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Iron in Cambodia: Archaeometallurgy and Direct Radiocarbon Dating for Heritage and Technology
No full textInternational audienceIron is a fundamental element, present in various forms: naturally as mineral oxides, as oxidized residues from metallurgical activity, and as metallic iron, widely exploited to produce tools, objects, and support diverse activities. It constitutes an essential material that underpins both technological and social practices in ancient societies, shaping daily life as well as large-scale projects.In the Khmer Empire (9th–14th c.), iron was used for temple clamps, bronze reinforcements, weapons, tools, and domestic objects, reflecting its central role in technology, labor organization, and social networks. Understanding its production—what resources were exploited, which technologies were employed, and who transformed and produced?—is key to reconstructing ancient metallurgical systems and social relationships, a task addressed by Archaeometallurgy, which allows us to trace the different stages of transformation of resources, both mineral and forest-based. To relate these practices to historical dynamics and avoid misinterpretations, it is crucial to place them accurately in time. While radiocarbon dating was traditionally applied to organic materials, recent advances allow extraction of residual carbon directly from the metal itself, originating from the transformation of wood or charcoal and the ore during smelting. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) thus provides direct dating of iron objects, producing robust chronological sequences that contextualize production and usage. This approach has been applied to iron objects from Angkor temples (clamps) and museum collections (clamps, armatures, others), providing insights into construction phases, production networks, and the circulation of iron, and enhancing our understanding of ancient metallurgical practices and their social significance. Here, we present key observations, methods, and historical results derived from this approach
Identifying Metallurgical Traditions through Slag Analysis: Multi-Scalar Insights into Ironworking in Cambodia from the 7th c. to the Angkorian Period (and beyond)
No full textInternational audienceIn the Preah Vihear region of northern Cambodia, the Phnom Dek iron production landscape spans a large area and features a high density of slag deposits—direct remains of iron smelting—dating from the 7th to the 20th century. This area is often linked to “Kuy metallurgy,” named after the Kuy people, an ethnic group in the region, and regarded as a technical tradition in the modern era based on ethnographic and historical sources. However, this attribution remains poorly defined due to a lack of systematic studies on production wastes.This research explores transformations in iron smelting practices at a regional scale through a systematic study of slag specimens. Although iron production spans many centuries, most sites and peak metallurgical activity are concentrated in the Angkorian period (9th to late 14th century), within the political and economic framework of the Khmer Empire. The study reconstructs the temporal organization of these practices and identifies emerging technical traditions by analyzing the chemical composition of slag and their archaeological contexts, which serve as tangible markers of techniques and transmission. A multi-scalar approach combining chemical data (pXRF), chronological data (typology, 14C), spatial data (GIS), and technological analysis allows identification of chemical signatures interpreted as local “recipes,” revealing shared production logics. When framed within wider historical and geographical contexts, the comparison of the statistical data highlights the variability, diffusion, and evolution of technical knowledge, underscoring the value of archaeometallurgy for understanding the formalization and transmission of technical practices in ancient societies.This presentation aims to open discussion on the potential of a multi-dimensional approach integrating technical analysis, sourcing, and 14C dating of iron objects mainly from the Angkorian Khmer Empire to shed light on the dynamics and development of iron metallurgy. The wide variety of artifact types and geographical scale considered, supported by the extensive number of specimens analyzed in the IRANGKOR project, enables a thorough investigation of related technical and social processes
Les enseignants de l'école élémentaire: des vecteurs de transmission du sexisme scolaire?
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« Daniel Halévy, observateur et historien du régime »
No full textInternational audienceDaniel Halévy porta un regard critique sur les ressorts de la République depuis la chute du Second Empire, démêlant dans son œuvre la réalité des liens et des réseaux qui expliquaient selon lui l’emprise des républicains sur la vie politique et parlementaire. Même si ses analyses manquent d’objectivité, elles demeurent une référence pour qui s’intéresse à la fin du monde des notables et à l’émergence de la démocratie parlementaire
La médiation animale : Quel animal pour quel bénéficiaire ?: Symposium : Transformation des trajectoires de vie des personnes vulnérables par la médiation animale
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Peupleraies de culture, entre enjeux sociétaux et environnementaux
No full textNational audienceLes peupleraies sont au centre de controverses, voire de conflits. Entre opposants et défenseurs, chacun avance ses arguments, mais leurs bases scientifiques peuvent être mises en doute par certains et nous exposons donc, dans ce chapitre, ces controverses, en discutant leurs fondements à partir de recherches conduites en région Centre-Val de Loire, avant d’élargir à l’échelle nationale.Apparues au xviiie siècle, les peupleraies de culture sont d’abord restées rares dans les vallées. Après 1950, elles s’imposent comme une manière de valoriser économiquement des terres agricoles abandonnées. L’essor des peupleraies est tel qu’il suscite des craintes et bien vite des oppositions. Marquée par des années de critiques,la filière a développé ses arguments et les opposants y sont désormais plus sensibles,acceptant d’échanger autour de pistes d’amélioration, dans un contexte facilité par ailleurs par une dynamique de recul populicole. L’intérêt économique est aussi admis par les riverains et les touristes, usagers ou non, peu critiques et plutôt sur le plan paysager que sur celui de l’environnement. Peu évoquent les enjeux debiodiversité, passés au second plan de manière générale face à ceux du changement climatique. Comme le soulignaient les opposants, la biodiversité associée à ces plantations est souvent moindre comparée à celle des forêts subnaturelles – étant entendu que cette diversité est fonction des taxons considérés, de l’âge du peuplement comme des modalités de gestion – ; mais, selon les contextes géographiques, les peupleraies apportent une contribution à la diversité, floristique, fongique comme entomologique, à l’échelle des paysages. Ainsi, si les peupleraies doivent se maintenir dans les vallées, la dispersion est préférable, entre prairies et forêts subnaturelles si possible anciennes, sur le plan de la biodiversité – à quelques exceptions près – autant que sur celui de la société : les peupleraies dispersées participent à une diversité paysagère acceptée par les usagers, cyclotouristes comme randonneurs pédestres locaux ou autres habitants
Design of a flexible probe-holder arm for robot assisted echography
No full textNational audienceIn this poster, we present the project to design a robotic flexible arm for two medicalapplications, both echography centered. This work is part of an incipient PhD thesis.In the first application, the objective is to position an ultrasound probe into a PETgantry. In the second, the aim is to assist the medical doctor with a carpal tunnelinfiltration. Two control approches are here described. One is model-based, and shouldexploit the Timoshenko and/or Cosserat models, respectively for the probe positioningin the PET and for the probe placement on the patient’s arm in case of the infiltrat
