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TERMS φύσιѕ AND ύπóστaσιѕ – MAIN ISSUE OF CHRISTOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY IN GREEK AND SYRIAC (5TH-6TH CC.)
Get PDFGreek terms φύσιѕ and ύπóστασιѕ, which constituted the main
issue of the Christological controversy in the 5th-6th centuries, in their
turn, caused certain problems both in Greek and Syriac. The negative
attitude of Catholicos Ishoʿyahb II is known towards the definitions of
the Council of Chalcedon, when the discussion concerned two natures
and one hypostasis. Great theologian Severos of Antioch also expressed
the same disapproval.
Certainly, Ishoʿyahb and Severos have different starting points: the
former unequivocally considers unity in incarnated Christ, and the latter
considers as absolute reality the possession of two natures, divine and
human in one and the same incarnated Christ. But, in addition to different
starting points, these two theologians also understand differently the
meaning of these technical terms. Ambiguity is both in Greek and in
Syriac. However, in the latter, an additional difficulty appears which is
related to the different connotations of Syriac equivalents. It may be
noted that for Severos φύσιѕ is in fact a synonym of ύπóστασιѕ. Such an
interpretation of the term is definitely unacceptable for the Dyophysite
wording of Chalcedon. For Ishoʿyahb, on the contrary, kyana/φύσιѕ
according to the meaning is much closer to oύσια than to ύπóστασιѕ.
Hence, the Dyophysite position is given principal importance
About functional-semantic designation of the synonym pairs in Georgian language (garja "toiling", ghuatsli "contributing through restless work")
Get PDFThe group of synonymous pairs existing on the basis of certain
semantical-typical peculiarities can be clearly seen in rich synonymy of
the Georgian Language, for example:
dzala "might" and ghone "forcee"; tsodva "sin" and brali "fault";
nichi "talent" and madli "gift"; madli "gift" and tskaloba "grace"; neba
"will" and survili "wish"; amkhanagi "comrade" and megobari "friend"
etc.
The differentiating historical functional marking draws special
attention, namely, the historically remarkable unifying process of such
differentiating synonymous pairs as visble-invisible, corporeal-mental,
real world-heavens which is clearly seen from the pieces of Georgian
classical and religious literature.
On the basis of the principle of unity of the faith and knowledge
(Ghlonti, 2017), it becomes possible to explain definitely the linguistic
choice out of the Georgian synonymous pair garja "toiling" and ghuatsli
"contributing through restless work" – which represents the main
question of the represented paper, and besides that, we will try to
discuss the original functional semantics as well as the pre-conditions
of so-called synonymities of the given pair.
II. In Georgian the word garja "diligence; working; doing hard
work" (EDGL, 1950-1964) belongs to the lexical-semantical nest of the
words derived by the some root morphemes, namely -sj-/-shj-/-rch/-
rj- (< *-saj-), implies about a hundred of the lexical units, comp.: old
gan-sj-a, gan-shj-a, gan-rch-a "the court of honour"; old sj-uli, shjuli,
rch-uli, rj-uli – means "the rule, punishment, doctrine"; samsjavro
– "the code, the court" (Orbeliani, 1991-1993; Chubinashvili, 1984;
Chubinashvili, 1961); sasjulo "according the existing code, the rules -
means a book of the existing ancient code of rules" (Orbeliani, 1991-
1993); daghrjulavs – "decision-making on the „doctrine basis" (Chincharauli,
2005), etc.
In the semantic field of the word garja most actively used is a
semanteme "deliberate physical work", comp.: gairjeba (from the
action gaisarja) in meaning of "work, try, disturb itself to do something";
the same as jafa ( Arab.), meaning in Georgian "hard work"
(EDGL, 1950-1964), etc. Though, according the above named semantic data concerning the
word garja, it can be supposed that this word-notion firstly was used
in the sense of religious belief - which can be confirmed by the noteworthy
lexicographic entries of some Georgian dictionaries concerning
the word garja, for example, let us consider some explanations:
garja "restless work"; "dedicated work"; garjili "one who has
done much work", garjiloba "having done the work" (Orbeliani, 1991-
1993; Chubinashvili, 1984; Chubinashvili, 1961), etc.
III. In Georgian, the synonymous pair for garja "toiling" is ghvatsli
"merit" ( old ghutsa, ghutsola, ghuatsli) with the following polysemic:
„hard labor, restless work, care, supervision; struggle, overcoming
difficulty, hardness, hard living, aspiration, trying; sorrow“ (Abuladze,
1973; Sarjveladze, 2001; Imnaishvili, 1986); also, "work in the social life
field, in favor of the country, merit", comp.: samsakhuri "care about
country, work for its benefit" (EDGL, 1950-1964).
See also the explanation of old ghuatsli as "working for well
being of the country, serving the country" (EDGL, 1950-1964); comp.:
ghuatsli "hard work such as in struggle for virtue" and sarjulo, sashjulo
"matter of religious belief" and: "doing useful activitiesl; take
care, merit"; ghuatsli "working hard, resless, doing job" (Orbeliani,
1993); comp.: ghvatslit mdzle – "who is a winner of the battle" (Chubinashvili,
1984; Chubinashvili, 1961).
