Dspace, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
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Full text linkეძღვნება პროფესორ თინათინ მარგველაშვილის ხსოვნას (1924 – 2006) / Dedicated to Memory of Prof. Tinatin Margvelashvili (1924 – 2006
A Dialogue of Cultures in the Political Aspect (Miniature sculpture-pendants found in Mtskheta)
Full text linkIn the Late Antiquity, Kartli (Iberia) represented a powerful state,
which was a force to be reckoned with for neighboring countries and empires.
In Kartli, both agriculture and city life seem prosperous. Kartli becomes
a place of international trade through which important trade routes
from neighboring countries pass. Due to the above-mentioned geopolitical
reasons, in the 1st-4th centuries AD Iberia was the area of interest
of the great empires, where Parthia (later Iran of the Sassanids) and
the Roman Empire competed for dominance.
The paper examines the miniature sculpture-hangers found on the
territory of Ancient Kartli and analyzes them within the context of the dialogue
of cultures. There are four copies in total: 1. A miniature sculpture-
pendant with a portrait of a man made of pink sardonyx found in 1986
in Mtskheta, on the right bank of the Bayatkhevi in tile tomb #35 of the
Late Antiquity period (3rd century AD); 2. In 2001, a gold sculpture-pendant
found in tomb #14 of the Late Antiquity period (3rd century AD) near
the north-eastern wall of Svetitskhovli Cathedral. A portrait bust of a woman
made of chalcedony is enclosed in an oval frame; 3-4. A gold sculpture-
pendant found in the same tomb #14 (3rd century AD) (two pieces).
A portrait bust of a child made of sardonyx is inserted in the stemmed
socket.
The miniature sculpture-hangers we have studied can be considered
works of art. Therefore, we can conclude that the novelties of high art came
to Kartli from the Roman Empire. It is significant that women were
buried in both tombs, in which sculpture-hangers were found. The lady
buried in tomb #14, based on the things found in the tomb, was a lady of
the royal family. As a result of the research, it is established that one of
the forms of cultural contacts between the Roman Empire and the Kingdom
of Kartli - the introduction of works of art to the neighboring - friendly
country was one of the forms of political activity and was related
to the promotion of the cult of the emperor and the empire
ADDRESS OF SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF GEORGIA TO ITS EUROPEAN COLLEAGUES IN 1926
Full text linkhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/179-shromebi-20.html
ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტის საქართველოს ისტორიის ინსტიტუტის შრომები შესულია ERIH PLUS-ში (The European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences) / This journal was approved on 23.10.2024 according to ERIH PLUS criteria for inclusionMilitary attachés played an important role in the structure of the Polish State intelligence apparatus. The military attaché to Turkey – first in Constantinople and then in Ankara, was assigned to keep a close eye on the southern territories of the USSR, given the importance of the Caucasus. In addition, the Polish military attaché closely followed the “Soviet campaign in the Middle East” from the Turkish capital and “coordinated the liberation movements in Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia”. Moreover, the military attaché in Constantinople was directly responsible for organizing intelligence activities in the South Caucasus. Interestingly, the military attaché in Constantinople was more informed about the events in the Caucasus than the Polish military attaché in Moscow. As part of the Soviet Union, the Caucasus, like southern Ukraine and Turkestan, was supervised by the military attaché to Turkey.
The Central Archive of Modern Records in Poland – Archiwum Akt Nowych (AAN) contains a particular section (1191) of military attachés, which, along with other documents, holds part of the archives of the Polish State Attaché to Turkey.
Naturally, the Polish military attaché to Turkey was well informed about the situation in Georgia. In addition, he actively communicated with Georgian military or political figures who emigrated to Turkey or Poland. Georgians in exile, and those who remained in the motherland to participate in the national liberation movement, often sought to disseminate information in Europe via the Polish attaché.
An excellent example of this represents the attached document in a file of the mentioned fond (A II 33). A three-page document is printed in Polish and concerns the repressive policies of the Soviet authorities in Georgia. Unfortunately, the record does not have a date, but it is indicated in the text that the events described in the letter took place in 1926.
