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Fostering cultural sensitivity among university students through engagement in international projects¬presenting various methods to enhance the cultural intelligence of university students
Get PDFThis study derives its foundation from the outcomes of a Virtual Exchange initiative, involving 73 students from three distinct universities: Budapest Business University, Hungary; University of Sfax, Tunisia and Ismir Democracy University, Turkey. The project provided an in-depth exploration of the three countries from diverse angles, including cultural, social, historical, sociological, gastronomic, and various other perspectives, as observed, and presented by university students. In 8-month research the author examined the cognitive, behavioural, motivational, and cultural aspects of cultural intelligence of university students before and after the 6-week long Virtual Exchange project and compared the pre-and post-project results. The paper summarizes the results of a research carried out in 2024. In this research, the author scrutinized the levels of sensitivity among students both prior to and following collaborative work within a cross-cultural project with their international counterparts. The study aimed to ascertain whether engagement and collaboration within a multinational environment yield supplementary values, as well as identifying the specific soft skills cultivated through such collaborative endeavours. The results indicate that engagement in collaborative international projects with foreign peers can significantly enhance cultural sensitivity
Bioeconomy starts Local – a Case study on Multi-Level Participative Governance and Circular Bioeconomy Development in Romania
Get PDFThis paper examines the implementation of a multi-level participative governance approach to address demographic change in rural areas, with a focus on the local rural municipality of Ghelinta. The paper will present through a case study approach, strategical responds on rural-urban challenges. The project responds to the rural exodus driven by better employment opportunities and prospects in urban areas were realized, resulting in depopulation and an aging, increasingly unskilled population in rural regions. Utilizing Circular-Bioeconomy as a tool for regional development, the Godanubio project fostered sustainable economic practices by transitioning from a fossil-resource-based economy to one that emphasizes biological resources and processes. This strategy aims to enhance value creation through new collaborations, business models, and value chains, thereby increasing the attractiveness of rural areas for young people.
In Ghelinta, several working group meetings were conducted, involving young citizens in participatory governance and developing the 2021-2030 Local Bioeconomy Development Strategy. The key objectives of this strategy include fostering cooperation among local stakeholders, involving young people in the decision-making process within the local council, creating new business ideas in the bioeconomy sector, improving public services for young people, and providing training on bioeconomy topics.
The overarching aims are to mitigate the gap between rural and urban areas, increase the visibility and attractiveness of rural areas through the development of the bioeconomy sector, and improve the overall well-being in rural regions. The long-term goal is to enhance the socio-economic status of these regions, contribute to environmental, climate, carbon sequestration and resource protection, and foster sustainable development (Sebestyen, 2024). This research highlights the importance of an ecosystem for systematic multi-level governance, engaging actors from the public, academia, industry, and political decision-making. By creating space for co-creation and integrated urban-rural cooperation, the project aims to increase institutional capacity to tackle demographic change and promote the active involvement of societal actors in the political system
Urban empowerment factors and issues in the context of international networks
Get PDFCity diplomacy, reflected in the increasing role of cities and the diminishing exclusivity of nation states in international relations, is a relatively recent phenomenon in scholarly literature. From the perspective of the nation state, it produces a vertical fragmentation of national foreign policy, while horizontal processes dominate the relations within international organisations (Marchetti 2021). Globalisation, metropolisation and the rise of networks are among the main explanatory variables behind the quest of cities to „gain a seat at the table of global diplomacy” in the post-Paris landscape of hybrid multilateralism (Bäckstrand et al. 2017, Dzebo et al. 2019). International regimes such as the UNFCCC framework rely on multistakeholder partnerships involving states and non-state actors (cities, regional governments, NGOs, corporations, financial institutions) that address global problems, with a view to improving the legitimacy of the international system. Networked forms of collaboration between cities transcend the multilateral frame, with soft power politics as the dominant means to achieving the common objectives of international organisations. The paper examines city diplomacy based on the exercise of soft power in various global policy fields. It argues that city diplomacy, as practised within transnational networks such as ICLEI, C40, U20 or the Global Covenant of Mayors, allows cities to tackle global challenges more efficiently whilst advancing their specific viewpoints and local interests in the international arena
The legal role of immorality in family property contracts