IV. Resulting from the lexical-semantic analysis, given in the
represented paper (garja "toiling, hard work" and ghvatsli – "toiling,
contributing through the restless work"), we represent to you the
following conclusion:
The initial semantics function of the Georgian synonymous pair of
word-notions is preserved till nowadays through the semantics of the
Georgian word-notion ghvatsli – "toiling through hard work" ( old
ghutsa, ghutsola, ghuatsli) which is clear from the definition such as:
"Everyday work which is dedicated to saving the own soul and is
showing loyalty and faith dedicated with great merci to Christ,
overcoming the difficulties, poverty, hard times and struggle which all
together means fulfilling the doctrine of Christ with dignity".This conditioned the fact that we name all our famous compatriots
are named as "meritorious" (in ghvatslmosili), as by their
great deeds they contributed to development and wellbeing to their
country, with joy they resisted much difficulties on their way in benefit
of the future of the country.
As for the word garja, its lexical-semantic functioning nowadays
attracts our attention. We mean namely the fact that there is no special
notional designation for this word and it is used only as a lexeme
in meaning of "hard work". On the other hand, the root-morpheme -rj-
( old gan-rj-a) clearly shows the same shared semantics as it really
represents itself as the member of the synonymous pair garja and
ghvatsli as "a representative" of the lexical-semantic nest of the root
"saj" which in its turn represents a bearer of the semantics of the
words rjuli, tsesi ("meaning: religion, law, religious doctrine").
Though, from this point of view, it is important to consider also
the term from the Georgian church terminology, representing member
of the synonymous pair, namely the Georgian terms: morchili denoting
one "who passes the preparation period for becoming a blessed" and
msaxuri "church servant", as a monk or as a priest (Ghlonti, 2005)
For the discussion of the development Strategy of Georgia in period of pandemic Covid 19 (კოვიდ -19 პანდემიის პირობებში საქართველოს განვითარების სტრატეგიის საკითხის განხილვისათვის)
Get PDF1. Competing in the Next Economy. A New Innovation Age Calls for a New Innovation Game (2021). USA. Council of
Competitiveness. 114 pages.
2. Ernest Liu. Industrial Policies in Production Networks. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (2019), 1883–1948.
doi:10.1093/qje/qjz024. Oxford University Press.
3. Gagnidze, Ineza. 2021. The Scientific-Research System of Georgia in International Evaluations and Some Directions of Its
Improvement. Referential and Reviewed International Scientific-Analytical Journal of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University, Faculty of Economics and Business. N4. http://eb.tsu.ge/?cat=nomer&leng=ge
4. General Principles of EU Industrial Policy. Article 173 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Fact
Sheets in the European Union – 2021. www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en
5. Gvelesiani, Revaz. 2015. "Intrinsic Contradictions of Entrepreneurship Development and Self-development." International
Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, Vol:9, No:3 1007- 1010.
6. Jose M. Salazar – Xiriachs, Irmgard Nubler, Richard Kozul – Wright. (2014). Transforming Economies. Making industrial
policy work for growth, jobs and development. International Labour Office. Geneva.
7. Lekashvili, Eka, 2019. "MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATIONS IN GEORGIAN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:KEY PROBLEMS WITH TEACHING ECONOMIC SCIENCE." Marketing and Management of Innovations, Issue 1
281-293.
8. Lukas Schlogl & Kyunghoon Kim (2021) After authoritarian technocracy: the space for industrial policy-making in
democratic developing countries, Third World Quarterly, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2021.1984876nt? How should industrial
policies be monitored and evaluated?
9. Taxonomy of Industrial Policy. Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development Working aper Series WP 08/2015.
Research, Statistics and Industrial Policy Branch. 46 pages.
10. Transform 2020.Resilience in the Age of Covid-19 – An Update to the 2007 Report.
11. Voluntary National Review Georgia 2020. Report on Implementation of the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development.
Secretariat of the SDGs Interagency Council of Georgia. Administration of the Government of Georgia.
12. William F. Maloney & Gaurav Nayyar. Industrial Policy, Information and Government Capacity. World Bank Group.
Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Global Practice Group. May 2017. Policy Research Working Paper 8056.The paper summarizes the economic problems that have raised at the global and national levels, in the period of Covid 19 pandemic and which are important to consider, both for the recovery of the post-epidemic economy and for the strategy of sustainable and secure economic development
The “Kephalaia" in the Georgian Manuscripts of the Four Gospels
Get PDFეძღვნება თსუ-ს ემერიტუს პროფესორ ლელი ბარამიძის დაბადებიდან 90-ე წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 90th Birthday of Emeritus Professor of TSU Leli BaramidzeThe study of the Old Georgian translation of the Four Gospels and the manuscripts
containing it has a long history and, of course, the major object of research is the text of
the Gospel itself, which is rarely presented in manuscripts in its "pure form" (Genette,
1997, p.5). It is accompanied by the so-called "accompanying texts" and various
tools used for the segmentation of the text and the visualization of information that
form a fairly well-established system of paratexts. The codices of the Four Gospels are
distinguished not only by the text, but also by the paratexts. The Greek manuscripts of
the Gospel are well studied in this respect and it is noted that a system of paratexts
varies according to a type of a text and a family of manuscripts (Metzger, 1977. Parker,
2008). It is noteworthy that until recently the Georgian manuscripts of the Four Gospels
have not been an object of a special research in this respect. The first task of our
scientists was to study the text of the Gospel, for which the so-called "external material
of the text" was considered less interesting. The publisher of the Athonite redactions of
the Georgian Four Gospels I. Imnaishvili wrote: “We do not say anything about the
external materials of the text, which precede and follow the Four Gospels. They have no
direct connection to the text of the Gospel" (1979, p. 56). In fact, as it turns out, the
history of the text and its paratexts are closely related (Tvaltvadze, 2021, pp. 59-63.