After the 1924 uprising, letters appeared in the British press which seemed to be justifying the terror of the Soviet regime in Georgia. Among them was the Manchester Guardian, which published articles by members of the radical left-wing Labor Party. The émigré government and members of the Constituent Assembly on the other hand, constantly published response letters addressed to the pro-Soviet authors asking them to reject their articles.
In early 1925, a message reached the occupied Georgia that a joint delegation of the British Labor Party and Trade Unions would visit the county to investigate the circumstances after the uprising. The British were supposed to study in detail the difficult situation that had developed in Georgia since 1921 and especially after the 1924 uprising. The Georgian illegal Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Social Democratic Party drew up a joint letter and addressed the British Labors. The letter, imbued with pathos, hoped that the British left would scrutinize the atrocities and repression that befell thousands of Social Democrats and ordinary workers, including executions, torture and deportation.
After the 1924 uprising, a joint delegation of Socialists from Belgium and France visited Georgia.The Communists received them with great honor. Factories and other objects were shown, though the members of the delegation naturally “heard” nothing about the politicians, workers and ordinary citizens shot or repressed during the occupation of 1921 and after the uprising of 1924.In August 1925, the Secretariat of the Illegal Workers' Unions of Georgia and the Illegal Central Committee of the Social Democratic Party addressed the German Social Democrats and the Socialist International in Amsterdam. The appeal criticized the report by the Franco-Belgian socialist delegates and tried to let them know why they had no idea about the crimes of the Cheka. In the end, the letter asked the German bureau of the Social Democrats and the International to send a new delegation to clarify the circumstances. At the same time, the bureau of the illegal Trade Union turned to the German workers with a request to come to the scene and see the catastrophic situation the Georgian workers found themselves in.
Appeals and letters to European socialist politicians were still being sent by political prisoners from various concentration camps and dungeons of the Soviet Union in the second half of the 1920s.
The document, kept in the Archiwum Akt Nowych, refers to the Soviet repressions, the visits of the European left to Georgia, and the methods the Bolshevik government used to treated them.
The document was drawn up by the illegal Central Committee of the Georgian Social Democratic Party. The addressee writes “Dear friends!” However, the following letter mentions that this is an appeal to European socialists.
Why is the letter written in Polish? There were cases when Georgians sent a text written in Russian to the military attaché, and then this text was translated into Polish. We have seen some evidence of this both in the Modern Records and during the study of military attaché funds at the Central Military Archive of Poland (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe). That should have been the case this time as well.
According to the document, on the initiative of the Communist International (Comintern) the Soviet government sent delegations to various European countries; they wanted these delegates to familiarize themselves with the situation in the country and then present everything to the European community. The document says these delegations do not provide the public with reliable information at their return: “The whole world knows that Comintern organizes these groups. It is also no secret that they have a deliberate intention to praise the Bolshevik organizations and leadership. The delegates are received according to an established custom event program. Namely, they are visiting Soviet state and administrative bodies, power plants and hydro-technical structures, railway workshops, a tobacco factory, and the Metekhi prison in Tbilisi. If the delegations arrive in summer, the visits to Kojori and Borjomi, the two well-known resorts of Georgia, are being arranged. Generally speaking, banquets, breakfasts, dinners and other amusements – this is the whole work these delegations do. On their way back they seem to be already quite sure of the situation in Georgia and its internal life. The scheduled program of these events also provides for high-profile speeches by the delegates, always pleasing the authorities: they praise the Soviet establishment and promise to dispel the lies the “bourgeoisie and the Mensheviks” spread.
As evidenced in the letter, the delegations’ program included visits to the political prisoners in Metekhi prison, interviews with them, and reviews of their conditions. The letter emphasizes that the main idea is that these delegations do not provide the public with correct information and beautify the conditions of detention.
