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Necessity of considering compliance measures before and after the act in Germany and Hungary
Get PDFThis article provides a conceptual and legal overview of the term compliance, with a particular focus on its distinctions between soft compliance and hard compliance. In addition, compliance measures taken both before and after a criminal offence has been committed are examined, highlighting their preventive and remedial functions within corporate and legal frameworks. Particular attention is given to the legal situation in Germany and Hungary, offering a comparative analysis of the regulation and enforcement of compliance in these two jurisdictions.This article provides a conceptual and legal overview of the term compliance, with a particular focus on its distinctions between soft compliance and hard compliance. In addition, compliance measures taken both before and after a criminal offence has been committed are examined, highlighting their preventive and remedial functions within corporate and legal frameworks. Particular attention is given to the legal situation in Germany and Hungary, offering a comparative analysis of the regulation and enforcement of compliance in these two jurisdictions.This article provides a conceptual and legal overview of the term compliance, with a particular focus on its distinctions between soft compliance and hard compliance. In addition, compliance measures taken both before and after a criminal offence has been committed are examined, highlighting their preventive and remedial functions within corporate and legal frameworks. Particular attention is given to the legal situation in Germany and Hungary, offering a comparative analysis of the regulation and enforcement of compliance in these two jurisdictions
Legalitással szabályozott moralitás: pszichológiai viselkedésirányítás, a nudge mozgalom és kritikája
Get PDFThe study examines the intricate relationship between legality and morality, with particular attention to psychological behavior control and the nudge movement. Using the example of the 1954 abolition of segregation, it demonstrates that legal regulations alone can drive societal changes, by changing human attitudes. Contrary to Roscoe Pound's socio-legal perspective, social psychologist Elliot Aronson argues that it is not attitudes that change behavior, but rather the change in behavior that transforms attitudes. Applying Aronson's cognitive dissonance theory, the study highlights that through altering their behavior, people are compelled to reevaluate their prejudices and beliefs. In modern societies, methods aimed at influencing behavior are receiving increasing attention, particularly in the legal and political spheres. The nudge movement, introduced by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, proposes techniques that subtly guide individuals' decisions without restricting their freedom of choice. This study also explores the potential of green behavior-based regulation, illustrating how norms, default settings, and simplification can be applied in the transition to a sustainable economy. The study concludes by addressing the criticisms of psychological behavior control, particularly noting that these techniques cannot replace structural reforms but should be integrated with psychological analysis.A tanulmány a legalitás és moralitás közötti bonyolult kapcsolatot vizsgálja, különös tekintettel a pszichológiai viselkedésirányításra és a nudge mozgalomra. Az egyre bonyolódó társadalmi térben a közösségi cselekvéskoordináció egyre fontosabb, így a viselkedés befolyásolására irányuló módszerek egyre nagyobb figyelmet kapnak, különösen a jogi és politikai szférában. E tanulmány azt is bemutatja, milyen lehetőségek vannak a zöld viselkedésalapú szabályozásban, így hogyan lehet a normákat, az alapértelmezett beállítást és az egyszerűsítést alkalmazni a fenntartható gazdaságra való áttérésben. A tanulmány kitér a pszichológiai viselkedésirányítás kritikáira is, így különösen arra, ezek a technikák a strukturális reformokat nem tudják helyettesíteni, azokba integráltan kell alkalmazni a választástervezés szemléletmódját. Az 1954-es szegregáció eltörlésének példáján keresztül bemutatja azt is, hogy a jogi szabályozás lehet a társadalmi változások motorja, a cselekvési környezet átalakítása révén. Roscoe Pound jogszociológiai szemléletével szemben Elliot Aronson szociálpszichológus azt állítja, hogy nem az attitűd változtatja meg a viselkedést, hanem fordítva: a viselkedés változása idézi elő az attitűdök átalakulását. Aronson kognitív disszonancia elméletét alkalmazva a tanulmány rávilágít arra is, hogy az emberek viselkedésük megváltoztatása révén kényszerülnek átértékelni előítéleteiket és hiedelmeiket
Molecular allergen and cross-allergen component studies among people living in the northheastern Hungarian region
