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L'interprétation conforme et la mise à l'écart d'une disposition interne : le congé annuel payé devant la Cour de cassation
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Problema 38 : Utrum ars notoria, scilicet acquirendi memoriam, valeat et unde habeat ortum ?
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Soil organic matter decomposition in semi-arid mangrove stands (New Caledonia)
No full textInternational audienceOrganic matter (OM) dynamics in mangrove forests have been studied extensively in terms of the capacity of their soils to store organic carbon. While δ13C, δ15N, and C/N values for mangrove soils and sources are well reported, other indicators of OM maturity and composition are lacking. In this study, soil OM decomposition processes were investigated for a semi-arid bay head mangrove forest in New Caledonia. Mangrove tissues and 20-cm soil cores were collected in monospecific stands of Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa. The isotopic compositions of the samples were assessed, along with their molecular compositions (lignin-derived phenols and neutral carbohydrates). Rock-Eval analysis was also performed on the samples to investigate OM characteristics. Results showed that stable isotope ratios and Rock-Eval parameters followed similar vertical trends beneath both species indicating the influence of depth on OM state. However, the more anoxic conditions beneath R. stylosa limited OM decomposition as shown by the lower TpS2 values (indicator of OM thermal stability). Neutral carbohydrates and, surprisingly, lignin-derived phenols, were lost at higher rates than bulk organic carbon beneath both mangrove species. Selective degradation of individual compounds was observed, and species-dependent variations associated with the redox conditions and the OM sources were identified. We suggest that lignin was degraded, even in anoxic environments, because of the amount of labile lignocellulosic components in the soil. These findings enhance our understanding of OM dynamics in mangrove ecosystems, shedding light on the mechanisms underlying carbon cycling and their implications for global carbon storage and ecosystem management
Technological trajectories in iron smelting: slag signatures, recipes, and traditions from Phnom Dek (Cambodia, 7th–20th c. CE)
No full textInternational audienceThis study investigates the long-term dynamics of bloomery iron smelting practices across the Phnom Dek region of Cambodia, a major metallurgical landscape active from at least the 7th to 20th centuries CE. Based on pXRF analysis of more than 1,700 slag samples, it develops an interpretive framework that integrates multiple scales of evidence, combining chemical composition, spatial distribution, technical features, and chronological context. At the core of this approach is the identification of coherent chemical signatures in slag, which, by using multivariate analyses, function as proxies for metallurgical recipes, and, at a broader level, enduring technological traditions shaped by the social organization of production. These signatures serve as comparative units for tracing production behaviors across sites and time periods. Through the categories of practice and recipe, the analysis aims to identify patterns of continuity, adaptation, and transformation in iron-making processes or smelting behavior over time. Results point to significant changes in ore procurement and recipe during the 11th–12th centuries, likely linked to wider transformations within Angkorian state dynamics. The persistence of specific chemical profiles and regionally shared smelting practices beyond this period suggests a bloomery tradition sustained across the landscape. Ultimately, the study argues that the chemistry of slag, as a material trace of smelting activities derived from technical, spatial, and chronological contexts, has unique capabilities to acquire interpretive significance when analyzed across these dimensions. This approach enables the discussion of technological trajectories in iron production and the socio-technical logics that shaped the evolution of the Phnom Dek metallurgical landscape
A literature review of slaughterhouse waste valorisation: Techniques, environmental, and economic implications
No full textInternational audienceManaging slaughterhouse waste (SHW) is a critical global challenge. Over the past two decades, the focus on sustainable waste management has intensified, with valorisation emerging as a key solution. This review examines the most significant outcomes of recent advancements in SHW valorisation, particularly from 2010 onward, with an emphasis on African contexts, which remain underrepresented in the literature. Notable results include the successful integration of biochemical processes, advanced waste-to-energy technologies, and nutrient recovery techniques. These approaches have demonstrated measurable outcomes such as significant reductions in environmental impact, enhanced energy recovery, and economic benefits for local communities. Case studies from African countries showcase the effectiveness of specific valorisation strategies, including high-efficiency biogas production and resource recovery, offering practical insights for wider adoption and scalability. Organized into 11 sections, the review identifies key research gaps, such as the need for region-specific technologies and policy frameworks and proposes concrete recommendations for advancing circular economy practices. The ultimate aim is to provide a roadmap for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals to drive the sustainable development of SHW management, contributing to global efforts for waste reduction and resource maximization
How to integrate biology, physics and chemistry for a better description of soil water dynamics?