Get PDFA family property contract is an atypical contract, regulated by family law and contractual legal rules simultaneously. Contractual freedom is an important part of family property relations. Although private autonomy between family members cannot tolerate intervention, there are several situations that make it necessary. The limits of contractual freedom have a complex system in the Civil Code. The reason for that is the protection of legal rules has two directions. On the one hand, it helps family members in a vulnerable situation, and, on the other hand, it protects third parties who have a legal relationship with the family members. Another important reason for this complexity is the connectable nature of legal rules. Property contracts are primarily regulated under family law, secondly under contract law. As a result, we can find limits raised from family law orders, parallel to those, having contractual nature but at the same time adjusting effect to the family relationships. However, the invalidity of these contracts, as an important issue is already a neuralgic point. In cases of family property contracts, the long-term nature and emotional relation among family members make it difficult to use the traditional legal consequences of contract law. Furthermore, it is also complicated to find a perfect solution for legal arguments between parties. This is especially true in the internal/intimate legal relations of the parties, where the basis of accounts is called into question – because the property of parties is always changing –, it is difficult to reconstruct the circumstances at the time of concluding the contract not mentioning occurring temporary changes of property value.Immorality, as a ground for invalidity, has a unique interpretation and adjudication in family property contract because the emotional reason of parties complicates the situation, and it is difficult to track back the root cause or the original motivation, which led family members to accept disadvantageous terms.In my study, I will introduce the Hungarian legal practice and the interpretation of immoral family property contracts.A family property contract is an atypical contract, regulated by family law and contractual legal rules simultaneously. Contractual freedom is an important part of family property relations. Although private autonomy between family members cannot tolerate intervention, there are several situations that make it necessary. The limits of contractual freedom have a complex system in the Civil Code. The reason for that is the protection of legal rules has two directions. On the one hand, it helps family members in a vulnerable situation, and, on the other hand, it protects third parties who have a legal relationship with the family members. Another important reason for this complexity is the connectable nature of legal rules. Property contracts are primarily regulated under family law, secondly under contract law. As a result, we can find limits raised from family law orders, parallel to those, having contractual nature but at the same time adjusting effect to the family relationships. However, the invalidity of these contracts, as an important issue is already a neuralgic point. In cases of family property contracts, the long-term nature and emotional relation among family members make it difficult to use the traditional legal consequences of contract law. Furthermore, it is also complicated to find a perfect solution for legal arguments between parties. This is especially true in the internal/intimate legal relations of the parties, where the basis of accounts is called into question – because the property of parties is always changing –, it is difficult to reconstruct the circumstances at the time of concluding the contract not mentioning occurring temporary changes of property value.Immorality, as a ground for invalidity, has a unique interpretation and adjudication in family property contract because the emotional reason of parties complicates the situation, and it is difficult to track back the root cause or the original motivation, which led family members to accept disadvantageous terms.In my study, I will introduce the Hungarian legal practice and the interpretation of immoral family property contracts.A family property contract is an atypical contract, regulated by family law and contractual legal rules simultaneously. Contractual freedom is an important part of family property relations. Although private autonomy between family members cannot tolerate intervention, there are several situations that make it necessary. The limits of contractual freedom have a complex system in the Civil Code. The reason for that is the protection of legal rules has two directions. On the one hand, it helps family members in a vulnerable situation, and, on the other hand, it protects third parties who have a legal relationship with the family members. Another important reason for this complexity is the connectable nature of legal rules. Property contracts are primarily regulated under family law, secondly under contract law. As a result, we can find limits raised from family law orders, parallel to those, having contractual nature but at the same time adjusting effect to the family relationships. However, the invalidity of these contracts, as an important issue is already a neuralgic point. In cases of family property contracts, the long-term nature and emotional relation among family members make it difficult to use the traditional legal consequences of contract law. Furthermore, it is also complicated to find a perfect solution for legal arguments between parties. This is especially true in the internal/intimate legal relations of the parties, where the basis of accounts is called into question – because the property of parties is always changing –, it is difficult to reconstruct the circumstances at the time of concluding the contract not mentioning occurring temporary changes of property value.Immorality, as a ground for invalidity, has a unique interpretation and adjudication in family property contract because the emotional reason of parties complicates the situation, and it is difficult to track back the root cause or the original motivation, which led family members to accept disadvantageous terms.In my study, I will introduce the Hungarian legal practice and the interpretation of immoral family property contracts
The system of grounds for invalidity in Hungarian private law