When the prisoners met the first delegation from Germany, they told them everything sincerely, which resulted in deterioration in their conditions. The communist press, on its part, portrayed their conversation in a different way and altered it completely.
Then a delegation from Czechoslovakia arrived. Because of the experience gained with the previous commissions, the prisoners refused to talk to them. They agreed to meet with them only after the delegation pledged to describe everything accurately and present it to the public. The meeting lasted eight hours. Unfortunately, the delegation’s members behaved in the same way as their predecessors.
The head of the second German group, a certain Kerber, even said that the prisoners had treated them with oranges and allowed them to meet with their family members ten times a month. According to him, the prisoners even complained to the delegation members that they could no longer hold all the meetings.
Then the prisoners decided to put down their meetings with the delegates in two copies. One would stay with the prisoners, while the delegates would take the other. The letter states that the prisoners “applied this method during the visit of the group of French railway workers, German “freethinkers” and 'English youth”. “Our friends hoped that in this way they would protect the information, but the hope cost them dearly: on October 20, 1926, political prisoners, including five members of the Georgian Independence Committee, had their sentences changed from 10 months to 3 years and then, all of them immediately, without warning, had been relocated to the famous Suzdal prison in Russia”.
The letter's authors emphasize that “such visits cost the Georgian people dearly; as many crackdowns precede each they only contribute to the repressions. Moreover, delegations are surrounded by Chekists and agents so that no one can tell their members the truth. Security officers register suspects for deportation after the delegation departs from Russia”.
The authors of the letter demand that the international organizations have to create the groups of honest and impartial workers who should arrive in Georgia with the program arranged according to their interests and not to one of the Soviet government; they should visit not only the Metekhi fortress, specially prepared for receiving delegations, but other prisons too; Political prisoners should meet such delegations, and the panel has to take the initiative to hold a referendum in Georgia under the auspices of the International Commission
Some economic aspects of security in the context of economic theories
Full text link1. იადგაროვი ი. ს. ეკონომიკურ მოძღვრებათა ისტორია, სახელმძღვანელო, აკადემიკოს ავთანდილ სილაგაძის საერთო რედაქციით. თბილისი, 2014.
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4. სილაგაძე ა. ეკონომიკური დოქტრინები, საგამომცემლო სახლი „ინოვაცია", თბილისი, 2010.
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6. აშშ კონსტიტუცია : კომპრომისის ხელოვნება ანუ მართულთა მმართველობა / სამეცნიერო რედაქტორი: მინდია უგრეხელიძე ; მთარგმნელები: მინდია უგრეხელიძე ; ვიქტორ ყიფიანი. გამომცემლობა „ჯისიაი“. თბილისი, 1997.
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12. Papava, V. (2022). Cold War vs. Hot War in 2022. Eurasia Review, Febru¬ary 28. Availa-ble at: https://www.eurasiareview.com/28022022-cold-war-vs-hot-war-in-2022-oped
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14. Rodrik, D. (2021). Beware Economists Bearing Policy Paradigms. Project Syndicate.
15. Veshapidze, S., & Karchava, L. (2022). Contradictions of Globalization under the COVID-19 Pandemic. Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci, 16(4), 152-157.
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19. Банк О. А. ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЛИЧНОСТИ В СИСТЕМЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВА. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT Том 8 № 2 , 2020
20. Блиничкина, Н. Ю. (2014). Вопросы формирования идеи экономической безопасности в экономической науке. Вестник Таджикского государственного университета права, бизнеса и политики. Серия гуманитарных наук, (4 (60)), 69-79.
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22. Эрнандо де Сото. (1995). Иной путь. Невидимая революция в третьем мире. М. : Перевод издательства "Catallaxy".The text emphasizes that the problem of economic security of a person is directly related to the formation of the state and the economic involvement of society. This can be reflected in the following historical contexts: a) Ancient societies: economic security mainly de- pended on clan or community support. The issue of individual security was not considered in isolation. b) Feudalism and mercantilism: the idea of economic security expanded and the state actively intervened in economic processes, for example, regulating coinage systems or protecting national markets. c) The era of industrialization: the economic security of the individual was linked to social guarantees such as wages, working conditions and pensions. d) Contemporary context: Today, economic security includes not only physical needs, but also digital security, challenges of globalization and the impact of environmental problems.