Sarjveladze, 2021, pp.169-174).
One of such paratexts is Κεφαλαια - the list of the thematic passages and chapters
within each Gospel. Some of the sections obtained as a result of such division of the text
are relatively long, while some are very short. Each chapter is named after a main story
depicted in an episode and has a serial number in the list. The Kephalaia usually
precedes the text of the Gospel. Numbers of chapters, sometimes even their titles
(τίτλοι) are indicated in an appropriate place in a text, usually on a page of a manuscript
from which it begins. This makes it easier for a reader to find a particular episode
(Metzger 1981, pp.40-41. Hong, 1997, pp. 401-410).
It is not known when a paratext appeared in manuscripts of the Gospel. However,
it is known that it was not presented in early Greek manuscripts, for example, in Codex
Vaticanus, whose text was divided into chapters. The paratext was first found in Codex
Alexandrinus. Accordingly, it is supposed that "κεφάλαια και τίτλοι" has been presented
in the Greek manuscripts of the Four Gospels since the 5th century (Goswell,2009,
pp.134-174; Smith, 2014, pp.102-181). It should be noted that the division of the text of
the Gospel into chapters is not the same everywhere and the titles of the chapters are
also different (Edwards, 2010, pp. 413-426).
The Georgian equivalents of "Κεφαλαια" are „თავები“ ("chapters") or „თავნი
საკითხავთანი“ ("chapters of reading") that mean a list of titles (τίτλοι) selected for
each chapter within each Gospel, which informs us about the content of the particular
Gospel. This list of titles is also called "ზანდუკი" (table of contents) in the Georgian
literary tradition („ესე ზანდუკი არს მარკოზის სახარებისაჲ“/"This is the table of
contents of the Gospel of Mark"). The paratext is presented in most of the Georgian manuscripts of the Four Gospels. However, its direct connection with the history of the
text of the Georgian translation of the Four Gospels is not clear. The purpose of our
study is to determine whether the manuscripts containing redactionally different texts
of the Gospels differ according to the "chapters" and how the history of this paratext
relates to the change of the structure of the Four Gospels and to the stages of editing
the text of the Gospel.
To answer these questions, we have studied more than 30 Georgian manuscripts
of the Four Gospels, which contain the texts created at different stages of the editing
process of the old Georgian translation of the Gospel. As expected, the manuscripts
(according to the paratexts presented in them) present different pictures. In particular,
the manuscripts of the Gospel are divided into two groups: a) the codices in which
"chapters" are not presented and b) the codices in which "chapters" are presented.
However, we do not always have the same situation in the second group of manuscripts:
the lists containing redactionally different text also contain different versions for this
paratext.
The oldest manuscripts of the Gospel, which had been created mainly before the
end of the 10th century (pre-Athonite period) and contain the Proto-Vulgate (Opiza
/Jruch-Parkahli) text, do not contain "chapters". "Chapters" are not presented in the
Khanmeti Palimpsest manuscripts of the Gospel, in Adishi (897), Opiza (913), Jruchi (936)
and Parkahli (973) Four Gospels as well as in the codices consisting of the text of this
redaction (Sin.Geo.O.15; Sin.Geo.O.30-38; K-137; K-363...). However, it should be noted
that in one part of the manuscripts of the Proto-Vulgate redaction the beginnings of the
chapters are marked differently (mainly the red ink, cross and asterisk are used for
rubrication).
The list of the thematic episodes of the Gospel first appeared in the manuscripts of
the 10th-11th centuries (Outtier,1992, pp. 117-124), particularly, in the group of manuscripts
that contains the text of the so-called "reworked Proto-Vulgate " (e. g. MS: Sin.
Geo.O.16; S-962; Vienna Georg.1; Tskarostavi codex, Urbnisi codex, Tbeti codex, Mestia
codex). However, in some of them there are the "miracles" (The list of miracles performed
by Jesus, extracted from the text of the Gospel and sequentially arranged), not "chapters".
Their location is not strictly defined. They mainly precede each Gospel, although in some
manuscripts they follow it. In some cases, the "miracles" of all Four Gospels are presented
together (for example, in the Tskarostavi, Tbeti and Mestia codices).
Some of the manuscripts of the pre-Athonite period (e.g., Sin.Geo.O.16; S-962)
have the paratext entitled "Miracles", but in reality, “it is the list of chapters. Part of
them (e.g., Urbnisi codex; Vienna Georg.1) have both ("chapters" and "miracles). It is
noteworthy that the titles of the chapters in this group of manuscripts are often quite
extensive and in fact, convey a brief content of the episode. Usually, the serial number
of the chapters is also indicated in the text. It is either framed or separated by dots for
being distinguished from other marginal notes (Ammonian Sections, Eusebian Canons
numbers). Sometimes the number of the chapter is indicted even when the manuscript does not present a table of contents of the chapters (e.g., in the Palestinian codex (H-
1741).
