The University of Zambia Journals
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Kaposi’s Sarcoma Trends in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Zambia
Get PDFAIDS-related Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) is a multi-centric angiogenic neoplastic proliferation predominantly seen in individuals with Human Immune Virus (HIV-1) infection and men who have sex with men. Although the incidences of aggressive KS have reduced following the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in the treatment of HIV infection, the effect of HAART rollout in relation to population KS incidence in Zambia remains unclear as cases of the malignancy have continued to be reported. This study, investigated the trends of KS in the era of HAART in Zambia. The researchers conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study. Three hundred and twentycases of HIV-infected individuals on HAART that developed KS between 2008 and 2017 were reviewed. Data was retrieved from the Zambia National Cancer Registry (ZNCR). Of the records reviewed, the researchers observed a sharp increase in KS cases from 5.6 per cent in 2008 to 21.2 per cent in 2014; from 2015 to 2017, there was a general decline in KS cases countrywide in both sexes from 13.1 per cent to 9.4 per cent. KS was more prevalent in Lusaka Province, while Western Province had the least number of cases. For each province, there were more males affected by KS than females. The researchers further observed that 19.1 per cent of the cases reviewed developed KS while on HAART, while 80.9 per cent developed KS before the commencement of HAART. The age group with the highest number of KS cases was 21-40 years, while the age group ≥ 80 had the least number of cases. Our data has shown that although there has been a general decline in KS cases across the ten provinces of Zambia in recent years, more efforts are still required to mitigate AIDS-related KS incidence and improve KS prognosis. There is a need to encourage efforts aimed at HIV infection prevention, wide coverage of HAART across the country, and KS awareness and screening
Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) and Household Food Security in High-Density Residential Areas of Lusaka: Experiences from Ng’ombe Settlement
Get PDFComparable to the rest of the world, African countries are orbiting from the health, economic and social effects of COVID-19. The continent’s administrations responded to COVID-19 guidelines by imposing restrictions to limit the spread of the virus. COVID-19 and measures responses to the pandemic, undermine food production, processing and marketing, but the most concerning experiences are on the demand-side, economic and physical access to food. Food and Agriculture Organisation’s (FAO) ‘four pillars’ availability, accessibility, stability and utilisation provide a complete framework for analysing food security. However, the paper was looking at how people in high-density residential areas are experiencing food security during the COVID-19 period. The main aim was to assess the experiences of residents of high-density urban residential areas of Lusaka in terms of household food security before and during the COVID-19 pandemic era. The study used the convergent research design. Structured interviews were used to collect data from the respondents using questionnaires administered to a sample of 235 Ng’ombe residents. Key informants were selected purposively from Ng’ombe Urban Health Centre, Ng’ombe Catholic Church, the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the Ministry of Agriculture and the World Food Programme (WFP) officials. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews with a tool called an interview guide. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test and chi-square using R statistical computing software and Excel. The results were presented using tables, pie charts and graphs. The study revealed that Ng’ombe residents had a devastating experience during the COVID-19 era, which included a reduction in income, hunger, job losses, skipped or reduced meal sizes and compromised diet. Also, pinpointing areas for governments and other actors to intervene in the food system to protect the food security of households left vulnerable by COVID-19, for example, empowering the affected households with money for businesses and job creation
Fusarium Wilt Disease of Eggplant: Farmers’ Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Farming History, Awareness and Perception in Major Eggplant Growing Areas of Ghana
Get PDFFusarium wilt disease causes losses to eggplants in many parts of Ghana. However, information about farmers’ appreciation and management of the disease is limited.In this study, farmers’ socio-demographic characteristics, farming history, awareness and perception of Fusarium wilt disease of eggplants in some major eggplant growing areas in the Ashanti, Eastern and Volta Regions of Ghana were determined. Purposive sampling was used to select major eggplant-producing communities, and the snowball technique was employed to identify eggplant farmers. A structured questionnaire aided with pictures of Fusarium-infected eggplant was used to inquire for information from 750 farmers in the three regions; 250 from each region and 50 from each of the 5 communities selected in each region. The farmers in the three regions had similar socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of the Fusarium wilt disease of eggplants. Farmers were mostly within the age group of 30 years to 50 years, and 63% had formal education. Land preparation was mainly manual, except for some parts of the Volta region that used tractors. Mixed cropping with other vegetables and crop rotation with cereals was most practised. Farmer-selected seeds were the major planting materials. Wilt symptoms were a common observation of farmers in all the regions. However, the majority were oblivious of the cause and source of the disease and, therefore, were unable to apply appropriate management methods.