Field of interest and relevance of the paper. The work deals with the problems related to the origin of states and participation in economic life, the main focus of which is on ensuring the economic security of individuals, society and the state. The issue of economic security is still relevant today, which is caused by the growth of globalization, economic crises and new security challenges. The author emphasizes the importance of understanding contemporary problems through historical analysis, which allows to find out alternative ways of economic security.
The purpose of the research is to identify the historical types that ensured the eco- nomic security of the person.
Based on the purpose of the research, the following tasks were identified: separation of historical types of security (in terms of individual, society, state); including identifying common features and analyzing them in specific historical contexts. It helps to understand alternative ways of developing concepts of economic security of a person.
The subject of research is the evolution of economic security of a person. The object of research is: basic economic ideas, views and concepts.
Research methodology includes comparative analysis, historical method, induction and deduction, as well as its critical evaluation. These approaches contribute to the comparison of historical and modern contexts, to reveal their parallels, as well as to clarify the universal and specific factors of economic security. However, the research framework can be complex given the changing social, political and technological contexts.
Historical and contemporary connections. The paper analyzes approaches to ensuring economic security from ancient times to the present day; The main concepts related to today's reality are separated; It is revealed how past experience can become the basis for determining alternative ways of modern economic security. Therefore, the text emphasizes the fact that historical experience paves the way for the creation of alternative models. This includes: a) eco- nomic policy integration: global and local approaches; b) Inclusion of technological changes: impact of digital economy and artificial intelligence on economic security; c) Environmental factors: the economic aspect of risks related to climate change.
General conclusions and future perspectives. The paper establishes that economic security is not a static concept; It changes over time. By analyzing past models, it is possible to create systems that balance the interests of individuals, society, and the state. Taking into ac- count modern challenges requires a more multi-functional approach to economic security, which includes the integration of technological and environmental factors. In addition, the work deals not only with the historical aspects of the problems, but also with the possibilities of their practical application today. Analysis of historical types serves to develop new ways of economic security that respond to contemporary challenges. The work combines historical analysis, modern problems and establishing connections between them. It shows that the development of concepts of economic security over time relies on both past experience and the specifics of contemporary conditions. The text is the basis of a multifaceted analysis, which helps to identify alternative ways of ensuring economic security
Verbs denoting “sitting” in Georgian (Basic meanings and extended uses)
No full textThe verbs denoting “sitting”, like verbs denoting “standing” and
“lying”, belong to the archaic layer of language and are characterized
by numerous peculiarities. These verbs are termed as verbs of
“position“, since they denote three different positions of the object (in
a broad sense) in space: vertical – standing, horizontal – lying and
intermediate – sitting. Most studies agree on the anthropocentric basis
of the posture verbs: their prototypical meaning pertains to the three
typical positions of a human being (Lemmens, 2002, 2).
It should be noted that typologically these verbs are characterized
by semantic extension. The results of such extension are, on the one
hand, metaphorization, and, on the other hand, grammaticalization.
Recently, investigation of these verbs within the scope of cognitive
linguistics has become especially active.
Newman has distinguished four cognitive domains relevant for the
interpretation of the basic meanings of these three positional verbs.
These domains are: the spatio-temporal domain, force dynamics domain,
active zone and social/cultural domain. Based on this scheme,
the chief meaning of the verb of “sitting” is defined as follows:
Spatio-temporal domain – relativaly compact position;
Force dynamics domain –medium degree of control and balance;
Active zone – buttocks (and upper torso); Social/cultural domain – comfortable position either for working
or relaxing (Newman, 2012, 2).
This is the basic meaning of “sitting”. As for the lexicalization of
this meaning, it can be expressed by different lexical means in different
languages. It should be noted that such lexical diversity is especially
peculiar of the verbs of sitting.