Unlike the manuscripts of the pre-Athonite period, the vast majority of the
codices created in the Athonite period (from the second half of the 11th century) are
accompanied only by "Kephalaia" (we do not have "miracles"). The location of the
paratext is strictly defined and the titles are shorter than in the manuscripts of the
previous period. The text of the Gospels also strictly adheres to the rule of indicating a
number of a chapter on margins. The titles of chapters are rarely completely indicated
on the upper and lower margins (for example, in Vani Gospels, A-1335).
In the codices of the Athonite period, several manuscripts were identified which,
in general, form the particular transitional stage in the process of forming the system of
paratexts (in terms of "chapters"). These manuscripts (the Four Gospels of Alaverdi,
Kurashi, Ienashi and the original text of the Gospel of Oshki) contain the intermediate
review of the redaction (Giorgiseuli I) of George the Athonite. It turns out that along
with the text of the Gospel, the paratexts undergo changes during the editing process.
The good example of this is the Gospel of Oshki (Ivir.georg.62), the two-layered
manuscript, whose lower layer is corrected according to the George the Athonite’s
redaction that was recognized by the church as the Vulgate. The editor, who corrected
the text according to the Vulgate, worked hard to correct the text of the titles presented
in the table of chapters, scratched the old text and copied the new one, the so-called
"Vulgate titles", which accompanied the text (Athonite Vulgate) created after the final
editing of the text of the Gospel.
The names of the chapters that were originally presented in the table of contents
of this Oshki manuscript (Ivir. Georg. 62) differ from the titles included in the lists of the
so-called "reworked Proto-Vulgate”. However, they are identical to the "chapters" of
Alaverdi, Ienashi and Kurashi Gospels, but it is noteworthy that sometimes they are
different from the Alaverdi and kurashi gospels and coincides only with the reading of
the Ienashi codex. If we consider the list of chapters of the Proto-Vulgate manuscripts as
variant A, variant B should be presented in the Four Gospels of Ienashi and in the lower
layer of the Gospel of Oshki codex. Accordingly, the chapters of Alaverdi and as well as
Kurashi codex may be regarded as variant C, while to variant D belongs “Kephalaia”,
which is presented in the manuscripts containing the Athonite Vulgate. It is shorter and
more laconic than others.
The place of the list of chapters is strictly defined in the structure of the codices of
the Vulgate manuscripts. It necessarily precedes the Gospel, in whose text a number of
an appropriate chapter is indicated on an appropriate place. In this regard, the lists of
Athonite Vulgate redaction (Sin.Geo.O.19, Sin.Geo.O.81, Kaliposi,Vani, Echmiadzini,
Gelati, Black Mountain, Jruchi II, Vatican and Paris codices, as well as the vast majority of
the manuscripts presented in the Jerusalem and Athonite collections of the Georgian
manuscripts (Jer.Geo.49, 93, 103, 122, 160; Ivir.Georg.15, 53, 62, 67, 75, 91) are structurally and visually similar to the Greek manuscripts of that period. Although no detailed study has been conducted to determine the relation of the
"chapters" of the Georgian manuscripts to the Greek redactions, we think that we can
answer the questions posed above and conclude that in respect to the chapters, the
manuscripts of the Four Gospels of the pre-Athonite and Athonite periods are not
homogeneous. The codices containing redactionally different texts of the Gospels also
differ according to this paratext. It turned out that the long process of editing the
Georgian translation of the Four Gospels, which comprised several stages and mainly
involved "making the text like Greek”, was directly related to the change of the
"chapters" as well as other elements of the paratexts. All of these ultimately served to
perfect the structure of the Four Gospels and "make them like Greek"
The Anthroponyms in the English Translations of “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” (On the Example of Certain Names Containing Voiceless Aspirated Sounds)
Get PDFTranslations of the epic poem “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” by the outstanding Georgian poet of the 12th century Shota Rustaveli are of great interest from diverse viewpoints. The given paper analyzes certain issues related to the anthroponyms mentioned in the poem and their English correlates. There are six translations of the poem in English, namely, the translations by Marjory Wardrop, Venera Urushadze, Katharine Vivian, Robert Stevenson and Lyn Coffin. Out of these translations, the closest to the poem is the version of Marjory Wardrop, although this translation is not poetic. The translations by V. Urushadze and L. Coffin are poetic, and those by K. Vivian and R. Stevenson are prosaic. Besides, there is a prosaic English translation of the contents of “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” retold by Avtandil Arabuli. This translation is made by Geoffrey Gosby.
The English translations of the anthroponyms from “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” raise numerous interesting issues. The given paper focuses on one aspect, namely, the transfer of certain Georgian sounds used in proper names.