Get PDFThe study analyses the system of grounds for invalidity that has developed in Hungarian private law. One of the starting points is the distinction between nullity and contestability, which distinguishes, depending on the gravity of the error in the contract, between ipso iure invalidity (nullity) and invalidity, depending on the juridical act of the aggrieved party or person with legal interest. The other systematisation aspect was based on the dogmatic triad of conditions of validity, so it was grouped according to the error of contractual intention, the error in the contractual juridical act, and the error in the intended legal effect. Errors of contractual intention include mistake, mispresentation, and unlawful threats, while errors of the contractual juridical act include formal errors in the contract. Most of the legal facts were included among the errors of the intended legal effect, e.g. a prohibited contract, a contract contrary to good morals, a usurious contract, obvious disproportionality, nullity of transferring title as security, contract terms impairing consumer rights, etc.The study analyses the system of grounds for invalidity that has developed in Hungarian private law. One of the starting points is the distinction between nullity and contestability, which distinguishes, depending on the gravity of the error in the contract, between ipso iure invalidity (nullity) and invalidity, depending on the juridical act of the aggrieved party or person with legal interest. The other systematisation aspect was based on the dogmatic triad of conditions of validity, so it was grouped according to the error of contractual intention, the error in the contractual juridical act, and the error in the intended legal effect. Errors of contractual intention include mistake, mispresentation, and unlawful threats, while errors of the contractual juridical act include formal errors in the contract. Most of the legal facts were included among the errors of the intended legal effect, e.g. a prohibited contract, a contract contrary to good morals, a usurious contract, obvious disproportionality, nullity of transferring title as security, contract terms impairing consumer rights, etc.The study analyses the system of grounds for invalidity that has developed in Hungarian private law. One of the starting points is the distinction between nullity and contestability, which distinguishes, depending on the gravity of the error in the contract, between ipso iure invalidity (nullity) and invalidity, depending on the juridical act of the aggrieved party or person with legal interest. The other systematisation aspect was based on the dogmatic triad of conditions of validity, so it was grouped according to the error of contractual intention, the error in the contractual juridical act, and the error in the intended legal effect. Errors of contractual intention include mistake, mispresentation, and unlawful threats, while errors of the contractual juridical act include formal errors in the contract. Most of the legal facts were included among the errors of the intended legal effect, e.g. a prohibited contract, a contract contrary to good morals, a usurious contract, obvious disproportionality, nullity of transferring title as security, contract terms impairing consumer rights, etc
Legal theory and the judicial practice of the invalidity of licence agreements
Get PDFThe purpose of the paper is to provide an overview of the invalidity rules and case law of licence agreements in the field of copyright law. The rules governing copyright relations are not exclusively governed by the rules of copyright law but are complemented by the rules of civil law as well. The specific grounds for invalidity issues of licence agreements show that these contracts are specific among private law contracts and that the rules applicable to them cannot be brought solely under the Civil Code. This special situation and legal environment are justified by the typically weaker position of the author in the contracting process, consequently, we can find some author-sensitive rules here. The copyright law rules on the invalidity of licence agreements can be found in a mosaic-way, rather than in a concentrated way, as in the Civil Code. The reason for this is also to be found in the regulatory environment, since the Copyright Act only lays down the ‘copyright-focused’ invalidity rules, which can supplement the grounds for invalidity in the Civil Code in cases where the subject matter of the legal relationship is the use of a copyright work. The paper primarily focuses on some ‘general civil law’ issues of invalidity, such as the requirement of written form, the gross disparity in value, or the problems of standard contractual terms and conditions in line with licence agreements. In this sense, I intend to focus on not just the legal theory but show the relevant judicial practice as well.The purpose of the paper is to provide an overview of the invalidity rules and case law of licence agreements in the field of copyright law. The rules governing copyright relations are not exclusively governed by the rules of copyright law but are complemented by the rules of civil law as well. The specific grounds for invalidity issues of licence agreements show that these contracts are specific among private law contracts and that the rules applicable to them cannot be brought solely under the Civil Code. This special situation and legal environment are justified by the typically weaker position of the author in the contracting process, consequently, we can find some author-sensitive rules here. The copyright law rules on the invalidity of licence agreements can be found in a mosaic-way, rather than in a concentrated way, as in the Civil Code. The reason for this is also to be found in the regulatory environment, since the Copyright Act only lays down the ‘copyright-focused’ invalidity rules, which can supplement the grounds for invalidity in the Civil Code in cases where the subject matter of the legal relationship is the use of a copyright work. The paper primarily focuses on some ‘general civil law’ issues of invalidity, such as the requirement of written form, the gross disparity in value, or the problems of standard contractual terms and conditions in line with licence agreements. In this sense, I intend to focus on not just the legal theory but show the relevant judicial practice as well.The purpose of the paper is to provide an overview of the invalidity rules and case law of licence agreements in the field of copyright