No full textInternational audienceNumerous and diverse edaphic organisms have the capacity to modify several physical and chemical soil characteristics that influence water transfers. Considering these modifications in modeling approaches would make for more accurate descriptions and modeling of water fluxes in soils. Some impacts of biological activity on soil physical aspects (e.g. modification of the pore space) have been described for 5-10 years now, and are being increasingly accounted for in water transfer models.However, the situation is not the same for biologically-driven chemical modifications linked to the secretion of organic molecules by soil organisms: modeling their consequences on pore space chemical properties and water transfers has just started. We here shortly survey prominent effects of biological activity on water-transfer related soil properties, and describe their coupling with existing water transfer models. We then propose possible ways for a better integration of biological soil modifications into such models. Among these, we point out that an energy-based theoretical framework would not only be consistent with the basic principles of thermodynamics, but would also foster synergies between ecologists, physicists and chemists, to better describe and predict water dynamics in soils and interactions with the soil biota. This would pave the way to model the evolution, on the scale of a few decades, of the water flow regulation services provided by soils</p
Metaphraseography and phraseographic design: A learning dictionary of French-Chinese idioms
No full textInternational audiencePhraseological units (PUs) are rich with implicit carriers of cultural idiosyncrasies, societal states, collective perspectives, historicity, and conventionality (González-Rey 2002). Learning PUs should be part of a long-term process in the teaching of language and culture in a foreign language context (González-Rey 2007; Sułkowska 2016; Chen 2021).Bilingual dictionaries are “the foundation of all language pedagogy” (Taifi 2021: 28). A good dictionary for learning foreign language (FL) phraseological units (PUs) meets learners' need to independently acquire this culturally rich part of the lexicon. In the context of didactic lexicology, “the phraseological dictionary claims its place of honor as the tool of choice in teaching-learning methods of fixed expressions” (Wotjak 2005).1Thus, we aim to design a learning dictionary to improve phraseology in a foreign language, specifically French-Chinese idiomatic expressions. This reflection is based on a metaphrastic approach. (Murano 2011; Chen 2022a).The macrostructure is based on thematic classification (e.g., human body, animals) on one hand, and on the degree of intralingua “fixed” and interlingual comparative methods on the other. The microstructure will be detailed, including etymology, figurative meaning, the source of the phraseological unit (PU), its pragmatic use, and phraseology from French to Chinese (Chen 2022b)
Le Miroir des sots de Nigel de Longchamps
No full textInternational audienceFirst French translation, with commentary, of Nigel de Longchamps' (Wireker) work, Speculum Stultorum. A poem of 4000 elegiac lines, composed in Latin by this Anglo-Norman monk of the late 12th century, in which he makes, through the tribulations and encounters of the donkey Burnellus, a fierce satire of the papacy and the various religious orders of his time,Cet ouvrage propose la première traduction française, avec commentaires, de l'ouvrage de Nigel de Longchamps (Wireker), Speculum Stultorum. Il s'agit du poème de 4000 vers élégiaques, composé en latin par ce moine anglo-normand de la fin du XIIe siècle, dans lequel il fait, à travers les tribulations et les rencontres de l'âne Burnellus, une satire féroce de la papauté et es différents ordres religieux de son temps
Des rituels pour animer des statuettes divinatoires. Le cas des Flores Mercurii de Babilonia super opera artis magice
No full textInternational audienceLes "Flores Mercurii de Babilonia super opera artis magice" constituent l’une des annexes qui circulent en marge de la tradition magique d’origine hébraïque du "Liber Razielis", et plus particulièrement de sa version en sept livres placée sous le patronage d’Alphonse X de Castille (1252-1284). Fait assez rare en contexte occidental, elles prescrivent l’élaboration d’"images", autrement dit de statuettes, que divers rituels permettent d’animer ou de "vivifier" pour en obtenir des révélations, notamment sur l’avenir