It is well known that in Georgian the trinary sets of voiceless consonants form two groups: voiceless aspirated consonants and voiceless ejectives. The phonetic difference between these consonants is graphically reflected during their transfer into another language. This difference is vividly reflected in the international phonetic alphabet (IPA), namely:
Voiceless aspirated
Voiceless ejectives
GEO
IPA
GEO
IPA
ფ
/p(h)/
პ
/p’/
თ
/t(h)/
ტ
/t’/
ც
/ts⁽ʰ⁾/
წ
/ts’/
ჩ
/t∫(h)/
ჭ
/t∫’/
ქ
/k⁽ʰ⁾/
კ
/k’ /
ყ
/q’/
The paper focuses on the anthroponyms containing these consonants with regard to their representation in the English translations of “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”.
Naturally, a translator is not obliged to stick to phonetical rules and preserve the original sounds of the words when transferring the names of literary characters into his/her native language. However, in this regard, we should note that some of the translators of “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” have tried to transfer certain anthroponyms using certain methods that would help preserve their original sound to a certain extent. It should be underlined that these translators have used different means to express only voiceless aspirated sounds and not for voiceless ejectives which are specific for Georgian1; however, the “rules” of representation of voiceless aspirated sounds (by means of graphic markers) are not always preserved in the translations.
Thus, we have focused on the anthroponyms containing voiceless aspirated consonants. The table below represents interesting anthroponyms taken from the above-mentioned translations. Aanalysis of these names is given below1:2
M. Wardrop
V. Urushadze
K. Vivian
R. Stevenson
L. Coffin
G. Gosby
Avt’handil
Avtandil
Avtandil
Avtandil
Avtandil
Avtandil
Asmat’h
Asmat
Asmat
Asmat
Asmat
Asmat
Dilarget’h
Dilarget
Dilarget
Dilarget
Dilarget
T’hamara
Tamar
Thamar
Tamar
Tamar
T’hinat’hin
Tinatin
Tinatin
Tinatin
Tinatin
Tinatin
T’hmogveli
Tmogveli
Tmogveli
Tmogveli
Tmogveli
Rust’haveli
Rustaveli
Rustaveli / Rust’veli2
Rustaveli
Rustaveli
Rustaveli
P’harsadan
Parsadan
Pharsadan
Parsadan
Parsadan
Parsadan
P’hatman Khat’hun / P’hatman
Patman Khatun /
Patman
Phatman Khatun / Phatman
Fatima Khatun / Fatima
Patman Khatun /
Patman
Patman
P’hridoni
Pridon
Phridon / Nuradin-Phridon
Pridon / Nuradin Pridon
Pridon
Nuradin Pridon
Shavt’heli
Shavteli
Shavteli
Shavteli
Shavteli
The Table proves that V. Urushadze, R. Stevenson, L. Coffin and G. Gosby do not use any special markers for the voiceless aspirated sounds found in the anthroponyms of “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”. The same characters are used to reflect voiceless ejectives. This means that the translators have made no attempts whatsoever to reflect the differences between the sounds.
However, in some translations, the proper names from “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” are represented differently. In particular, M. Wardrop represents voiceless aspirated sounds თ and ფ by adding apostrophe and h to the corresponding English sounds: თ – t’h and ფ – p’h. The examples are: Avt’handil, P’harsadan etc (See the Table above). In this way, the translator differentiates voiceless aspirated consonants. However, she does not apply this “rule” to other aspirated consonants. For instance, the consonant ქ is represented as k, without apostrophe and h. For instance, მელიქ სურხავი – Melik Surkhavi1. The grapheme k is also used in the word ქაჯი: Kadji.
In this regard, mention should also be made of K. Vivian’s translation. This version is peculiar from the viewpoint of representation of the Georgian consonant თ. This consonant is represented by means of th only in the propoer name თამარ - Thamar; other anthroponyms containing the sound თ are represented by means of t (See the Table above). It should also be noted that another voiceless aspirated sound ფ is always represented by means of Ph in names like: ფარსადანი - Pharsadan, ფრიდონი - Phridon, ფატმანი - Phatman (See the Table above).
As we have noted, R. Stevenson’s translation does not make a difference between voiceless aspirated and voiceless ejective sounds. However, this translation is special in the way that, instead of Phatman and Phatman Khatun, given in the original text of the poem and all the other translations, R. Stevenson mentions Fatima and Fatima Khatun (See the Table above).
Thus, the analyzed material proves that translators M. Wardrop and K. Vivian tried to illustrate the difference between Georgian voiceless aspirated and voiceless ejective sounds when translating certain anthroponyms from “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”. In this way, they tried to preserve certain closeness with the original forms. Yet, their “rules” are not systematic i.e. they are not used to the full extent. V. Urushadze, R. Stevenson, L. Coffin and G. Gosby do not make the above-noted distinction; hence, in their translations, the above-mentioned sounds are not represented differently
Climate change uncertainties and economic growth
Get PDF1. გვერდწითელი გ., ჯანაშია ნ. (2022). საქართვლოს კლიმატის პოლიტიკა: ევროინტეგრაციის კვალდაკვალ. თბილისი.
https://www.climatebasics.info/_files/ugd/8cfda1_ec82814f787b4e2ba18c0392f4d122e2.pdf
2. ერქომაიშვილი გ., მინაშვილი რ. (2021). ეკოლოგია და გარემოს მდგრადი განვითარების პოლიტიკა საქართველოში. უნივერსალი, თბილისი.