Get PDFBackground: The availability of multiplex microarray- based diagnostic systems in the field of allergology contributes to the determination of personalized, component- based diagnosis. It enables allergen source and accurate allergen component identification even in patients with ambiguous symptoms and Prick skin test suggesting simultaneous positivity of two or more related allergens. Aim: In our study, we determined the presence and type of sensitization in the adult population of northeastern Hungary using a new type of multiple allergy diagnostic system and identified the molecular components most frequently involved in the background of sensitization and cross sensitization. Methods: The study was a cross- sectional study involving 229 adult volunteers. An ELISA- based multiplex molecular diagnostic system was used to determine sensitization. Results: Sensitization to an allergen was confirmed in nearly 70% of the subjects. 22.70% were sensitized to a single allergen, while 46.72% were sensitized to multiple allergens simultaneously. The degree of sensitization and total IgE were moderately correlated. In both groups, significant seasonal inhaled allergens were the molecular components of ragweed, grasses and birch. As perennial allergens, dust and food mite proteins caused frequent sensitization. The most common components responsible for cross-sensitization were proteins from ragweed, Timothy grass, birch and dust mite. Discussion: Multiplex technology and component-based diagnosis can assist the clinician in determining targeted, patient-centred and cost-effective allergy treatment.Background: The availability of multiplex microarray-based diagnostic systems in the field of allergology contributes to the determination of personalized, component- based diagnosis. It enables allergen source and accurate allergen component identification even in patients with ambiguous symptoms and Prick skin test suggesting simultaneous positivity of two or more related allergens. Aim: In our study, we determined the presence and type of sensitization in the adult population of northeastern Hungary using a new type of multiple allergy diagnostic system and identified the molecular components most frequently involved in the background of sensitization and cross sensitization. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study involving 229 adult volunteers. An ELISA- based multiplex molecular diagnostic system was used to determine sensitization. Results: Sensitization to an allergen was confirmed in nearly 70% of the subjects. 22.70% were sensitized to a single allergen, while 46.72% were sensitized to multiple allergens simultaneously. The degree of sensitization and total IgE were moderately correlated. In both groups, significant seasonal inhaled allergens were the molecular components of ragweed, grasses and birch. As perennial allergens, dust and food mite proteins caused frequent sensitization. The most common components responsible for cross-sensitization were proteins from ragweed, Timothy grass, birch and dust mite. Discussion: Multiplex technology and component-based diagnosis can assist the clinician in determining targeted, patient-centred and cost-effective allergy treatment
Autista gyermeket és fiatal felnőtteket nevelő szülők egészségügyi tapasztalatai a Covid–19-pandéma időszakában: Health experiences of parents of children and young adults with autism during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Get PDFSummary: People with autism spectrum disorders may have had difficulty understanding the changes that occurred during the pandemic due to their symptomatic characteristics, changes in daily routines, and barriers to accessing healthcare. A quantitative cross-sectional questionnaire survey aimed to explore the burden on families. The results showed an increase in the emergence of symptoms and challenging behaviors. Using adaptive care responsive to the individual and the condition's characteristics was difficult at several points. The results point to shortcomings in the adaptive capacity of the healthcare system, but the changes brought about by the epidemic should also be considered when assessing the results.Összefoglalás: Az autizmus spektrum zavarokban érintett személyek számára a tüneti jellegzetességeik miatt nehézséget okozhatott a pandémia időszakában bekövetkezett változások megértése. A napi rutin módosult és az egészségügyi ellátás igénybevétele is akadályokba ütközhetett. Kvantitatív, keresztmetszeti kérdőíves kutatásunk célja volt feltérképezni a családokra nehezedő terheket. Eredményeinek alapján a tünetek és a kihívást jelentő viselkedések megjelenése erősödést mutatott. Az egyénre és az állapot jellegzetességeire reagáló adaptált ellátás igénybevétele számos ponton nehézségekbe ütközött. Az eredmények a hazai ellátórendszer adaptivitásának hiányosságaira utalnak, azonban a járvány által okozott változásokat is figyelembe kell venni az eredmények értékelésekor
