shield” that serves as a defense for national judges against interference with their independence. This “shield” has been created on the basis of the principle of effective judicial protection under Article 19 (1)(2) TEU and Article 47 EUCFR. Such a “shield” shield is particularly useful in those EU Member States where material threats to the rule of law emerged, such as Poland. It benefits from the strong possibilities of the EU supranational legal system, i.e. the principle of direct effect and the principle of primacy. However, such a “shield” has also its limits, restrictions, and weak points. These are primarily due, on the one hand, to the procedural limitations of the preliminary ruling procedure, which is the main interface of cooperation between the national courts and the CJEU, and, on the other hand, to the fact that, ultimately, EU law must be effectively implemented and adopted into the national legal order by national authorities. However, during an ongoing rule of law crisis, not all state authorities will always be interested in correctly and effectively implementing European standards
Recordings of South Asian Languages and Music in the Lautarchiv of the Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin
Get PDFThis chapter gives an overview of the sound recordings of South Asian soldiers and civilians from the First World War stored in the Lautarchiv of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Prisoners of war became ‘objects’ of linguistic research when, in 1915, a commission of researchers received the official sanction to record the numerous languages and dialects that were spoken by the cosmopolitan assortment of ‘enemy’ soldiers and civilians in Germany's prison camps. The recordings of voices, languages, dialects and music of interned soldiers and civilians for research purposes account for a significant part of the collection, but there were also other areas of focus
Ursula Fuhrich-Grubert, Angelus H. Johansen (Hg.), Schlaglicher. Preußen - Westeuropa. Festschrift für Ilja Mieck zum 65. Geburtstag, 1997
No full textKarl-Heinz Frieser, Ardennen – Sedan. Militärhistorischer Führer durch eine europäische Schicksalslandschaft, hg. vom Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamt, 2000
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