3. ლაზარაშვილი თ. (2020). ეკონომიკური ზრდის „მწვანე“ დაფინანსება: კონცეფციები და პრობლემები. გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი. 9, 53-56.
https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2020.09.006
4. ლომია ტ. (2018). გარემოს დაცვის რაციონალური ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკის ფორმირების პრობლემა. გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი. 6, 169-174.
5. შენგელია თ., მცირე ბიზნესის განვითარების პერსპექტივები კოვიდპანდემიით გამოწვეული გაურკვევლობის პირობებში. გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი. 12, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.010
6. Abesadze, R. (2019). “Green” and “Circular” Economy: Essence and Modern Chal-lenges. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences. № 2(10), 329-345.
7. Baker, S., Bloom, N. & S. J. Davis, S., J. (2016). Measuring Economic Policy Uncer-tainty. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 131, 1593–1636. 8. Bedianashvili, G. (2019). Formation of Knowledge-Based Economy and Green Econ-omy: Socio-Cultural Aspect. Conference materials: Current Problems of Formation of “Green Economy”. At: Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Uni-versity, Tbilisi. 33-37.
9. Bedianashvili, G. (2021a). Globalization and Modern Challenges of Economic Uncer-tainty. Conference materials: Strategies, Models and Technologies of Economic Systems Man-agement (SMTESM-2021). At: Khmelnytskyi National University, Ukraine. 24-48.
10. Bedianashvili G. (2021b). The Socio-Economic Effects of Covid-19 and the Challenges of Economic Uncertainty. Materials of VI International Scientific Conference: Challenges of Globalization in Economics and Business. Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Econom-ics and Business Faculty. 34-38 (In Georgian).
11. Bloom, N., Bond, S. & Van Reenen, J. (2007). Uncertainty and Investment Dynamics. Review of Economic Studies, 74, 391–415. 12. Braconnot, P., S. P. Harrison, M. Kageyama, P. J. Bartlein, V. Masson-Delmotte, A. Abe-Ouchi, B. Otto-Bliesner, and Y. Zhao, (2012). Evaluation of climate models using palaeo-climatic data. Nature Climate Change, 2, 417–424. doi:10.1038/nclimate1456. 13. Bretschger, L. & Soretz, S. (2018). Stranded Assets: How Policy Uncertainty Affects Capital, Growth, and the Environment. CER-ETH-Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH) at ETH Zurich.
14. Brogaard, J., & Detzel, A. (2015). The Asset Pricing Implications of Government Eco-nomic Policy Uncertainty. Management Science. 61, 3–18. 15. Clark, P., Shakun, J., Marcott, S. et al., (2016). Consequences of twenty-first-century policy for multi-millennial climate and sea-level change. Nature Clim Change. 6, 360–369. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2923
16. Climate Change Knowledge Portal (2022). Variability, Trends, Uncertainty. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/overview 17. Deser, C., A. Phillips, V. Bourdette, and H. Teng, (2012). Uncertainty in climate change projections: The role of internal variability. Climate Dynamics, 38, 527–546, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0977-x. 18. Enel Green Power (2022). Climate change: the causes and effects. https://www.enelgreenpower.com/learning-hub/energy-transition/climate-change-causes-consequences
19. Fried, S. (2018). Climate policy and Innovation: A Quantitative Macroeconomic Analysis. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics.
20. Gavriilidis, K. (2021). Measuring Climate Policy Uncertainty. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3847388.
21. Hoffman, A., J. (September 30, 2019). Climate Change and Our Emerging Cultural Shift.Behavioral Scientist. https://behavioralscientist.org/climate-change-and-our-emerging-cultural-shift/ 22. Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., Hallegatte, S., et al., (2014). A new scenario framework for climate change research: the concept of shared climate policy assumptions, Climatic Change 122, 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0971-5
23. Papava, Vladimer. 2022e. “Pandemic, War and Economic Sanctions: From Turbulent to Confrontational Globalization.” Eurasia Review, May 23. https://www.eurasiareview.com/23052022-pandemic-war-and-economic-sanctions-from-turbulent-to-confrontational-globalization-oped/?fbclid=IwAR1zLFJs1kUFJWgp6qRXRWhLOy2OWnWjwIVUjMwjphnjqs0OKoUQSi12Z4I
24. Pastor, L., & Veronesi, P. (2012). Uncertainty about Government Policy and Stock Prices. Journal of Finance. 64, 1219–1264.
25. Pastor, L., & Veronesi, P. (2013). Political Uncertainty and Risk Premia.” Journal of Financial Economics. 110, 520–545. 26. McKinsey & Company (January, 25, 2022). The net-zero transition. What it would cost, what it could bring.
27. The World Bank (2012). Inclusive Green Growth. The Pathway to Sustainable Devel-opment Washington.
28. Van Der Ploeg, F., & Rezai, A., (2020). The Risk of Policy Tipping and Stranded Car-bon Assets. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management.
29. USGCRP, (2017). Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assess-ment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA.