law. The rules governing copyright relations are not exclusively governed by the rules of copyright law but are complemented by the rules of civil law as well. The specific grounds for invalidity issues of licence agreements show that these contracts are specific among private law contracts and that the rules applicable to them cannot be brought solely under the Civil Code. This special situation and legal environment are justified by the typically weaker position of the author in the contracting process, consequently, we can find some author-sensitive rules here. The copyright law rules on the invalidity of licence agreements can be found in a mosaic-way, rather than in a concentrated way, as in the Civil Code. The reason for this is also to be found in the regulatory environment, since the Copyright Act only lays down the ‘copyright-focused’ invalidity rules, which can supplement the grounds for invalidity in the Civil Code in cases where the subject matter of the legal relationship is the use of a copyright work. The paper primarily focuses on some ‘general civil law’ issues of invalidity, such as the requirement of written form, the gross disparity in value, or the problems of standard contractual terms and conditions in line with licence agreements. In this sense, I intend to focus on not just the legal theory but show the relevant judicial practice as well
Training of professionals on child rights
Get PDFIt is universally recognized that children have rights that are inalienable and indivisible. All children are entitled to be aware of and excercise their rights The exposure, experience and education that children receive in their formative years determines their development and well-being. The United Nations Convention on Rights of the Child (UNCRC) set the guiding principles and its implementation, including awareness raising, education about child rights for all, including children themselves, parents, professionals and the public. The ultimate aim of the education, training on child rights for professionals is to sensitize, inform them and ensure that they are working with children in line with the principles and requirements of the UNCRC and other relevant child rights related treaties and documents. There has been so far limited efforts made to train all professionals in contact with children to learn about child rights and skills on how to implement them, involving children, raising awareness of their rights and support the use of them in their everyday life. Children play a central role in shaping the present and future, with adults offering the support required, for children’s well-being and to reach their full potential, so that in collaboration, children and adults can strengthen and transform our world. To achieve this vision, children, parents, professional and the public needs to be aware of child rights and implement them properly. The article provides an overview of the current situation worldwide and describes a number of programs, trainings provided as promising practices. It is universally recognized that children have rights that are inalienable and indivisible. All children are entitled to be aware of and excercise their rights The exposure, experience and education that children receive in their formative years determines their development and well-being. The United Nations Convention on Rights of the Child (UNCRC) set the guiding principles and its implementation, including awareness raising, education about child rights for all, including children themselves, parents, professionals and the public. The ultimate aim of the education, training on child rights for professionals is to sensitize, inform them and ensure that they are working with children in line with the principles and requirements of the UNCRC and other relevant child rights related treaties and documents. There has been so far limited efforts made to train all professionals in contact with children to learn about child rights and skills on how to implement them, involving children, raising awareness of their rights and support the use of them in their everyday life. Children play a central role in shaping the present and future, with adults offering the support required, for children’s well-being and to reach their full potential, so that in collaboration, children and adults can strengthen and transform our world. To achieve this vision, children, parents, professional and the public needs to be aware of child rights and implement them properly. The article provides an overview of the current situation worldwide and describes a number of programs, trainings provided as promising practices. It is universally recognized that children have rights that are inalienable and indivisible. All children are entitled to be aware of and excercise their rights The exposure, experience and education that children receive in their formative years determines their development and well-being. The United Nations Convention on Rights of the Child (UNCRC) set the guiding principles and its implementation, including awareness raising, education about child rights for all, including children themselves, parents, professionals and the public. The ultimate aim of the education, training on child rights for professionals is to sensitize, inform them and ensure that they are working with children in line with the principles and requirements of the UNCRC and other relevant child rights related treaties and documents. There has been so far limited efforts made to train all professionals in contact with children to learn about child rights and skills on how to implement them, involving children, raising awareness of their rights and support the use of them in their everyday life. Children play a central role in shaping the present and future, with adults offering the support required, for children’s well-being and to reach their full potential, so that in collaboration, children and adults can strengthen and transform our world. To achieve this vision, children, parents, professional and the public needs to be aware of child rights and implement them properly. The article provides an overview of the current situation worldwide and describes a number of programs, trainings provided as promising practices. 