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM): technological advancement in diabetes management
Get PDFABSTRACT
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) represents a major breakthrough in diabetes management, offering real-time insights into glucose levels that help optimize glycaemic control. This review discusses the expanding role of CGM, its advantages, challenges, and future directions. Traditional methods, such as self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG), provide only periodic glucose data, which can miss critical fluctuations and result in less effective diabetes management. In contrast, CGM delivers constant feedback, allowing timely interventions and a deeper understanding of glucose patterns. CGM systems typically comprise a sensor, transmitter, and receiver. These devices measure glucose levels in the interstitial fluid and send data to receivers or smartphones, with some systems even syncing with insulin pumps for automatic adjustments. Both real-time (rtCGM) and intermittently scanned (isCGM) systems have demonstrated benefits, including reduced HbA1c levels, increased time in range (TIR), and a lower risk of hypoglycemia for people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Despite these benefits, CGM adoption faces barriers like cost, accessibility, and data overload. Additionally, occasional discrepancies between CGM readings and actual blood glucose levels highlight the need for user education and further refinement of CGM accuracy.
Advances in CGM technology, including longer sensor life, improved accuracy, and integration with artificial intelligence (AI), are propelling diabetes care forward. AI features hold promise for predictive glucose management, while integration with closed-loop (artificial pancreas) systems may transform insulin delivery. As CGM technology progresses, it is positioned to play a crucial role in managing not only diabetes but also other metabolic conditions. For CGM to achieve its full potential, issues surrounding affordability and accessibility must be addressed to ensure broad access to this life-enhancing technology.Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) represents a major breakthrough in diabetes management, offering real-time insights into glucose levels that help optimize glycaemic control. This review discusses the expanding role of CGM, its advantages, challenges, and future directions. Traditional methods, such as self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG), provide only periodic glucose data, which can miss critical fluctuations and result in less effective diabetes management. In contrast, CGM delivers constant feedback, allowing timely interventions and a deeper understanding of glucose patterns. CGM systems typically comprise a sensor, transmitter, and receiver. These devices measure glucose levels in the interstitial fluid and send data to receivers or smartphones, with some systems even syncing with insulin pumps for automatic adjustments. Both real-time (rtCGM) and intermittently scanned (isCGM) systems have demonstrated benefits, including reduced HbA1c levels, increased time in range (TIR), and a lower risk of hypoglycemia for people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Despite these benefits, CGM adoption faces barriers like cost, accessibility, and data overload. Additionally, occasional discrepancies between CGM readings and actual blood glucose levels highlight the need for user education and further refinement of CGM accuracy.Advances in CGM technology, including longer sensor life, improved accuracy, and integration with artificial intelligence (AI), are propelling diabetes care forward. AI features hold promise for predictive glucose management, while integration with closed-loop (artificial pancreas) systems may transform insulin delivery. As CGM technology progresses, it is positioned to play a crucial role in managing not only diabetes but also other metabolic conditions. For CGM to achieve its full potential, issues surrounding affordability and accessibility must be addressed to ensure broad access to this life-enhancing technology
8-18 éves meningomyelocelevel született gyermekek vizsgálata és életminőségük összehasonlítása hasonló életkorú egészséges és krónikus neurológiai betegségekben szenvedő gyermekekkel: Examination of children born with meningomyelocele age 8–18 and comparison of their quality of life with healthy children of similar age and children with chronic neurological diseases
Get PDFIntroduction
The aim of our study was to investigate the nutritional status, motor function, comorbidities and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of meningomyelocele (MMC) patients. Health-related quality of life data were compared with the general population (GP) and two other neurological diseases: cerebral palsy (CP) and epilepsy (E).