30. Xepapadeas, A. (2001). Environmental Policy and Firm Behavior: Abatement Invest-ment and Location Decisions Under Uncertainty and Irreversibility in Behavioral and Distribu-tional Effects of Environmental Policy. University of Chicago Press, 281–308.The work presents the challenges related to the uncertainty of climate change under the modern features of globalization. The global nature of the problem of climate change is analyzed, and the negative dynamics of climate change in Georgia and the neighboring countries of the Caucasus in recent decades – the tendency of the average annual temperature to increase. Decarbonization is highlighted as the urgency of transitioning from fossil fuel-based energy resources with zero carbon emissions to fuels based on renewable energy sources. It is noted that the use of renewable energy sources reduces the emission of greenhouse gases, and ensures a substantial reduction in the level of air pollution in cities. Taking into account the growing trend of climate change uncertainty, based on the requirements of ensuring sustainable development, the great importance of correct determination of the relationship between climate policy and economic growth is noted. In addition, sustainable development should mean systemic sustainability of the economy, social sphere, and natural environment in the format of the concept of green growth
Migration processes in Georgia in the first half of the 20th Century
Get PDF1. გუგუშვილი პ. (1973). საქართველოს მოსახლეობის აღწარმოების საკითხები. თბილისი.
2. ვაჟა-ფშაველა (1959). ქართველთა ახალშენი შირაქში; მთის ვითარება; შინაური ამბები. თხზ.
ტ.VII. თბილისი.
3. თეთვაძე ש. თეთვაძე ო.(1997). სომხები საქართველო שი. თბილისი.
4. იაშვილი ა. (1928). სოფლის მოსახლეობის გასვლა გარე სარეწავზე 1924-1925 და 1925-1926
წლებში. „საქართველოს ეკონომისტი“. ¹7-8. გვ.97-100
5. კარბელაშვილი ლ. (1929). ჩვენი მოსახლეობის ზრდის პრობლემა. „საქართველოს ეკონომისტი“ ¹ 2. გვ.33-39
6. ოქროპირიძე გ. (1929). გადასახლების საჭიროება და შესაძლებლობა საქართველო ში. „საქართველოს ეკონომისტი“. ¹3. გვ.27-34
7. ფერაძე გ. (1921) საქართველოს მოსახლეობა 1917 წლის აღწერის მიხედვით. დემოგრაფიული მიმოხილვა. „საქართველოს სტატისტიკური მოამბე“. ¹1
8. ჭავჭავაძე ი.(1981) იმიგრაცია საქართველოდან. თხზ.ტ.VIII. თბილისი.
9. ჯაოშვილი ვ. (1984). საქართველოს მოსახლეობაXVIII-XX საუკუნე שი. თბილისი.
10. Джаошвили В. (1978). Урбанизация Грузии.Тбилиси
11. Кавказский календарь на 1915 год. (1914).Часть 1. Тифллис. с.189-281
12. СССР: Демографический диагноз(1990).Москва.The first half of the 20th century was distinguished by the unstable socio-economic development of
Georgia and therefore, by the variety of directions of territorial movement. The Stolypin agrarian
reforms carried out in the Russian Empire resulted in large-scale territorial displacements, which led to intense
immigration processes in Georgia. Subsequently, during the First World War and the period of the Democratic
Republic of Georgia, the migration vector was reversed. Against the background of the economic crisis and the
sharp decline in the standard of living, as well as the situation where the formation of politically independent
Georgian state was underway, the emigration processes became more intense. After the annexation of Georgia
by Soviet Russia and Georgia`s inclusion in the USSR, the economic growth dramatically increased the demand
for skilled workforce in Georgia. This caused intense waves of immigration from outside the Republic of
Georgia. The immigration was fostered by the famine in Russia and Ukraine in the 1930s and the migration of
the population from there to Georgia. Finally, in the first half of the 20th century, as a result of migration
processes, the share of native Georgians in the entire population decreased to 61.4%
IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI − THE FOUNDER OF THE STUDIES IN CAUCASIAN LINGUISTICS IN GEORGIA
Get PDFივანე ჯავახიშვილის დაბადებიდან 146-ე წლისთავისადმი მიძღვნილი სამეცნიერო კონფერენციაA new era in Georgian science begins with the establishment of the
First National University in Tbilisi. Ivane Javakhishvili led a group of Georgian
intellectuals from the University of St. Petersburg and other scientific
centers abroad. They all gathered at the newly established University in
Tbilisi at the Caucasus Cultural Center, where the Kartvelological-Caucasian
research began.
Studying the languages of the Caucasus and the people of the Caucasus,
along with the study of the history of the Georgian-Kartvelian languages
and the Georgian nation, has been on the agenda since the founding
of the first Georgian University. Ivane Javakhishvili’s scientific concept was
to study Georgia in the context of the Caucasus. The “Introduction to the
History of the Georgian Nation” (in two books) were followed by the the
five-volume “History of the Georgian Nation”. Familiarity with the titles of
these papers alone is enough to prove the above. The first book’s title is
“Historical-Ethnological Problems of Georgia, the Caucasus, and the Middle
East”. The second book is dedicated to the relation of Kartvelian languages
to Caucasian languages, which is called “The Original Nature and Kinship of
the Georgian and Caucasian languages”.
Ivane Javakhishvili encountered an obstacle while researching the ethnogenesis
of Georgians only considering the material of Kartvelian languages:
“It became clear to me that it is impossible to identify and resolve the issues of Georgian disputes and ancient culture only by using existing ethnological
and linguistic sources and only by analyzing Georgian-Kartvelian
language material. For this, ethnographic and linguistic materials of Caucasian
nations and languages are still necessary” (Javakhishvili, 1937, p. XI).