The right of children to adoption in light of the European Convention on Human Rights
Get PDFEach country applies its own national rules on the authorization and possible termination of adoption. Nevertheless, the practice of adoption is based on commonly agreed-upon principles and values, including the best interests of the child, which also affect the final fate of the child. The primary aim of adoption worldwide is to establish kinship between the adopter, his or her relatives, and the adopted child to ensure that the child is brought up in a family. Adoption remains the most appropriate legal instrument to replace birth families. International adoption is a secondary option that can occur when domestic adoption measures fail, with the exception of adoption by relatives and spouses. The protection of human rights is an important area in the wide range of activities of the Council of Europe, which was founded in 1949. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), adopted in Rome in 1950, is an international norm that can be directly invoked and applied in the legal systems of states, including Hungary. The ECHR is a framework convention and therefore the substance of each right is expounded in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The case law of the ECHR is rich and authoritative in the field of fundamental rights protection and has ruled on several socially important issues, including adoption in the area of family law. The intention to adopt can be interpreted as the creation of a family because a family can be created through adoption, but the ECHR does not provide a substantive right to adoption.Each country applies its own national rules on the authorization and possible termination of adoption. Nevertheless, the practice of adoption is based on commonly agreed-upon principles and values, including the best interests of the child, which also affect the final fate of the child. The primary aim of adoption worldwide is to establish kinship between the adopter, his or her relatives, and the adopted child to ensure that the child is brought up in a family. Adoption remains the most appropriate legal instrument to replace birth families. International adoption is a secondary option that can occur when domestic adoption measures fail, with the exception of adoption by relatives and spouses. The protection of human rights is an important area in the wide range of activities of the Council of Europe, which was founded in 1949. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), adopted in Rome in 1950, is an international norm that can be directly invoked and applied in the legal systems of states, including Hungary. The ECHR is a framework convention and therefore the substance of each right is expounded in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The case law of the ECHR is rich and authoritative in the field of fundamental rights protection and has ruled on several socially important issues, including adoption in the area of family law. The intention to adopt can be interpreted as the creation of a family because a family can be created through adoption, but the ECHR does not provide a substantive right to adoption.Each country applies its own national rules on the authorization and possible termination of adoption. Nevertheless, the practice of adoption is based on commonly agreed-upon principles and values, including the best interests of the child, which also affect the final fate of the child. The primary aim of adoption worldwide is to establish kinship between the adopter, his or her relatives, and the adopted child to ensure that the child is brought up in a family. Adoption remains the most appropriate legal instrument to replace birth families. International adoption is a secondary option that can occur when domestic adoption measures fail, with the exception of adoption by relatives and spouses. The protection of human rights is an important area in the wide range of activities of the Council of Europe, which was founded in 1949. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), adopted in Rome in 1950, is an international norm that can be directly invoked and applied in the legal systems of states, including Hungary. The ECHR is a framework convention and therefore the substance of each right is expounded in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The case law of the ECHR is rich and authoritative in the field of fundamental rights protection and has ruled on several socially important issues, including adoption in the area of family law. The intention to adopt can be interpreted as the creation of a family because a family can be created through adoption, but the ECHR does not provide a substantive right to adoption
Behind the protection: Key issues of the child’s capacity to exercise fundamental rights
Get PDFThe study attempts to reveal from a dogmatic-analytical point of view, the issues related to the child’s capacity to exercise fundamental rights based in practice-oriented approach, with case law examples. This children's rights focus is part of the larger research: the FULCAP research project aims to develop a complex concept and doctrine of legal capacity for fundamental rights (as a concept map) and to construct a normative concept of legal capacity for fundamental rights. The research seeks to answer how the definition of legal capacity for fundamental rights could be constructed, among others such as that of children. Namely the legal capacity of a child requires that the child enjoy a certain level of capacity to exercise rights and be able to exercise his or her fundamental rights. Based on the results of this research, the first part of the study identifies and examines the key factors that affect the child's capacity to exercise rights, the direct exercise of rights, or restrict it. First, the relevance of age and maturity; second, the parental rights and obligations; and finally, other factors: institutions, values, and public interest. The second part of the study tries to shed light on these factors using the example of the exercise of children's freedom to assembly and its limitations. Finally, the