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Continuity, Age, and Relationship to the Crown: Central Arguments in German and English Noble Genealogies in the Late Middle Ages
Get PDFNeue Forschungen zu Leonardo da Vinci als Ingenieur
Get PDFAlthough the 500th anniversary of Leonardo’s death in 2019 produced a wealth of new publications, including a four-volume monograph by Carmen Bambach, annotated new editions and the first monograph on Leonardo as an engineer, the myriad problems posed by his scientific and technological legacy have by no means been resolved. Much remains to be done on the reconstruction of the numerous writings he announced or intended to write later. As regards major projects such as the drainage of the Pontine Marshes we should consider the extent to which Leonardo could truly have conceived the plans associated with him without the help of other experts. Leonardo’s claimed military ambitions when he left Florence for Milan in 1482 have been accepted in the newly published monographs, although a wealth of material from the following years indicates that he became familiar with military matters only much later. This is particularly true of the military qualifications Leonardo lists in his first letter to Ludovico Sforza. His famous letter dates to the year 1489 and not to Leonardo’s move from Florence to Milan in 1482
Beyond Protest: The Treaties of Westphalia and the Papacy’s Culture of Peace
Get PDFThe systematic protests by the nuncio Fabio Chigi against the peace treaties negotiated during the Congress of Westphalia (1643–1649) have long been interpreted as a papal diplomatic failure, at a time when the ideal of Christianity was definitively giving way to a Europe made up of states. This paper seeks to move away from this categorical interpretation of the phenomenon. By studying the correspondence of the nuncios stationed in Madrid, Paris, Brussels and Vienna, the aim is to analyse how the peace of Westphalia was received, and determine whether this reception differs from the protest politics pursued by Fabio Chigi in Münster. It emerges that the nunciatures had varied reactions to the negotiations and the treaties, within fragmented contexts where the peace in Germany was just one of many current events, which were dominated by ongoing conflicts. The primary characteristic of these reactions is that they result from the local activities of each nuncio. By focusing on the variety of reactions, this study offers a polycentric and interconnected understanding of papal diplomacy at the time of the Congress of Westphalia. It aims to provide a better comprehension of the ‚agency‘ of the apostolic nuncios in redefining the diplomatic culture of the Holy See, through their differing receptions, practices and uses of the notion of peace
Foreign in Two Homelands: Racism, Return Migration, and Turkish-German History
Get PDFWhat happens when migrants are rejected by the host society that first invited them? How do they return to a homeland that considers them outsiders? Foreign in Two Homelands explores the transnational history of Turkish migrants, Germany's largest ethnic minority, who arrived as 'guest-workers' (Gastarbeiter) between 1961 and 1973. By the 1980s, amid rising racism, neo-Nazis and ordinary Germans blamed Turks for unemployment, criticized their Muslim faith, and argued they could never integrate. In 1983, policymakers enacted a controversial law: paying Turks to leave. Thus commenced one of modern Europe's largest and fastest waves of remigration: within one year, 15% of the migrants—250,000 men, women, and children—returned to Turkey. Their homeland, however, ostracized them as culturally estranged 'Germanized Turks' (Almancı). Through archival research and oral history interviews in both countries and languages, Michelle Lynn Kahn highlights migrants' personal stories and reveals how many felt foreign in two homelands