In Georgian, the verbs of sitting reveal interesting meanings. Under
these verbs, we mean the verb ზის (is sitting), as well as auto-causative
verb ჯდება (sits down) and causative verb სვამს (seats, offers to sit
down). Above all, we should mention that in all Kartvelian languages,
the verbs of standing and lying are based on common roots1. However,
there are different roots for the verbs of sitting:
Georgian – ზის zis
Megrelian – (გე)ხე(ნ) (ge)khe(n)
Laz – გეხენ gekhen
Svan – სგურ sgur
In Georgian, there are two verbs expressing sitting. One is ზის zis,
referring to one person, and სხედ skhed, referring to the plural.
Besides, unlike the verbs დგას dgas “stands” and ძევს dzevs
“lies”, the verbs of sitting were not used in old Georgian in the meaning
of possession.
In modern Georgian, the verb ზის zis “sits” has the following
meanings:
1. The state of a person leaning upon some solid object with the
lower part of the body (buttocks); staying in some place, for instance, in
prison; occupying a certain post (the King, the Patriarch, the Catholicos...). 2. The state of an animal leaning on its hind legs, or the state of a
bird, insect, reptile, rodent or amphibian which is motionless, leaning
upon something with its legs.
3. In case of an inanimate subject, placed in something; established.
When the verb ზის zis “sits” refers to a person, in the majority of
cases, it denotes not the so-called “compact” position, but restricted
movement or restricted area of action.
When referring to other animate subjects, this verb denotes stillness
and restricted movement in space.
As for old Georgian, Ilia Abuladze considers “establishment” as one
of the basic meanings of this verb (Abuladze, 1973, p. 573). There are cases
when the verb of sitting is found together with the verbs of
movement:
ჯდომაჲ შენი და გამოსლვაჲ და შესლვაჲ შენი უწყი. O მფ. 19,27
Ǯdomaj šeni da gamoslvaj da šeslvaj šeni uçqi. O mp. 19,27.
“I am aware of your sitting and coming out and entering”. O Book
of the Kings, 19, 27;
ნუ განიშორებ მას ნუცა სლვასა და ნუცა ჯდომასა. მ.სწ. 62,13.
nu ganišoreb mas nuca slvasa da nuca Ǯdomasa. m. sç. 62,13.
“Do not refuse either walking or sitting”. Teachings of the Holy
Fathers, 62, 13;
რამეთუ ვითარცა კაცნი არ განიყოფვიან ურთიერთას, ხოლო
ვითარცა რომელიმე ნუუკუე ზის, ხოლო რომელიმე ვალს,
განიყოფვიან. ამონიოს ერმისი, 39
rametu vitarca kacni ar ganiqopebian urtiertas, kholo vitarca
romelime zis, kholo romelime vals, ganiqopebian amonios emisi, 39.
“People are not divided, but if someone is sitting, and someone is
walking, they are separated”. Amonios Ermis, 39.
Sitting on the back of a certain animal (e.g. horse) is denoted by
the prefixes ზე/ზედა ze/zeda.
რომელნი-იგი ზე-სხდეს ჰუნებსა ფს.75,7.
romelni-igi ze-skhdes hunebsa ps.75,7
“Those who sit on horseback. Psalm 75, 7”;
მეუფჱ შენი მოვალს შენდა მშჳდი და ზე ზის იგი ვირსა და
კიცუსა მ. 21,5. meupej šeni movals šenda mšwidi da ze zis igi virsa da kicusa m
2,51
“Your King comes to you, gentle and riding on a donkey and on a
colt the foal of a donkey”. Mathew, 21, 51.
Thus, in Old Georgian, the verbs of sitting chiefly denoted a state
when movement in space is restricted or the area of action is limited.