Farmers could not estimate losses caused by Fusarium wilt disease and, therefore, were not keen on management methods
The Impact of National Agricultural Strategies and Programmes on Small Scale Farmers of Gwembe District of Southern Province of Zambia, 1964-1991
Get PDFThis article examines the impact of national agricultural strategies and programmes formulated, modified and implemented by the Zambian government in Gwembe District. Using both primary and secondary data, the article demonstrates that despite the various agricultural strategies and programmes implemented in Gwembe, the impact was negligible due to persistent crop failure resulting from droughts and other ecological limitations, failure of parastatals tasked with disbursement of credit, and other services as well as inadequate agricultural storage facilities
Prevalence and commonly sustained injuries among male football players at the Olympic Youth Development Centre in Lusaka, Zambia
Get PDFBackground: Football is an extremely popular, high speed, contact sport enjoyed by millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, there is a high risk of injury during training and competition on the field of play caused by players colliding or falling awkwardly, while tackling or being tackled by an opponent. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and commonly sustained injuries among football players at the Olympic Youth Development Centre in Lusaka, Zambia
Methods: Data was collected retrospectively from player records, from February to November 2016 using a record review checklist. Analysis of data was done using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for windows. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used while association of variables was tested using the chi-square test and the t-test for categorical and continuous variables respectively. The significance level was set at 5%.
Results: The overall injury prevalence during the 2016 playing season at OYDC was 31.7%. Majority 42.5% of these injuries were seen in participants aged 20 years and above. Factors that influenced injuries included collision with another player (
Synthesis of Literature: Integrating Disability Models into Non- communicable Diseases and HIV Care
Get PDFBackground: The coexistence of NCDs and HIV poses complex healthcare challenges, requiring integrated care models for improved patient outcomes. This paper explores three integrated service models and examines disability models' relevance to better understand the context. Additionally, it discusses the impact of COVID-19 on individuals with NCDs and HIV, further highlighting the need for comprehensive approaches to address existing disparities. Methods: A literature review was conducted to identify and analyze three integrated care models: Model 1 - NCD programs merged with existing HIV support institutions; Model 2 - Incorporating NCD services into established HIV care settings; and Model 3 - Jointly launched HIV and NCD programs. The paper also delves into disability models, including welfare, medical, and educational/social models.
Results: The literature review revealed that Model 1 allows for holistic care during single visits, with AMPATH in Kenya showcasing its effectiveness. Model 2 enhances efficiency by integrating NCD services into primary health care systems, while Model 3 presents implementation challenges that need careful consideration. Disability models provide critical insights into the diverse perspectives surrounding disabilities in the context of integrated care. Individuals with NCDs and HIV encountered heightened vulnerability to severe COVID-19 outcomes. Disruptions in healthcare services affected regular medical check-ups and treatments, potentially impacting disease management. The pandemic exacerbated mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression. Moreover, existing disparities were amplified, resulting in limited access to resources and healthcare facilities.
Conclusion: The integration of care for individuals with NCDs and HIV necessitates innovative, patient-centered approaches. Model 1, 2, and 3 offer viable solutions, but their successful implementation requires collaboration and addressing contextual challenges. Disability models aid in comprehending the nuances of integrated care, promoting a holistic understanding of disabilities. The COVID-19 pandemic has further underscored the urgency of integrated care and calls for equitable healthcare systems that address existing disparities. By embracing disability models and comprehensive strategies, healthcare providers can create resilient systems to better serve individuals with NCDs and HIV during pandemics and beyond.
Keywords: Integration, Non-Communicable Diseases, NCDs, HIV, COVID-19, Healthcare, Disability Model
Postnatal care knowledge, attitudes and practices: Evidence from mothers
Get PDFIntroduction: According to the literature that has been examined thus far, the majority of factors that lead to new-born and maternal death can be reduced by providing postnatal care. Critical interventions that can put an end to avoidable maternal and new-born fatalities can be given during the first few days after delivery. Postnatal care is essential for the health and survival of both mother and child because this is still the most vulnerable time for both. We therefore set out to investigate the levels of postnatal care knowledge, attitudes and practices among primiparous mothers at Women and New-born hospitals, at University Teaching Hospitals.
Materials and Methods: a quantitative cross sectional study approach was used at a national 3rd level hospital. Quantitative data from primiparous postnatal mothers still hospitalized and from outpatient reviews within 6 days of birth were collected using a convenience sampling method; non-probability sampling. A total of 150 primiparous mothers meeting the inclusion criteria were included based on the hospital statistics for primigravida deliveries. Results: under two-thirds (62.7%) of participants had poor knowledge on postnatal care compared to fewer who had adequate knowledge (37.3%). Majority who demonstrated poor knowledge were likely 19 years and below (82.05%) compared to those 20 years and above (55.86%). On attitudes, participants recognized that postnatal care was both important (n = 138, 92.0%) and necessary (n = 137, 91.3%). About practices majority of the study participants did not receive postnatal care from a professional (n = 107; 72.3%) nor did they practice traditional teachings on postnatal care (n = 100, 84.75%). When compared to those who had inadequate awareness of postnatal care, the number of antenatal care visits was higher for those with appropriate knowledge (Mean difference = -1.44; 95% CI: -2.30 to -0.58. Conclusion: Understanding postnatal care is crucial for maternal and new-born outcomes, especially for the younger and more vulnerable mothers. Creating of postnatal care awareness is likely to increase knowledge in this sensitive group with high likelihood of enhancing positive attitudes and practices of the same.