Materials and methods
A total of 86 children with MMC, 99 with CP and 144 with epilepsy and their families, as well as 237 families of control children, i.e. children aged 8-18 years without chronic diseases, were contacted in person or by mail. The return rate of the questionnaires was 75.4%. We used the KIDSCREEN- 52 quality of life questionnaires and collected data on physical parameters, comorbidities, motor function and social parameters.
Results
MMC was mostly located in the lumbosacral region. The most common comorbidities were incontinence (63.95%) and hydrocephalus internus (40.70%). Paraparesis was variable, with half of the patients moving without assistance or with little assistance.
There was no statistically significant difference between the opinions of children with MMC and their parents in the factors that the parent knows well. Younger children reported a better quality of life than adolescents. We found that MMC, like the other two major neurological diseases, significantly affects quality of life.We found that in the case of MMC, their quality of life was similar to CP, but their assessment was more positive.
Conclusion
The results of our study provided information on the self-assessed HRQoL of children and adolescents. Their HRQoL level was lower than that of healthy controls. This means that disability is not only a medical problem, but also a sociological one. Disabled patients need special help to maintain their self-esteem. Different levels of interventions can be applied, such as developing social networks, providing psychological support, environmental, cultural and social policy. measures.Összefoglalás
Bevezetés:
Vizsgálatunk célja meningomyeloceles (MMC) betegek vizsgálata volt a tápláltság, a motoros funkció, a társbetegségek és az egészséggel összefüggő életminőség HRQoL megfigyelésével. Adatainkat az általános populációval (GP) és két másik neurológiai betegséggel hasonlítottuk össze: cerebrális bénulással (CP) és epilepsziával (E).
Anyagok és módszerek:
A kutatók összesen 86 MMC-s, 99 CP-s és 144 epilepsziás gyermeket és családjukat, valamint 238 kontroll gyermekes, azaz krónikus betegségben nem szenvedő 8-18 éves gyermekek családját keresték meg személyesen vagy levélben. KIDSCREEN- 52 életminőség kérdőíveket használtunk, adatokat gyűjtöttünk a fizikai paraméterekről, a társbetegségekről, a motoros működésről és a szociális paraméterekről.
Eredmények:
Az MMC többnyire a lumbosacralis régióban helyezkedett el. A leggyakoribb társbetegségek az inkontinencia (63,95%) és a hydrocephalus internus (40,70%) voltak. A paraparesis változó volt, a betegek fele segítség nélkül vagy kevés segítséggel mozgott.
Nem volt statisztikailag szignifikáns különbség az MMC-s gyerekek és szüleik véleménye között azokban a tényezőkben, amelyeket a szülő jól ismer. A fiatalabb gyerekek jobb életminőséget jeleztek, mint a serdülők. Megállapítottuk, hogy az MMC a másik két fő neurológiai betegséghez hasonlóan jelentősen befolyásolja az életminőséget.
Megállapítottuk, hogy az MMC esetében az életminőségük hasonló a CP-hez, de pozitívabb az értékelésük.
Következtetés:
Vizsgálatunk eredményei információt szolgáltattak a gyermekek és serdülők önértékelésű HRQoL-járól. HRQoL-szintjük alacsonyabb volt, mint az egészséges kontrolloké. Ez azt jelenti, hogy a fogyatékosság nemcsak orvosi, hanem szociológiai probléma is. A fogyatékos betegeknek speciális segítségre van szükségük önbecsülésük megőrzéséhez. Különböző szintű beavatkozások alkalmazhatók, pl. a szociális háló fejlesztése, pszichológiai segítségnyújtás, környezeti, kulturális és szociálpolitikai mérések
Mit üzen egy egyetemi központi épület karbonlábnyoma a menedzsmentnek?