Ivane Javakhishvili needed to study the genesis of the Kartvelian-Caucasian
languages to solve historical problems. He, as a historian, wanted
to lay down a linguistically reasoned basis before beginning historical research.
Ivane Javakhishvili applied historical linguistics; he took historicism as
the main principle during the morphological-etymological search of Kartvelian-
Caucasian languages. The researcher was fully aware of the importance
of diachronic linguistics in affirming the kinship of languages.
In the landmark work “The Original Nature and Kinship of the Georgian
and Caucasian Languages”, the relationship between Kartvelian and Caucasian
languages is resolved. In the same work, the concept of the scientist
can be seen as a formula: “Only in this direction, with these methods and
the use of such materials will it be possible to pave the way, which will take
us to a wider arena from now on and will be able to solve an interesting
and fundamental problem in every way” (Javakhishvili, 1937, p. 625).
Thus, Ivane Javakhishvili should be considered the founder of Linguistic
Caucasology, later called “Iberian-Caucasian Linguistics” by his student
Arnold Chikobava.
It should be noted that one of the most interesting works created by
the Tbilisi School of Caucasiology is Arnold Chikobava’s “The Oldest Structure
of Noun Bases in Kartvellian Languages” (1942). In this paper, the author
follows Ivane Javakhishvili’s steps; in particular, he studies the problem
of the root formation of Kartvelian languages – the structure of the
noun bases − the issue of root, grammatical class category formats, and
determinant suffixes. According to Arnold Chikobava, the result of the research
was identical to the model of the roof formation of other Caucasian
languages.
The will left by Ivane Javakhishvili, which stipulates the need for Georgians
to study Caucasian languages, is being enforced today by the Institute
of Caucasology. The representatives of latter are trying to walk the
path set by their great ancestors
GALAKTION TABIDZE’S “TOMORROW SHOULD LOOK AFTER ITSELF” (INTERTEXTUAL RELATIONS. PROBLEM OF DATING)
Get PDFივანე ჯავახიშვილის დაბადებიდან 146-ე წლისთავისადმი მიძღვნილი სამეცნიერო კონფერენციაThis paper presents analysis of Galaktion Tabidze’s known verse − „Tomorrow
will look after itself“. There exists a twofold opinion on the source
of inspiration of this work: according to the established viewpoint the verse
„Tomorrow will look after itself“ was created under the impression obtained
from Aleksandre Chavchavadze’s untitled verse („…ghimilman kari lalisa“).
According to the diff erent view the lines from the Gospel of Matthew must
have fulfi lled the function of creative impulse to Galaktion.
To my mind the identity of the metre and refrain of both poets’ works
really create the ground to consider A. Chavchavadze’s untitled verse to be
the basic intertext of Galaktion’s verse. However, against the background of
identity of the formal elements the essential diff erence of a plot between
these two poetic works is also clearly observed. From the viewpoint of the
plot Galaktion’s verse obviously resonates with the Holy Letter. It is due to
this that while discussing „Tomorrow will look after itself“ we should bear
in mind not only A. Chavchavadze’s untitled verse but the message of the
New Testament. Without taking into consideration both of them it is impossible
to analyze this work.
Unlike intertextual relations of Galaktion’s verse the problem of its
dating has never become the object of dispute among scholars. The work
was fi rst published in 1927. Its autograph with indication of the date is not
available. Despite this, it is considered to be written in 1916. Long interval
between the writing of the verse and publication gives rise to doubt. It is
not clear why the poet published the verse created in 1916 only eleven
years later.
There exist several editions more or less diff erent from the text of the
„Tomorrow will look after itself“ that is known to readers. The study of the
autograph testifi es to the fact that each version of the verse belongs to the
twenties-thirties or even later period.
For dating of Galaktion’s work of particular importance is one version
of less known „Tomorrow will look after itself“. At the Georgian State Museum
of Theatre, Music, Cinema and Choreography there is kept an album
in which interesting edition of Galaktion’s verse is placed. This extemporization
dedicated to Cecilia Kalandadze is of special attention because
there is poet’s inscription of a concrete date – 28 January, 1925. Compared
with the rest versions this extemporization manifests more closeness with the body text. Just like „Tomorrow will look after itself“ it consists of three
quatrains and each line is fulfi lled by unchanged refrain. Such similarity
allows us to suppose that when the poet wrote extemporization, at that
time the edition known to the readers of „Tomorrow will look after itself“
had already been created.
A.Chavchavadze’s untitled verse is one of the few literary works that
made a great impact on Galaktion. The phrase „Tomorrow will look after
itself“ is oftentimes found in his diaries. One part of these records has no
date and the others are dated by thirties-forties. This fact indicates that
through the line of A.Chavchavadze’s verse Galaktion got interested not in
the 1910s but far later.
With account of the peculiarities of Galaktion’s records and verse editions
we may suppose that „Tomorrow will look after itself“ was written not
in 1916 but in the twenties, more precisely at the end of 1924 or beginning
of 1925
ფული საქართველოში. დამატება
Get PDFOne more book about money history of Georgia includes some
summarizing stories