These meanings were developed as a result of extension of the basic
meaning
Mountain Caucasus in the works of European travelers and artists
No full textВ XVIII–XIX веках численность европейцев на Кавказе значительно увеличилась. Их миссия в регионе была разная – они путешествовали, служили правительствам Российской империи или других государств, проводили научные исследования. Некоторые из них оставили своим потомкам кавказские впечатления в виде записок и рисунков. «Горные тексты» о неизвестном Кавказе уникальны и увлекательны. Сочинения и рисунки этих авторов пронизаны любовью к Кавказу, к его природе. Они пытались понять и осмыслить все, что здесь происходило. Независимо от сферы деятельности каждый из них не мог равнодушно пройти мимо творения природы. Величие Кавказских гор оказывало на них особое воздействие.
In the 18th–19th centuries, the number of Europeans in the Caucasus increased significantly. Their mission in the region was different - they traveled, served the governments of the Russian Empire or other states, conducted scientific research, etc.Some of them left Caucasian impressions for their descendants in the form of notes and drawings. “Mountain Texts” about the unfamiliar Caucasus are unique and fascinating. The author of these essays and drawings is imbued with love for the Caucasus and its nature. They tried to understand and comprehend everything that was happening here. Regardless of their field of activity, each of them could not pass by the creation of nature indifferently. The greatness of the Caucasus Mountains had a special impact on them
The Concept of Moral Responsibility in the Philosophy of Education
No full textThe concept of moral responsibility in the philosophy of education is
a multifaceted subject and its content allows us to answer the question:
How do we have to shape the future of society? The answer to this question
in the field of philosophy of education sounds like the following
Imperative: We have to shape the future of society through the cultivation
of morally responsible individuals.
John Dewey, a seminal figure in educational philosophy, argued that
“Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself”. This perspective
underscores the intrinsic role of education in shaping moral
character, not just imparting knowledge. Dewey’s vision of education as a
continuous reconstructive process reflects the dynamic nature of moral
responsibility, highlighting the role of schools in fostering ethical awareness
and critical thinking.
Immanuel Kant’s categorical imperative, “Act only according to that
maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a
universal law.” can be used as a foundational principle for moral education.
Kant’s emphasis on universal moral laws aligns with the goal of education to instill a sense of universal responsibility and ethical reasoning
in students.
Paulo Freire, in his critical pedagogy, stressed the importance of
education in liberating the oppressed. He asserted that education either
functions as an instrument to facilitate the integration of the younger
generation into the logic of the present system and bring about conformity
or it becomes the practice of freedom. Freire’s perspective places
moral responsibility not only in the content taught but also in the teaching
approach, advocating for an education that empowers students to
challenge and change unjust societal structures.
The philosophy of education shows a constant longing for the idea
of moral responsibility and tries to balance the complex relationship
that exists between individual development and social norms. This thesis
posits that effective education systems must not only transmit knowledge
but also that an ideal of education is to ensure that our progeny develop
into critical thinkers: children should grow into agents who can assess
beliefs, desires, actions, reasons, and other pertinent psychological
elements based on appropriate evaluative standards; they should be disposed
to such evaluation and motivated by good reasons in belief-formation
and action. The insights of Dewey, Kant, and Freire provide invaluable
frameworks for proper understanding and effective implementation
of moral responsibility in educational contexts
Euro-Asian Transit and Georgian Finances
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/179-shromebi-20.html
ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტის საქართველოს ისტორიის ინსტიტუტის შრომები შესულია ERIH PLUS-ში (The European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences) / This journal was approved on 23.10.2024 according to ERIH PLUS criteria for inclusio
A Heroic-Historical Song “Khevsurians in the Battle of Gori”
No full textA significant part of poetic texts and prosaic narrations about King
Erekle was written down in the second half of the 19th-early 20th century,
about a century after the heroic king’s life and work. Thus, although
there are many artistic elements, mythological archetypes and anachronisms
in the narrations of King Erekle’s cycle, these texts still provide an
opportunity to restore historical reality. The stories related to the hero
king could not completely pass into mythology.