Get PDFThis paper examines the carbon footprint of a multifunctional central university building, the József Attila Study and Information Centre (SZTE TIK). The aim is to identify key sources of environmental impact and propose recommendations for institutional strategy development. The study uses the Bilan Carbone calculator to analyze one full year of operational data, including direct emissions, purchased energy, and commuting habits of staff and visitors, assessed via survey. The results are compared with international benchmarks from other higher education institutions. Findings reveal that nearly 50% of the carbon footprint derives from energy use, while procurement-related emissions slightly exceed this. Although staff car use generates more CO₂ per capita than student travel, the student population contributes a much larger aggregate impact due to scale. Visitor commuting alone accounts for 95% of total travel emissions. Compared to similar institutions, SZTE TIK shows higher carbon intensity, potentially due to broader data scope or more energy-intensive operations. The study emphasizes targeting fossil fuel and electricity consumption as high-impact mitigation areas.
Our results suggest that the resources available to reduce carbon emissions should be used to reduce fossil fuel use and electricity consumption. In terms of environmental pressures from student commuting, it is essential to encourage the spread of sustainable mobility options and to support university communities that promote sustainable practices.Tanulmányunkban azt vizsgáljuk, hogy egy kiemelt jelentőségű felsőoktatási intézmény – amely tanulási, oktatási, találkozási, konferencia- és szolgáltatási térként is funkcionál – milyen karbonterhelési jellegzetességeket mutat és milyen kulcsfontosságú tanulságok vonhatók le a menedzsment számára, ha a kapott eredményeket referenciaként kívánják alkalmazni a fenntarthatósági stratégia kialakítása során. megállapítottuk, hogy az intézmény környezeti terhelésének közel felét az energiahordozók felhasználása adja és kicsivel több, mint felét az ellátási lánchoz kötődő beszerzések. A kapott eredmények alapján az energiahordozók felhasználásának redukálása és az infrastruktúra használók alternatív utazási módjainak ösztönzése járulhat hozzá jelentősen a karbonlábnyom csökkentéséhez
Kocsis János Balázs – Tomay Kyra Város és környéke Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Bölcsészet- és Társadalomtudományi Kar, Pécs, 2025.
Get PDFInnovative green logistics solutions and their economic impact: New perspectives and future directions
Get PDFThe demand for sustainability is playing an increasingly prominent role in the transformation of global logistics systems. This study provides an empirical assessment of innovative green logistics solutions, focusing on autonomous transport vehicles, IoT-based systems, and artificial intelligence applications in logistics. Through a case study-based analysis, the research quantifies the economic and environmental impacts of these technologies while examining regulatory frameworks that support adoption. The results indicate that optimized transportation routes and AI-driven inventory management can reduce logistics costs by up to 20% and lower emissions by 15%. Additionally, regulatory support mechanisms—such as tax incentives and emissions trading schemes—are identified as key enablers of sustainability in logistics. This study contributes to the literature by integrating financial modeling with case study analysis, providing a practical framework for policymakers and industry stakeholdersThe demand for sustainability is playing an increasingly prominent role in the transformation of global logistics systems. This study provides an empirical assessment of innovative green logistics solutions, focusing on autonomous transport vehicles, IoT-based systems, and artificial intelligence applications in logistics. Through a case study-based analysis, the research quantifies the economic and environmental impacts of these technologies while examining regulatory frameworks that support adoption. The results indicate that optimized transportation routes and AI-driven inventory management can reduce logistics costs by up to 20% and lower emissions by 15%. Additionally, regulatory support mechanisms—such as tax incentives and emissions trading schemes—are identified as key enablers of sustainability in logistics. This study contributes to the literature by integrating financial modeling with case study analysis, providing a practical framework for policymakers and industry stakeholder
Direct porosity measurement using single chamber gas pycnometers
Get PDFDuring porosity measurements, error most certainly originates from the incorrect determination of the samples total geometrical volume. This uncertainty will affect all porosity measurement procedures with greater degree on the indirect methods. However, there is a solution where the effect of the sample volume can be eliminated. If both the matrix and pore volume of the sample is measured the porosity can be calculated using those values instead of the bulk and pore volumes. The two-chamber gas pycnometer is the most used method for determining the matrix volume. The procedure applies Boyle's principle which can also be used to determine the pore volume directly using a single chamber construction, if the difficulties discussed in this article are solved