Journals at the University of Arizona
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Corporal Penance in Belief and Practice: Medieval Monastic Precedents and Their Reception by the New and Reformed Religious Orders of the Sixteenth Century
No full textThe face of sixteenth-century Catholicism was altered not only by the Counter-Reformation but also by the development of new and reformed religious orders. Historians have often noted that these orders were characterized by their tendency to reduce or eliminate corporal penance from their routines in spite of the central significance accorded to such penance by medieval religious orders. The following discussion challenges the explanations commonly provided by historians for this marginalization of corporal penance by new religious orders while also highlighting the experience of reformed orders that insisted on faithfully maintaining medieval monastic practices associated with corporal penance. While sixteenth-century orders of every kind embraced medieval beliefs about the human body and the spiritual value of corporal penance, the translation of these beliefs into practice depended on the monastic tradition (or lack thereof) possessed by each religious order, the role of monastic founders and reformers in promoting or restricting penance, and the institutional obligations of each order within the larger structure of Catholicism
Power theories in political ecology
No full textPower plays a key role in definitions of political ecology. Likewise, empirical studies within this field tend to provide detailed presentations of various uses of power, involving corporate and conservation interventions influencing access to land and natural resources. The results include struggle and conflict. Yet, there is a lack of theoretical elaboration showing how power may be understood in political ecology. In this article, we start to fill this gap by reviewing the different theoretical perspectives on power that have dominated this field. There are combinations of influences, two of them being actor-oriented and neo-Marxist approaches used from the 1980s. Typically, case studies are presented of environmental interventions by a broad range of actors at various scales from the local to the global. The focus has been on processes involving actors behind these interventions, as well as the outcomes for different social groups. Over the last two decades, in political ecology we have increasingly seen a move in power perspectives towards poststructuralist thinking about "discursive power", inspired by Foucault. Today, the three approaches (actor-oriented, neo-Marxist and Foucauldian) and their combinations form a synergy of power perspectives that provide a set of rich and nuanced insights into how power is manifested in environmental conflicts and governance. We argue that combining power perspectives is one of political ecology's strengths, which should be nurtured through a continuous examination of a broad spectrum of social science theories on power
The Importance of Baseball to Japanese American Communities and Culture on the West Coast during the Pre-War Years and World War II
No full textBaseball has a long history as “America’s pastime.” From neighborhood games in city streets and suburban fields, to all-star games on the professional level, it has become a staple in American culture. This sport acts as an equalizer as people of every background can come together to play as a team. Japanese Americans during the Pre-War years and World War II used baseball in this same way, as an equalizer to show their identities as Americans, while still honoring their Japanese ancestry. It served as a bridge between two cultures and as an escape from their reality during World War II as an entire population became enemies of their own nation when the Japanese Empire attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in December of 1941. Using primary sources from Issei and Nisei commentaries, as well as, other secondary sources from scholars, this paper will address the history of baseball as a part of Japanese American culture and its role in their communities in the years before the war
A Reassessment of ANOVA Reporting Practices: A Review of Three APA Journals
No full textHistorically, ANOVA has been the most prevalent statistical method used in educational and psychological research and today ANOVA continues to be widely used. A comprehensive review published in 1998 examined several APA journals and discovered persistent concerns in ANOVA reporting practices. The present authors examined all articles published in 2012 in three APA journals (Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Counseling Psychology, and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) to review ANOVA reporting practices including p values and effect sizes. Results indicated that ANOVA continues to be prevalent in the reviewed journals as a test of the primary research question, as well as to test conditional assumptions prior to the primary analysis. Still, ANOVA reporting practices are essentially unchanged from what was previously reported. However, effect size reporting has improved
Lynn White Jr.'s Medieval Heavy Plow: An Instrument of Agricultural Innovation, Population Growth, and Urbanization in High Medieval Western Europe
No full textThis research explores the thesis of twentieth-century medieval technological historian Lynn White Jr., introduced in his 1962 monograph Medieval Technology and Social Change, which argues that the introduction of the heavy plow farming instrument greatly impacted agricultural productivity, techniques, population and urban growth in the High Middle Ages. The author’s research provides a technical analysis of primary sources, in the form of medieval illustrations and manuscript images of the heavy plow, and a historiographical analysis of secondary sources, which include expanded research and reviews of White’s thesis by technical historians, to show if this thesis is still valid and useful for present medieval technological historians. Additionally, it provides scholars with a new interpretation of the origins and technical evolution of this implement, as well as its impact on urbanization and agriculture. The conclusion of this research proposes new potential topics of study for scholars to focus on, such as climate’s impact on the performance of the heavy plow, so they can further contribute to the historiography and analysis of White’s argument
From the Poor Clares to the Care of the Poor: Space, Place, and Poverty in Sixteenth-Century Geneva
No full textMy paper examines the transformation of sixteenth-century Geneva’s only religious house for women, the Convent of the Poor Clares, into an institution dedicated to caring for the poor, the Hôpital Général (General Hospital). Before the Reformation, the convent held a central place in Geneva both physically, in a central neighborhood, and spiritually, as Genevans considered the prayers of the Poor Clares to be especially efficacious. Although this spatial and spiritual centrality served the nuns well before the Reformation, it became problematic during the surge of Protestant sentiment and iconoclastic activity in the 1530s.This came to a head in August 1535, as iconoclasts entered the convent, intent on the destruction of images, icons, and the nuns’ way of life. Convinced they could no longer live safely in Geneva, the Poor Clares abandoned their convent. But the building did not sit empty for long. Within a few weeks of their departure, the former home of the Poor Clares became the Hôpital Général, now home to the care of the poor. I argue that this incredibly fast transition -- despite immense damage to the building -- demonstrates the strength of a new understanding of poverty that cast the poor as lazy and impure rather than holy. The new hospital was intended to address the problems of poverty, rather than encourage the perceived impurity of the lifestyle and mendicancy of the Poor Clares and other impoverished Genevans.By examining the building’s physical and spiritual transition from the (sacred, private) home of the Poor Clares into the (secular, public) home of the poor, my paper provides us with a nuanced picture of the use and transformation of space in the process of Reformation. Moreover, this case exemplifies a change in perceptions of the poor which led to changes in social welfare systems throughout early modern Europe