The verses of the cycle of Erekle II, depicting the battles under the
leadership of the king, are distinguished by greater reality, because some
of them are created according to the testimony of eyewitness to the battles
of King Erekle. In the poetic and prosaic texts depicting the battles of
King Erekle, an unmistakable sense of authenticity is created by the specific
geographical environment where the battle took place, by the abundance
of toponyms and microtoponyms. The folk verses of this cycle,
outstanding fighters and public heroes are presented with their names and various ways of confirming their identity, which further strengthens
the reality of the narrative conveyed in the text.
The song of the heroic-historical genre “Khevsurians in the Battle of
Gori”, which has reached us in several versions, tells us about the events
of 1744, one of the episodes of the battle of King Erekle against Givi Amilakhvari
and Usuf Pasha. The verses consist of several parts.
The verse “Khevsurians in the Battle of Gori” is an extremely important
folk work. It presents important details of the relationship between
King Erekle and Khevsurians; sacred elements of the traditional existence
of the military-religious society of Khevsureti; the identity of the
Khevsurians fighting under the flag of King Erekle; the circumstances of
the Battle. The poem enriches our knowledge of Khevsurian oral tradition.
It is true that this folk work depicts the participation of the Khevsurians
in the Battle of Gori, but it is possible that elements of other battles
were also included in it, which is evidenced by the tragic end of the poem.
Actually, it is known that the battles of Gori and Surami ended with
the victory of King Erekle. On the one hand, the poem can be created
with the genre characteristics of the traditional Khevsurian heroic “song”,
according to which heroic songs always end with the death of the hero.
On the other hand, as an oral text, it may have been influenced by the
dramatic events of the Krtsanisi War, and the mournful finale of the poem
was formed later
Surrealistic Images and Their Function in the Poetry of Ahmed Taha
No full textეძღვნება პროფესორ თინათინ მარგველაშვილის ხსოვნას (1924 – 2006) / Dedicated to Memory of Prof. Tinatin Margvelashvili (1924 – 2006)The activities of Georges Henein (1913-1973) in the 30s and 40s of the 20th Century largely influenced Egyptian culture. Art and Liberty Group not only tried to change views, but it had educational function as well.
If in Paris Surrealists’ language of protest became important during the demonstrations in 60s, in Egypt it’s important till today. In 40s thanks to Bread and Freedom Group established by Anwar Kamel (1912-1991) Surrealistic movement was still connected with cultural progress. As for 50s and 60s it became important in post-revolution Egypt as the form of expression under the censorship (Idris, Kharrat). We can observe the same tendency by the end of 80s and in 90s. The language of Surrealism is the means to tell the truth indirectly.
During the 1990s, the heritage of the Surrealist group was discovered by the then current generation of Egyptian avant-garde artists and writers. This heritage is still vivid in contemporary Egyptian cultural life and its incorporation of Surrealism and other art movements deserves greater study, – remarks O. Beraneck in his research about Surrealism in Egypt.
Ahmad Taha is one of these avantgarde poets who used surrealistic ways of expression by the end of 80s, in 90s and in 2000s. Unfortunately, his poetry hasn’t been the special interest of scientific study before. The analyze of his poems makes clear that:
1) He uses prose poem which is direct influence of surrealistic groups’ ideas as it’s known that they rejected traditional poetic clichés and underlined the necessity of renovation of poetic forms. In the 50s and 60s this form appeared as some kind of protest as well;
2) He uses surrealistic images but he isn’t a typical surrealist poet who follows the stream of consciousness etc. Surrealistic language and form of expression is a kind of protest, on the one hand, and a shelter, on the other. He needs this shelter not as a comfort zone where one can run away from reality but as possibility to voice his discontent by indirect language.
Ahmad Taha met Anwar Kamel in one of the Cairo’s cafes Zahrat al-Bustan and received the legacy of Egyptian surrealism to make it important again. He issued journal Al-kitabatu-s-sawda’, where one can find his theoretical articles too about the new forms of verse and surrealistic means of writing. So, he is as a poet with the theoretical background, who continues activities of Henein in postmodern times as well