Key words: Postnatal care, Primiparous, Postnatal period, Neonatal period
Exploring the qualitative aspects of peer educator development and assessing training program suitability for adolescent reproductive health in Zambia
Get PDFBackground: In Zambia, addressing the multifaceted challenges in adolescent reproductive health has become increasingly imperative as the youth population continues to grow. Peer education programs, a key strategy, leverage the influence of peer dynamics and relatability for effective knowledge dissemination and behavior change among adolescents. However, a lack of standardized guidelines for training adolescent peer educators has led to significant variations in program duration, age criteria, and content among different organizations. To address this issue, stakeholders in Zambia collaborated to create a preliminary training program tailored to the unique needs of adolescent peer educators, emphasizing interactive activities and dynamic discussions.
Methods: To develop the training program, extensive data synthesis was conducted. Findings from FGDs were combined with stakeholder input, utilizing a triangulation approach to ensure a well-rounded understanding. This method, based on Fern's concept, involves examining the subject from multiple angles and drawing insights from various research components, emphasizing the need for factual data sources. Diverse data collection methods, including FGDs, document analysis, and stakeholder group interviews, formed the foundation for the training program development, incorporating a wide range of data sources and perspectives. The outcomes of this triangulation process laid the foundation for the meticulous development of the training program, resulting in a holistic understanding and the creation of an effective program.
Results: Different organizations' programs were compared, showing variations in duration, age criteria, and content. The study stressed the significance of peer educators in adolescent reproductive health education and the necessity for support, resources, and acknowledgment. Challenges faced by peer educators were discussed, and their relevance to psychological theories was noted. A summary is presented in vital peer education concepts, including age-appropriate training, peer learning, peer educator benefits, cultural sensitivity, and the value of support and supervision.
Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of peer educators in adolescent reproductive health education, highlighting the need for support and recognition. Findings reveal variations in training programs and underscore the value of addressing challenges faced by peer educators. Ultimately, the study calls for a more standardized and supportive approach to enhance the effectiveness of such programs
Empowering Ideal Peer Educators: Insights from Adolescent Reproductive Health Programs in Zambia
Get PDFBackground: Peer education is crucial for youth, employing relatable educators to drive behavioral change and disseminate information, particularly in adolescent reproductive health. These educators' approachability and credibility stand in contrast to intimidating adult counterparts. Beyond knowledge, peer education's effectiveness stems from ongoing social interactions and role modeling. In Zambia, standardized adolescent reproductive health education for peer educators faces challenges. Some programs lack comprehensive assessments, leaving their impact uncertain. Essential peer educator attributes remain undefined, hindering program optimization, especially in addressing health threats like HIV/AIDS. This article delves into peer educators' roles, traits, transformative training effects, and influencing factors.
Methods: This study aimed to develop a robust research methodology rooted in the interpretive paradigm, utilizing Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) to explore adolescent reproductive health education and peer educator training. Stakeholder workshops, data validation, and verbatim reporting were employed to ensure data credibility. The research process involved three phases, focusing on stakeholders, adolescents, and program development.
Results: FGDs with trained peer educators revealed defining characteristics of ideal peer educators, emphasizing knowledge, communication skills, ethical behavior, and role modeling. The training program positively impacted peer educators, enhancing self-esteem, knowledge, and empowerment. Key factors influencing peer educators included comprehensive training, family support, and adherence to Christian values. Negative factors encompassed a lack of incentives, limited resources, and insufficient recognition. Peer educators in different regions reported significant personal growth and a deep commitment to their roles.
Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of ideal peer educators possessing knowledge, effective communication skills, ethical behavior, and a commitment to promoting positive behaviors. Continuous training, support, and recognition are essential for peer educators to address evolving challenges effectively. Peer education programs should prioritize these elements to empower peer educators and enhance their ability to address the complexities of adolescent reproductive health
ACTUALISING THE DECLARATION OF ZAMBIA AS A CHRISTIAN NATION, 2016 TO 2021
Get PDFSince 1991, the declaration of Zambia as a Christian Nation by President Frederick Chiluba has remained a hollow religio-political proclamation because it has not translated into praxis. President Chiluba’s intention was that as a Christian Nation, Zambia would be governed by the righteous principles of the Word of God and that righteousness and justice must prevail at all levels of authority so that the righteousness of God would exhort Zambia. Twenty-five years later, in 2016, the Ministry of National Guidance and Religious Affairs was created and one of its mandates was to ‘actualise the declaration of Zambia as a Christian Nation’. Grounded in a qualitative research strategy, an intrinsic case study by design, and through a critical reading of the Ministry of National Guidance and Religious Affairs policy, the implementation plan, and a careful interpretation of the two documents and interviews with two informants – one from the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation and the other from an abolished Ministry of National Guidance and Religious Affairs, the article concludes that the measures to actualise the declaration of Zambia as a Christian Nation are purely symbolic as they do not address, political expediency aside addressing President Chiluba’s concerns. Consequently, the author makes an invitation to scholars who have been fascinated by the declaration of Zambia as a Christian Nation to a new or fresh conversation of elaboration and alternatives on the topic of how the declaration of Zambia as a Christian Nation may be actualised