study sets up an "exercise of rights scale" and delineates the possible alternative legal solutions in the context of exercising the children’s freedom of assembly.The study attempts to reveal from a dogmatic-analytical point of view, the issues related to the child’s capacity to exercise fundamental rights based in practice-oriented approach, with case law examples. This children's rights focus is part of the larger research: the FULCAP research project aims to develop a complex concept and doctrine of legal capacity for fundamental rights (as a concept map) and to construct a normative concept of legal capacity for fundamental rights. The research seeks to answer how the definition of legal capacity for fundamental rights could be constructed, among others such as that of children. Namely the legal capacity of a child requires that the child enjoy a certain level of capacity to exercise rights and be able to exercise his or her fundamental rights. Based on the results of this research, the first part of the study identifies and examines the key factors that affect the child's capacity to exercise rights, the direct exercise of rights, or restrict it. First, the relevance of age and maturity; second, the parental rights and obligations; and finally, other factors: institutions, values, and public interest. The second part of the study tries to shed light on these factors using the example of the exercise of children's freedom to assembly and its limitations. Finally, the study sets up an "exercise of rights scale" and delineates the possible alternative legal solutions in the context of exercising the children’s freedom of assembly.The study attempts to reveal from a dogmatic-analytical point of view, the issues related to the child’s capacity to exercise fundamental rights based in practice-oriented approach, with case law examples. This children's rights focus is part of the larger research: the FULCAP research project aims to develop a complex concept and doctrine of legal capacity for fundamental rights (as a concept map) and to construct a normative concept of legal capacity for fundamental rights. The research seeks to answer how the definition of legal capacity for fundamental rights could be constructed, among others such as that of children. Namely the legal capacity of a child requires that the child enjoy a certain level of capacity to exercise rights and be able to exercise his or her fundamental rights. Based on the results of this research, the first part of the study identifies and examines the key factors that affect the child's capacity to exercise rights, the direct exercise of rights, or restrict it. First, the relevance of age and maturity; second, the parental rights and obligations; and finally, other factors: institutions, values, and public interest. The second part of the study tries to shed light on these factors using the example of the exercise of children's freedom to assembly and its limitations. Finally, the study sets up an "exercise of rights scale" and delineates the possible alternative legal solutions in the context of exercising the children’s freedom of assembly
Children’s rights with disabilities and alternative care between universal and regional (Council of Europe) standards of protection
Get PDFThe study deals with issues relating to alternative institutional care to which children, particularly children with disabilities, are subjected. In the case of these children, there is often a multiple 'sensitisation' situation - not only are they minors, but they are deprived of parental care and have intellectual or physical disabilities. The legal regulations for children in such situations will be presented. Soft-law guidelines representing demands for adoption and implementation at the national level will also be identified and discussed. A separate analysis will be made of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on children in institutional care and how and to what extent this jurisprudence effectively influences the level of protection. In this aspect, particular attention will be paid to the issue of the vindication of violations of law violations by victims and the possible possibilities of making legal standing more flexible.The study deals with issues relating to alternative institutional care to which children, particularly children with disabilities, are subjected. In the case of these children, there is often a multiple 'sensitisation' situation - not only are they minors, but they are deprived of parental care and have intellectual or physical disabilities. The legal regulations for children in such situations will be presented. Soft-law guidelines representing demands for adoption and implementation at the national level will also be identified and discussed. A separate analysis will be made of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on children in institutional care and how and to what extent this jurisprudence effectively influences the level of protection. In this aspect, particular attention will be paid to the issue of the vindication of violations of law violations by victims and the possible possibilities of making legal standing more flexible.The study deals with issues relating to alternative institutional care to which children, particularly children with disabilities, are subjected. In the case of these children, there is often a multiple 'sensitisation' situation - not only are they minors, but they are deprived of parental care and have intellectual or physical disabilities. The legal regulations for children in such situations will be presented. Soft-law guidelines representing demands for adoption and implementation at the national level will also be identified and discussed. A separate analysis will be made of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on children in institutional care and how and to what extent this jurisprudence effectively influences the level of protection. In this aspect, particular attention will be paid to the issue of the vindication of violations of law violations by victims and the possible possibilities of making legal standing more flexible